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COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE
JAMES BAGIAN (committee chair),
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan
NORMAN BADLER (chair, Space Human Factors Subcommittee),
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
BRUCE BUGBEE,
Utah State University, Logan
HARRIET BURGE,
Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
ELIZABETH CANTWELL (chair, Environmental Monitoring and Control Subcommittee),
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
SUSAN DOLL (chair, Advanced Life Support Subcommittee),
Boeing Defense and Space, Huntsville, Alabama
DONALD GARDNER,
Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, North Carolina
ANDREW HOFFMAN,
East Windsor Associates, Broad Brook, Connecticut
JOSEPH KERWIN (chair, Extravehicular Activities Subcommittee),
Krug Life Sciences, Inc., Houston, Texas
ROBERT MOSER,
Canyon Consulting Corporation, Chama, New Mexico
MARY MUSGRAVE,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
DAVA NEWMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
FREDERICK G. POHLAND,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
GAVRIEL SALVENDY,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ROBERT E. SMYLIE,
Smylie Associates, Reston, Virginia
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Staff
JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director
NOEL ELDRIDGE, Study Director (November 1995–December 1996)
TED MORRISON, Senior Project Assistant and Report Manager
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
JOHN D. WARNER (chair),
The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington
STEVEN AFTERGOOD,
Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C.
GEORGE A. BEKEY,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
GUION S. BLUFORD, JR.,
NYMA Incorporated, Brook Park, Ohio
RAYMOND S. COLLADAY,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado
BARBARA C. CORN,
B C Consulting Incorporated, Searcy, Arkansas
STEVEN D. DORFMAN,
Hughes Telecommunications and Space, Los Angeles, California
DONALD C. FRASER,
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
DANIEL HASTINGS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
FREDERICK HAUCK,
International Technology Underwriters, Bethesda, Maryland
WILLIAM H. HEISER,
United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
WILLIAM HOOVER,
U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia
BENJAMIN HUBERMAN,
Huberman Consulting Group, Washington, D.C.
FRANK E. MARBLE,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
C. JULIAN MAY,
Tech/Ops International Incorporated, Kennesaw, Georgia
GRACE M. ROBERTSON,
Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California
GEORGE SPRINGER,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
Staff
JOANN CLAYTON-TOWNSEND, Director
Preface
This report was prepared in response to a NASA request for an evaluation of programs of the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications that will apply to NASA's long-term goals and the eventual human exploration of space. The study committee first met on March 27 and 28, 1996, in Washington, D.C. For the next five months, the committee met at all relevant NASA centers to gather information. The last meeting was held in September 1996, but subsequent substantive organizational changes in NASA that became known to the committee during the final drafting and editing process are noted herein.
The committee would have been unable to produce this report without the cooperation and assistance of those individuals at NASA who are the heart of these programs. Their dedication and responsiveness were invaluable. I would also like to recognize the dedication of the committee members, who made time in their already busy schedules to carry out this study and to arrive at consensus on the contents of the report. They did this in the best tradition of voluntarism and tirelessly looked for ways to enhance the content and value of the report. Lastly, I would like to recognize Noel Eldridge and Ted Morrison of the National Research Council (NRC) for their outstanding work during all aspects of the study and report preparation. Without the tireless and superb efforts of the committee and the NRC staff this report could never have been completed. For me, it has been an extreme pleasure to have had the opportunity to work with these individuals during the preparation of this report.
Above all, it is my hope that the information contained herein will be of use to NASA and the nation as it contemplates the future human exploration of the solar system.
JAMES BAGIAN, M.D., P.E.
CHAIR, COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN SUPPORT IN SPACE
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Table of Contents
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Figures and Tables
Figures
1-1 |
Budgets for the advanced human support programs |
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1-2 |
Long-term goals for the human exploration of space |
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2-1 |
Principal relationships in a bioregenerative life support system |
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2-2 |
Fully closed food loop |
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2-3 |
Partially closed food loop |
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2-4 |
FY96 NASA funding for advanced life support |
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2-5 |
NASA headquarters technology development road map, 1995 to 2015 |
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2-6a |
JSC technology development and validation road map, 1995 to 2010 |
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2-6b |
JSC ALS road map, post-2010 |
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4-1 |
NASA EVA Project Office organization chart |
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4-2 |
NASA funding for advanced EVA systems, 1985 to 1996 |
Tables
1-1 |
OLMSA-Sponsored Research in Human Support at NASA Centers |
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2-1 |
Metabolic Values for Normal Spacecraft Operation of One Astronaut |
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2-2 |
Summary of Advanced Life Support System Functions |
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2-3 |
Comparison of Design Factors for the Development of Life Support Systems |
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3-1 |
Major Categories of Contaminants |
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3-2 |
Potential Sources for Some Major Contaminants |
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3-3 |
Microbiological Monitoring and Control Prioritization |
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3-4 |
Goals and Objectives of the EMC Program |
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3-5 |
EMC Schedule and Program Deliverables |
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3-6 |
Funded Technical Development Projects (1995–1996) |