Table E.1 Demographic Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs, 1963–1996
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total PhDs |
2095 |
2356 |
2681 |
2887 |
3151 |
3695 |
4083 |
4503 |
4980 |
4855 |
4912 |
4734 |
4847 |
4800 |
4692 |
4809 |
4948 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
1887 |
2113 |
2401 |
2542 |
2729 |
3184 |
3517 |
3913 |
4265 |
4117 |
4046 |
3867 |
3888 |
3835 |
3769 |
3754 |
3810 |
% |
90.1 |
89.7 |
89.6 |
88.0 |
86.6 |
86.2 |
86.1 |
86.9 |
85.6 |
84.8 |
82.4 |
81.7 |
80.2 |
79.9 |
80.3 |
78.1 |
77.0 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
1582 |
1706 |
1888 |
2024 |
2240 |
2607 |
2946 |
3337 |
3656 |
3511 |
3457 |
3100 |
3235 |
3220 |
3151 |
3163 |
3207 |
% |
75.5 |
72.4 |
70.4 |
70.1 |
71.1 |
70.6 |
72.2 |
74.1 |
73.4 |
72.3 |
70.4 |
65.5 |
66.7 |
67.1 |
67.2 |
65.8 |
64.8 |
Women |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
208 |
243 |
280 |
345 |
422 |
511 |
566 |
590 |
715 |
738 |
866 |
867 |
959 |
965 |
923 |
1055 |
1138 |
% |
9.9 |
10.3 |
10.4 |
12.0 |
13.4 |
13.8 |
13.9 |
13.1 |
14.4 |
15.2 |
17.6 |
18.3 |
19.8 |
20.1 |
19.7 |
21.9 |
23.0 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
172 |
199 |
245 |
291 |
349 |
460 |
498 |
525 |
637 |
670 |
783 |
752 |
886 |
855 |
804 |
919 |
1014 |
% |
8.2 |
8.4 |
9.1 |
10.1 |
11.1 |
12.4 |
12.2 |
11.7 |
12.8 |
13.8 |
15.9 |
15.9 |
18.3 |
17.8 |
17.1 |
19.1 |
20.5 |
Whites (all PhDs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3104 |
3521 |
3838 |
3790 |
3718 |
3661 |
3798 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63.2 |
74.4 |
79.2 |
79.0 |
79.2 |
76.1 |
76.8 |
Whites (US and perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2910 |
3284 |
3628 |
3591 |
3495 |
3473 |
3639 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59.2 |
69.4 |
74.9 |
74.8 |
74.5 |
72.2 |
73.5 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
96 |
96 |
104 |
105 |
109 |
134 |
110 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
Total US & perms |
1754 |
1905 |
2133 |
2315 |
2589 |
3067 |
3444 |
3862 |
4293 |
4181 |
4240 |
3852 |
4121 |
4075 |
3955 |
4082 |
4221 |
% |
83.7 |
80.9 |
79.6 |
80.2 |
82.2 |
83.0 |
84.3 |
85.8 |
86.2 |
86.1 |
86.3 |
81.4 |
85.0 |
84.9 |
84.3 |
84.9 |
85.3 |
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Temp visas staying in US |
103 |
104 |
125 |
157 |
174 |
186 |
191 |
178 |
147 |
128 |
137 |
169 |
175 |
160 |
166 |
156 |
147 |
% |
4.9 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
Temp visas leaving US |
168 |
229 |
280 |
262 |
260 |
301 |
284 |
324 |
336 |
345 |
342 |
367 |
334 |
318 |
327 |
325 |
335 |
% |
8.0 |
9.7 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
8.3 |
8.1 |
7.0 |
7.2 |
6.7 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
Total temporary residents |
325 |
415 |
518 |
525 |
517 |
586 |
589 |
606 |
589 |
574 |
584 |
663 |
628 |
603 |
623 |
602 |
606 |
% |
15.5 |
17.6 |
19.3 |
18.2 |
16.4 |
15.9 |
14.4 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
14.0 |
13.0 |
12.6 |
13.3 |
12.5 |
12.2 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
485 |
567 |
709 |
764 |
873 |
1095 |
1305 |
1607 |
1729 |
1720 |
1797 |
1655 |
1970 |
2046 |
2026 |
2161 |
2274 |
% |
23.2 |
24.1 |
26.4 |
26.5 |
27.7 |
29.6 |
32.0 |
35.7 |
34.7 |
35.4 |
36.6 |
35.0 |
40.6 |
42.6 |
43.2 |
44.9 |
46.0 |
Elapsed time to degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
Median age at time of degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.3 |
29.4 |
29.8 |
30.1 |
30.1 |
29.8 |
29.8 |
29.9 |
30.0 |
29.9 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Total PhDs |
5180 |
5288 |
5362 |
5263 |
5414 |
5428 |
5360 |
5399 |
5807 |
5908 |
6211 |
6508 |
6682 |
6924 |
7182 |
7312 |
7696 |
171952 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
3909 |
3936 |
3923 |
3737 |
3855 |
3806 |
3688 |
3649 |
3844 |
3842 |
4058 |
4183 |
4231 |
4247 |
4377 |
4425 |
4552 |
125899 |
% |
75.5 |
74.4 |
73.2 |
71.0 |
71.2 |
70.1 |
68.8 |
67.6 |
66.2 |
65.0 |
65.3 |
64.3 |
63.3 |
61.3 |
60.9 |
60.5 |
59.1 |
73.2 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
3294 |
3287 |
3243 |
3040 |
3118 |
2993 |
2841 |
2752 |
2814 |
2785 |
2866 |
2924 |
2813 |
2852 |
3142 |
3241 |
3139 |
99174 |
% |
63.6 |
62.2 |
60.5 |
57.8 |
57.6 |
55.1 |
53.0 |
51.0 |
48.5 |
47.1 |
46.1 |
44.9 |
42.1 |
41.2 |
43.7 |
44.3 |
40.8 |
57.7 |
Women |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
1271 |
1352 |
1439 |
1526 |
1559 |
1622 |
1672 |
1750 |
1963 |
2066 |
2153 |
2301 |
2420 |
2632 |
2777 |
2848 |
3113 |
45855 |
% |
24.5 |
25.6 |
26.8 |
29.0 |
28.8 |
29.9 |
31.2 |
32.4 |
33.8 |
35.0 |
34.7 |
35.4 |
36.2 |
38.0 |
38.7 |
38.9 |
40.4 |
26.7 |
US citizen/perm. Residents |
1137 |
1200 |
1289 |
1363 |
1374 |
1380 |
1428 |
1447 |
1603 |
1674 |
1701 |
1790 |
1872 |
2001 |
2236 |
2319 |
2440 |
38313 |
% |
21.9 |
22.7 |
24.0 |
25.9 |
25.4 |
25.4 |
26.6 |
26.8 |
27.6 |
28.3 |
27.4 |
27.5 |
28.0 |
28.9 |
31.1 |
31.7 |
31.7 |
22.3 |
Whites (All PhDs) |
4031 |
4118 |
4259 |
4155 |
4211 |
4126 |
3995 |
3897 |
4155 |
4177 |
4331 |
4391 |
4348 |
4436 |
4476 |
4410 |
4518 |
97464 |
% |
77.8 |
77.9 |
79.4 |
78.9 |
77.8 |
76.0 |
74.5 |
72.2 |
71.6 |
70.7 |
69.7 |
67.5 |
65.1 |
64.1 |
62.3 |
60.3 |
58.7 |
56.7 |
Whites (US & perms) |
3829 |
3929 |
4043 |
3931 |
3995 |
3888 |
3778 |
3667 |
3889 |
3911 |
3994 |
4043 |
4004 |
4070 |
4099 |
4048 |
4078 |
91216 |
% |
73.9 |
74.3 |
75.4 |
74.7 |
73.8 |
71.6 |
70.5 |
67.9 |
67.0 |
66.2 |
64.3 |
62.1 |
59.9 |
58.8 |
57.1 |
55.4 |
53.0 |
53.0 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
115 |
143 |
142 |
130 |
158 |
178 |
186 |
192 |
210 |
206 |
221 |
250 |
242 |
274 |
319 |
340 |
341 |
4401 |
% |
2.2 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
2.6 |
Total US & Perms |
4431 |
4487 |
4532 |
4403 |
4492 |
4373 |
4269 |
4199 |
4417 |
4459 |
4567 |
4714 |
4685 |
4853 |
5378 |
5561 |
5579 |
137488 |
% |
85.5 |
84.9 |
84.5 |
83.7 |
83.0 |
80.6 |
79.6 |
77.8 |
76.1 |
75.5 |
73.5 |
72.4 |
70.1 |
70.1 |
74.9 |
76.1 |
72.5 |
80.0 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Temp visas staying in US |
167 |
156 |
176 |
191 |
223 |
263 |
264 |
333 |
413 |
476 |
606 |
928 |
1132 |
1165 |
960 |
910 |
1196 |
12162 |
% |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
7.1 |
8.1 |
9.8 |
14.3 |
16.9 |
16.8 |
13.4 |
12.4 |
15.5 |
7.1 |
Temp visas leaving US |
345 |
358 |
353 |
356 |
344 |
408 |
353 |
352 |
376 |
372 |
571 |
597 |
633 |
658 |
658 |
624 |
650 |
13145 |
% |
6.7 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
7.6 |
Total temporary residents |
650 |
663 |
674 |
719 |
749 |
865 |
806 |
887 |
1032 |
1102 |
1472 |
1683 |
1886 |
1927 |
1726 |
1633 |
1939 |
29966 |
% |
12.5 |
12.5 |
12.6 |
13.7 |
13.8 |
15.9 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
18.7 |
23.7 |
25.9 |
28.2 |
27.8 |
24.0 |
22.3 |
25.5 |
17.4 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
2425 |
2395 |
2474 |
2400 |
2491 |
2486 |
2588 |
2647 |
2946 |
2949 |
3162 |
3371 |
3497 |
3656 |
3731 |
3768 |
3940 |
75709 |
% |
46.8 |
45.3 |
46.1 |
45.6 |
46.0 |
45.8 |
48.3 |
49.0 |
50.7 |
49.9 |
50.9 |
51.8 |
52.3 |
52.8 |
51.9 |
51.5 |
51.2 |
44.0 |
Elapsed time to degree |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.7 |
7.7 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
|
Median age at time of degree |
29.9 |
29.8 |
30.2 |
30.4 |
30.8 |
31.1 |
31.3 |
31.4 |
31.7 |
31.8 |
32.0 |
32.1 |
32.2 |
32.0 |
32.0 |
32.0 |
32.0 |
|
Table E.2 Demographic Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs in the Biomedical Sciences, 1963–1996
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total PhDs |
1319 |
1510 |
1717 |
1916 |
2141 |
2501 |
2817 |
3136 |
3449 |
3402 |
3437 |
3336 |
3408 |
3483 |
3393 |
3449 |
3560 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
1136 |
1311 |
1472 |
1614 |
1778 |
2045 |
2325 |
2622 |
2828 |
2753 |
2704 |
2578 |
2563 |
2648 |
2606 |
2542 |
2589 |
% |
86.1 |
86.8 |
85.7 |
84.2 |
83.0 |
81.8 |
82.5 |
83.6 |
82.0 |
80.9 |
78.7 |
77.3 |
75.2 |
76.0 |
76.8 |
73.7 |
72.7 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
975 |
1098 |
1206 |
1342 |
1525 |
1753 |
2027 |
2308 |
2505 |
2444 |
2415 |
2180 |
2250 |
2324 |
2298 |
2253 |
2308 |
% |
73.9 |
72.7 |
70.2 |
70.0 |
71.2 |
70.1 |
72.0 |
73.6 |
72.6 |
71.8 |
70.3 |
65.3 |
66.0 |
66.7 |
67.7 |
65.3 |
64.8 |
Women |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
183 |
199 |
245 |
302 |
363 |
456 |
492 |
514 |
621 |
649 |
733 |
758 |
845 |
835 |
787 |
907 |
971 |
% |
13.9 |
13.2 |
14.3 |
15.8 |
17.0 |
18.2 |
17.5 |
16.4 |
18.0 |
19.1 |
21.3 |
22.7 |
24.8 |
24.0 |
23.2 |
26.3 |
27.3 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
154 |
170 |
221 |
261 |
312 |
413 |
441 |
463 |
566 |
599 |
672 |
676 |
782 |
747 |
697 |
810 |
880 |
% |
11.7 |
11.3 |
12.9 |
13.6 |
14.6 |
16.5 |
15.7 |
14.8 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
19.6 |
20.3 |
22.9 |
21.4 |
20.5 |
23.5 |
24.7 |
Whites (all PhDs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2189 |
2513 |
2744 |
2786 |
2752 |
2668 |
2801 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63.7 |
75.3 |
80.5 |
80.0 |
81.1 |
77.4 |
78.7 |
Whites (US & perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2088 |
2404 |
2641 |
2677 |
2629 |
2579 |
2727 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60.8 |
72.1 |
77.5 |
76.9 |
77.5 |
74.8 |
76.6 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
81 |
83 |
81 |
76 |
101 |
84 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total US & perms |
1129 |
1268 |
1427 |
1603 |
1837 |
2166 |
2468 |
2771 |
3071 |
3043 |
3087 |
2856 |
3032 |
3071 |
2995 |
3063 |
3188 |
% |
85.6 |
84.0 |
83.1 |
83.7 |
85.8 |
86.6 |
87.6 |
88.4 |
89.0 |
89.4 |
89.8 |
85.6 |
89.0 |
88.2 |
88.3 |
88.8 |
89.6 |
Temp visas staying in US |
77 |
80 |
91 |
119 |
125 |
131 |
129 |
128 |
101 |
94 |
94 |
121 |
120 |
130 |
114 |
121 |
115 |
% |
5.8 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
5.2 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
Temp visas leaving US |
76 |
97 |
123 |
103 |
95 |
110 |
129 |
146 |
123 |
128 |
124 |
123 |
114 |
113 |
121 |
108 |
110 |
% |
5.8 |
6.4 |
7.2 |
5.4 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
Total temporary residents |
181 |
214 |
273 |
279 |
269 |
304 |
309 |
333 |
284 |
269 |
269 |
307 |
285 |
301 |
297 |
284 |
272 |
% |
13.7 |
14.2 |
15.9 |
14.6 |
12.6 |
12.2 |
11.0 |
10.6 |
8.2 |
7.9 |
7.8 |
9.2 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.8 |
8.2 |
7.6 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
404 |
483 |
589 |
668 |
759 |
949 |
1121 |
1406 |
1495 |
1516 |
1552 |
1459 |
1756 |
1833 |
1826 |
1938 |
2030 |
% |
30.6 |
32.0 |
34.3 |
34.9 |
35.5 |
37.9 |
39.8 |
44.8 |
43.3 |
44.6 |
45.2 |
43.7 |
51.5 |
52.6 |
53.8 |
56.2 |
57.0 |
Time to degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
Median age at time of degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.1 |
29.1 |
29.4 |
29.7 |
29.6 |
29.4 |
29.4 |
29.4 |
29.6 |
29.6 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Total PhDs |
3742 |
3750 |
3866 |
3693 |
3813 |
3698 |
3789 |
3915 |
4262 |
4318 |
4501 |
4865 |
5060 |
5430 |
5523 |
5728 |
6021 |
123948 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
2677 |
2650 |
2698 |
2433 |
2531 |
2395 |
2426 |
2467 |
2637 |
2616 |
2743 |
2925 |
3030 |
3170 |
3150 |
3245 |
3383 |
85290 |
% |
71.5 |
70.7 |
69.8 |
65.9 |
66.4 |
64.8 |
64.0 |
63.0 |
61.9 |
60.6 |
60.9 |
60.1 |
59.9 |
58.4 |
57.0 |
56.7 |
56.2 |
68.8 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
2403 |
2371 |
2336 |
2110 |
2167 |
1998 |
1978 |
1941 |
2036 |
2005 |
2043 |
2152 |
2133 |
2254 |
2403 |
2493 |
2445 |
70479 |
% |
64.2 |
63.2 |
60.4 |
57.1 |
56.8 |
54.0 |
52.2 |
49.6 |
47.8 |
46.4 |
45.4 |
44.2 |
42.2 |
41.5 |
43.5 |
43.5 |
40.6 |
56.9 |
Women |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
1065 |
1100 |
1168 |
1260 |
1282 |
1303 |
1363 |
1448 |
1625 |
1702 |
1758 |
1921 |
2008 |
2220 |
2347 |
2452 |
2609 |
38491 |
% |
28.5 |
29.3 |
30.2 |
34.1 |
33.6 |
35.2 |
36.0 |
37.0 |
38.1 |
39.4 |
39.1 |
39.5 |
39.7 |
40.9 |
42.5 |
42.8 |
43.3 |
31.1 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
962 |
1003 |
1058 |
1138 |
1150 |
1132 |
1185 |
1216 |
1353 |
1399 |
1416 |
1521 |
1591 |
1732 |
1936 |
2049 |
2082 |
32787 |
% |
25.7 |
26.7 |
27.4 |
30.8 |
30.2 |
30.6 |
31.3 |
31.1 |
31.7 |
32.4 |
31.5 |
31.3 |
31.4 |
31.9 |
35.1 |
35.8 |
34.6 |
26.5 |
Whites (All PhDs) |
2978 |
3025 |
3113 |
2974 |
3020 |
2872 |
2886 |
2879 |
3122 |
3116 |
3216 |
3337 |
3363 |
3525 |
3496 |
3472 |
3519 |
72366 |
% |
79.6 |
80.7 |
80.5 |
80.5 |
79.2 |
77.7 |
76.2 |
73.5 |
73.3 |
72.2 |
71.5 |
68.6 |
66.5 |
64.9 |
63.3 |
60.6 |
58.4 |
58.4 |
Whites (US & perms) |
2879 |
2946 |
2996 |
2872 |
2914 |
2754 |
2777 |
2736 |
2979 |
2963 |
3006 |
3113 |
3158 |
3304 |
3259 |
3229 |
3231 |
68861 |
% |
76.9 |
78.6 |
77.5 |
77.8 |
76.4 |
74.5 |
73.3 |
69.9 |
69.9 |
68.6 |
66.8 |
64.0 |
62.4 |
60.8 |
59.0 |
56.4 |
53.7 |
55.6 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
87 |
104 |
116 |
104 |
121 |
126 |
135 |
150 |
151 |
161 |
165 |
199 |
191 |
220 |
256 |
277 |
273 |
3420 |
% |
2.3 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
|
Total US & perms |
3365 |
3374 |
3394 |
3248 |
3317 |
3130 |
3163 |
3157 |
3389 |
3404 |
3459 |
3673 |
3724 |
3986 |
4339 |
4543 |
4527 |
103267 |
% |
89.9 |
90.0 |
87.8 |
88.0 |
87.0 |
84.6 |
83.5 |
80.6 |
79.5 |
78.8 |
76.8 |
75.5 |
73.6 |
73.4 |
78.6 |
79.3 |
75.2 |
83.3 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Temp vasas staying in US |
130 |
112 |
130 |
155 |
164 |
205 |
193 |
278 |
327 |
368 |
473 |
732 |
893 |
944 |
743 |
704 |
949 |
9390 |
% |
3.5 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
5.5 |
5.1 |
7.1 |
7.7 |
8.5 |
10.5 |
15.0 |
17.6 |
17.4 |
13.5 |
12.3 |
15.8 |
7.6 |
Temp vasas leaving US |
108 |
97 |
146 |
100 |
108 |
122 |
126 |
128 |
150 |
155 |
267 |
281 |
287 |
310 |
303 |
313 |
334 |
5278 |
% |
2.9 |
2.6 |
3.8 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
4.3 |
Total temporary residents |
299 |
278 |
341 |
335 |
355 |
417 |
417 |
523 |
596 |
662 |
922 |
1108 |
1252 |
1317 |
1118 |
1084 |
1341 |
17095 |
% |
8.0 |
7.4 |
8.8 |
9.1 |
9.3 |
11.3 |
11.0 |
13.4 |
14.0 |
15.3 |
20.5 |
22.8 |
24.7 |
24.3 |
20.2 |
18.9 |
22.3 |
13.8 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
2159 |
2118 |
2169 |
2098 |
2125 |
2095 |
2190 |
2255 |
2498 |
2502 |
2665 |
2872 |
3009 |
3204 |
3228 |
3319 |
3454 |
65744 |
% |
57.7 |
56.5 |
56.1 |
56.8 |
55.7 |
56.7 |
57.8 |
57.6 |
58.6 |
57.9 |
59.2 |
59.0 |
59.5 |
59.0 |
58.4 |
57.9 |
57.4 |
53.0 |
Time to degree |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.9 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
7.7 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
7.8 |
|
Median age at time of degree |
29.4 |
29.5 |
29.8 |
30.0 |
30.5 |
30.7 |
30.9 |
30.8 |
31.2 |
31.3 |
31.4 |
31.4 |
31.6 |
31.4 |
31.4 |
31.5 |
31.5 |
|
Table E.3 Demographic Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs in Nonbiomedical Life Sciences, 1963–1996
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Total PhDs |
776 |
846 |
964 |
971 |
1010 |
1194 |
1266 |
1367 |
1531 |
1453 |
1475 |
1398 |
1439 |
1317 |
1299 |
1360 |
1388 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
751 |
802 |
929 |
928 |
951 |
1139 |
1192 |
1291 |
1437 |
1364 |
1342 |
1289 |
1325 |
1187 |
1163 |
1212 |
1221 |
% |
96.8 |
94.8 |
96.4 |
95.6 |
94.2 |
95.4 |
94.2 |
94.4 |
93.9 |
93.9 |
91.0 |
92.2 |
92.1 |
90.1 |
89.5 |
89.1 |
88.0 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
607 |
608 |
682 |
682 |
715 |
854 |
919 |
1029 |
1151 |
1067 |
1042 |
920 |
985 |
896 |
853 |
910 |
899 |
% |
78.2 |
71.9 |
70.7 |
70.2 |
70.8 |
71.5 |
72.6 |
75.3 |
75.2 |
73.4 |
70.6 |
65.8 |
68.5 |
68.0 |
65.7 |
66.9 |
64.8 |
Women |
|||||||||||||||||
Total |
25 |
44 |
35 |
43 |
59 |
55 |
74 |
76 |
94 |
89 |
133 |
109 |
114 |
130 |
136 |
148 |
167 |
% |
3.2 |
5.2 |
3.6 |
4.4 |
5.8 |
4.6 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
9.9 |
10.5 |
10.9 |
12.0 |
US citizen/prm. residents |
18 |
29 |
24 |
30 |
37 |
47 |
57 |
62 |
71 |
71 |
111 |
76 |
104 |
108 |
107 |
109 |
134 |
% |
2.3 |
3.4 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
7.5 |
5.4 |
7.2 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.0 |
9.7 |
Whites (all PhDs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
915 |
1008 |
1094 |
1004 |
966 |
993 |
997 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
62.0 |
72.1 |
76.0 |
76.2 |
74.4 |
73.0 |
71.8 |
Whites (US & perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
822 |
880 |
987 |
914 |
866 |
894 |
912 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55.7 |
62.9 |
68.6 |
69.4 |
66.7 |
65.7 |
65.7 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
15 |
21 |
24 |
33 |
33 |
26 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
Total US & perms |
625 |
637 |
706 |
712 |
752 |
901 |
976 |
1091 |
1222 |
1138 |
1153 |
996 |
1089 |
1004 |
960 |
1019 |
1033 |
% |
80.5 |
75.3 |
73.2 |
73.3 |
74.5 |
75.5 |
77.1 |
79.8 |
79.8 |
78.3 |
78.2 |
71.2 |
75.7 |
76.2 |
73.9 |
74.9 |
74.4 |
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
Temp visas staying in US |
26 |
24 |
34 |
38 |
49 |
55 |
62 |
50 |
46 |
34 |
43 |
48 |
55 |
30 |
52 |
35 |
32 |
% |
3.4 |
2.8 |
3.5 |
3.9 |
4.9 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
2.3 |
4.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
Temp visas leaving US |
92 |
132 |
157 |
159 |
165 |
191 |
155 |
178 |
213 |
217 |
218 |
244 |
220 |
205 |
206 |
217 |
225 |
% |
11.9 |
15.6 |
16.3 |
16.4 |
16.3 |
16.0 |
12.2 |
13.0 |
13.9 |
14.9 |
14.8 |
17.5 |
15.3 |
15.6 |
15.9 |
16.0 |
16.2 |
Total temporary residents |
144 |
201 |
245 |
246 |
248 |
282 |
280 |
273 |
305 |
305 |
315 |
356 |
343 |
302 |
326 |
318 |
334 |
% |
18.6 |
23.8 |
25.4 |
25.3 |
24.6 |
23.6 |
22.1 |
20.0 |
19.9 |
21.0 |
21.4 |
25.5 |
23.8 |
22.9 |
25.1 |
23.4 |
24.1 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
81 |
84 |
120 |
96 |
114 |
146 |
184 |
201 |
234 |
204 |
245 |
196 |
214 |
213 |
200 |
223 |
244 |
% |
10.4 |
9.9 |
12.4 |
9.9 |
11.3 |
12.2 |
14.5 |
14.7 |
15.3 |
14.0 |
16.6 |
14.0 |
14.9 |
16.2 |
15.4 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
Time to degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.0 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
6.8 |
Median age at time of degree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29.9 |
30.4 |
30.7 |
31.1 |
31.0 |
31.0 |
31.0 |
31.0 |
31.1 |
31.0 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Total PhDs |
1438 |
1538 |
1496 |
1570 |
1601 |
1730 |
1571 |
1484 |
1545 |
1590 |
1710 |
1643 |
1622 |
1494 |
1659 |
1584 |
1675 |
48004 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Men |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
1232 |
1286 |
1225 |
1304 |
1324 |
1411 |
1262 |
1182 |
1207 |
1226 |
1315 |
1258 |
1201 |
1077 |
1227 |
1180 |
1169 |
40609 |
% |
85.7 |
83.6 |
81.9 |
83.1 |
82.7 |
81.6 |
80.3 |
79.6 |
78.1 |
77.1 |
76.9 |
76.6 |
74.0 |
72.1 |
74.0 |
74.5 |
69.8 |
84.6 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
891 |
916 |
907 |
930 |
951 |
995 |
863 |
811 |
778 |
780 |
823 |
772 |
680 |
598 |
739 |
748 |
694 |
28695 |
% |
62.0 |
59.6 |
60.6 |
59.2 |
59.4 |
57.5 |
54.9 |
54.6 |
50.4 |
49.1 |
48.1 |
47.0 |
41.9 |
40.0 |
44.5 |
47.2 |
41.4 |
59.8 |
Women |
||||||||||||||||||
Total |
206 |
252 |
271 |
266 |
277 |
319 |
309 |
302 |
338 |
364 |
395 |
380 |
412 |
412 |
430 |
396 |
504 |
7364 |
% |
14.3 |
16.4 |
18.1 |
16.9 |
17.3 |
18.4 |
19.7 |
20.4 |
21.9 |
22.9 |
23.1 |
23.1 |
25.4 |
27.6 |
25.9 |
25.0 |
30.1 |
15.3 |
US citizen/perm. residents |
175 |
197 |
231 |
225 |
224 |
248 |
243 |
231 |
250 |
275 |
285 |
269 |
281 |
269 |
300 |
270 |
358 |
5526 |
% |
12.2 |
12.8 |
15.4 |
14.3 |
14.0 |
14.3 |
15.5 |
15.6 |
16.2 |
17.3 |
16.7 |
16.4 |
17.3 |
18.0 |
18.1 |
17.0 |
21.4 |
11.5 |
Whites (all PhDs) |
1053 |
1093 |
1146 |
1181 |
1191 |
1254 |
1109 |
1018 |
1033 |
1061 |
1115 |
1054 |
985 |
911 |
980 |
938 |
999 |
25098 |
% |
73.2 |
71.1 |
76.6 |
75.2 |
74.4 |
72.5 |
70.6 |
68.6 |
66.9 |
66.7 |
65.2 |
64.2 |
60.7 |
61.0 |
59.1 |
59.2 |
59.6 |
52.3 |
Whites (US & perms) |
950 |
983 |
1047 |
1059 |
1081 |
1134 |
1001 |
931 |
910 |
948 |
988 |
930 |
846 |
766 |
840 |
819 |
847 |
22355 |
% |
66.1 |
63.9 |
70.0 |
67.5 |
67.5 |
65.5 |
63.7 |
62.7 |
58.9 |
59.6 |
57.8 |
56.6 |
52.2 |
51.3 |
50.6 |
51.7 |
50.6 |
46.6 |
Minorities (US & perms) |
28 |
39 |
26 |
26 |
37 |
52 |
51 |
42 |
59 |
45 |
56 |
51 |
51 |
54 |
63 |
63 |
68 |
981 |
% |
1.9 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
3.8 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
2.0 |
Total US & perms |
1066 |
1113 |
1138 |
1155 |
1175 |
1243 |
1106 |
1042 |
1028 |
1055 |
1108 |
1041 |
961 |
867 |
1039 |
1018 |
1052 |
34221 |
% |
74.1 |
72.4 |
76.1 |
73.6 |
73.4 |
71.8 |
70.4 |
70.2 |
66.5 |
66.4 |
64.8 |
63.4 |
59.2 |
58.0 |
62.6 |
64.3 |
62.8 |
71.3 |
|
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total |
Temp visas staying in US |
37 |
44 |
46 |
36 |
59 |
58 |
71 |
55 |
86 |
108 |
133 |
196 |
239 |
221 |
217 |
206 |
247 |
2772 |
% |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
4.5 |
3.7 |
5.6 |
6.8 |
7.8 |
11.9 |
14.7 |
14.8 |
13.1 |
13.0 |
14.7 |
5.8 |
Temp visas leaving US |
237 |
261 |
207 |
256 |
236 |
286 |
227 |
224 |
226 |
217 |
304 |
316 |
346 |
348 |
355 |
311 |
316 |
7867 |
% |
16.5 |
17.0 |
13.8 |
16.3 |
14.7 |
16.5 |
14.4 |
15.1 |
14.6 |
13.6 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
21.3 |
23.3 |
21.4 |
19.6 |
18.9 |
16.4 |
Total temporary residents |
351 |
385 |
333 |
384 |
394 |
448 |
389 |
364 |
436 |
440 |
550 |
575 |
634 |
610 |
608 |
549 |
598 |
12871 |
% |
24.4 |
25.0 |
22.3 |
24.5 |
24.6 |
25.9 |
24.8 |
24.5 |
28.2 |
27.7 |
32.2 |
35.0 |
39.1 |
40.8 |
36.6 |
34.7 |
35.7 |
26.8 |
Postdoctoral appointments |
266 |
277 |
305 |
302 |
366 |
391 |
398 |
392 |
447 |
447 |
497 |
499 |
488 |
452 |
503 |
449 |
486 |
9964 |
% |
18.5 |
18.0 |
20.4 |
19.2 |
22.9 |
22.6 |
25.3 |
26.4 |
28.9 |
28.1 |
29.1 |
30.4 |
30.1 |
30.3 |
30.3 |
28.3 |
29.0 |
20.8 |
Time to degree |
6.9 |
6.9 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
7.7 |
8.0 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
|
Median age at time of degree |
31.1 |
31.0 |
31.0 |
31.3 |
31.6 |
31.9 |
32.3 |
32.7 |
32.9 |
33.3 |
33.6 |
33.8 |
34.0 |
34.0 |
34.3 |
34.2 |
34.1 |
|
Table E.4 Demographic and Other US Life-Science PhDs by Fine Field in 10- or 11-Year Cohorts
|
FY 86–96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76–85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66–75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs** |
Nonbiomedical doctoral fields |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agronomy and crop science |
1437 |
13 |
43 |
20 |
7.9 |
1475 |
7 |
39 |
12 |
6.6 |
1636 |
1 |
33 |
9 |
6.2 |
Animal breeding and genetics |
227 |
15 |
41 |
24 |
7.1 |
81 |
21 |
31 |
14 |
6.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Animal husbandry |
|
|
|
|
|
155 |
5 |
19 |
16 |
6.3 |
865 |
1 |
22 |
12 |
6.0 |
Animal nutrition |
634 |
19 |
27 |
22 |
7.0 |
1039 |
10 |
28 |
13 |
6.3 |
448 |
6 |
27 |
13 |
6.2 |
Animal science, other |
962 |
22 |
31 |
31 |
7.2 |
277 |
13 |
31 |
21 |
6.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Botany |
1201 |
38 |
20 |
40 |
8.6 |
1428 |
27 |
9 |
28 |
7.2 |
1784 |
17 |
10 |
17 |
6.5 |
Conservation/renewable natural research |
134 |
19 |
33 |
13 |
9.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dairy science |
126 |
14 |
33 |
27 |
7.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fish and wildlife |
|
|
|
|
|
452 |
7 |
10 |
9 |
7.3 |
437 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
6.5 |
Fish science and management |
427 |
16 |
27 |
18 |
9.2 |
117 |
14 |
17 |
10 |
7.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Food distribution |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food engineering |
92 |
13 |
59 |
22 |
8.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food science |
269 |
34 |
43 |
19 |
8.0 |
1128 |
25 |
37 |
12 |
6.9 |
538 |
13 |
29 |
14 |
6.6 |
Food science, other |
1265 |
39 |
51 |
20 |
8.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forest biology |
197 |
24 |
27 |
30 |
8.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forest engineering |
17 |
6 |
47 |
12 |
10.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forest management |
167 |
12 |
35 |
13 |
8.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forestry and related science, other |
502 |
17 |
34 |
14 |
9.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forestry science |
203 |
12 |
23 |
20 |
7.7 |
862 |
6 |
21 |
9 |
7.2 |
730 |
0 |
19 |
6 |
6.6 |
Horticulture science |
778 |
25 |
38 |
19 |
8.0 |
704 |
15 |
31 |
8 |
6.6 |
665 |
3 |
32 |
7 |
6.2 |
Plant breeding and genetics |
817 |
18 |
41 |
25 |
7.6 |
237 |
15 |
27 |
17 |
6.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
FY 86–96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76–85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66–75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs** |
Plant pathology |
742 |
29 |
44 |
36 |
8.0 |
911 |
17 |
29 |
23 |
6.5 |
987 |
4 |
31 |
19 |
6.3 |
Plant protection and pest management |
13 |
8 |
31 |
23 |
7.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plant science, other |
252 |
21 |
39 |
29 |
8.0 |
57 |
11 |
28 |
12 |
6.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Poultry science |
133 |
21 |
39 |
20 |
7.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soil chemistry/microbiology |
239 |
22 |
36 |
30 |
8.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Soil science |
195 |
9 |
36 |
24 |
8.0 |
842 |
7 |
44 |
15 |
7.2 |
512 |
2 |
43 |
16 |
6.7 |
Soil science, other |
647 |
14 |
44 |
25 |
8.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wildlife |
46 |
7 |
9 |
11 |
7.3 |
100 |
5 |
13 |
9 |
7.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Wildlife/range management |
480 |
21 |
20 |
18 |
9.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wood sci and pulp/paper technology |
166 |
13 |
55 |
15 |
8.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agricultural sciences, general |
67 |
19 |
57 |
18 |
8.8 |
54 |
11 |
56 |
6 |
8.5 |
60 |
2 |
47 |
7 |
6.8 |
Agricultural sciences, other |
268 |
18 |
40 |
16 |
8.2 |
754 |
8 |
33 |
10 |
7.0 |
852 |
3 |
29 |
8 |
6.2 |
Biomedical doctoral fields |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anatomy |
821 |
40 |
14 |
62 |
8.0 |
1355 |
31 |
5 |
62 |
6.8 |
1163 |
21 |
5 |
36 |
6.0 |
Bacteriology |
143 |
40 |
16 |
62 |
8.0 |
39 |
31 |
8 |
67 |
6.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Biochemistry |
7856 |
38 |
22 |
72 |
7.0 |
6237 |
27 |
9 |
72 |
6.3 |
5772 |
20 |
12 |
62 |
5.8 |
Biomedical sciences |
233 |
41 |
18 |
59 |
8.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biometrics & biostatistics |
623 |
39 |
27 |
13 |
8.6 |
470 |
29 |
14 |
8 |
7.3 |
308 |
19 |
16 |
7 |
6.7 |
Biophysics |
1193 |
25 |
26 |
71 |
7.4 |
1052 |
15 |
11 |
65 |
6.7 |
1062 |
10 |
10 |
56 |
6.0 |
Biotechnology research |
32 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
7.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cell biology |
1927 |
45 |
14 |
75 |
7.6 |
628 |
35 |
5 |
72 |
7.0 |
414 |
37 |
7 |
49 |
6.0 |
Developmental Biology/embryology |
418 |
49 |
16 |
82 |
7.6 |
152 |
39 |
5 |
76 |
6.5 |
340 |
32 |
4 |
51 |
5.9 |
|
FY 86–96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76–85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66–75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs** |
Ecology |
2018 |
31 |
14 |
37 |
9.0 |
1771 |
20 |
6 |
28 |
7.3 |
1047 |
9 |
8 |
16 |
6.1 |
Endocrinology |
248 |
46 |
23 |
65 |
8.0 |
75 |
39 |
11 |
73 |
7.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Entomology |
1483 |
21 |
25 |
32 |
8.5 |
1550 |
13 |
20 |
22 |
7.1 |
1726 |
6 |
18 |
16 |
6.3 |
Genetics, animal & plant |
|
|
|
|
|
1041 |
35 |
12 |
59 |
6.5 |
1409 |
21 |
22 |
39 |
6.0 |
Genetics, human & animal |
1678 |
46 |
16 |
71 |
7.5 |
282 |
46 |
6 |
67 |
7.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Hydrobiology |
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
15 |
0 |
25 |
7.0 |
161 |
5 |
4 |
17 |
6.7 |
Immunology |
1882 |
45 |
13 |
74 |
7.5 |
1257 |
37 |
7 |
73 |
6.5 |
208 |
27 |
7 |
62 |
6.0 |
Microbiology |
4110 |
39 |
20 |
67 |
7.7 |
944 |
37 |
10 |
64 |
7.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Microbiology & bacteriology |
|
|
|
|
|
2416 |
29 |
8 |
62 |
6.3 |
3695 |
22 |
9 |
46 |
6.1 |
Molecular biology |
5247 |
40 |
20 |
78 |
7.5 |
1961 |
33 |
8 |
79 |
6.5 |
864 |
29 |
8 |
74 |
5.7 |
Neurosciences |
2558 |
39 |
13 |
78 |
7.5 |
552 |
34 |
6 |
79 |
6.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
Nutritional sciences |
1433 |
70 |
23 |
33 |
8.5 |
1006 |
61 |
16 |
30 |
7.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Parasitology |
206 |
36 |
22 |
50 |
8.4 |
184 |
16 |
16 |
39 |
7.5 |
63 |
19 |
10 |
37 |
7.1 |
Pathology, human & animal |
1274 |
36 |
18 |
49 |
8.3 |
974 |
26 |
11 |
42 |
7.0 |
605 |
8 |
13 |
25 |
6.9 |
Pharmacology, human & animal |
2889 |
39 |
16 |
71 |
7.0 |
2344 |
24 |
7 |
67 |
6.2 |
1537 |
14 |
9 |
50 |
6.0 |
Physiology, human & animal |
2898 |
36 |
18 |
63 |
7.8 |
2939 |
23 |
7 |
66 |
6.6 |
3087 |
16 |
8 |
46 |
6.0 |
Plant genetics |
324 |
28 |
31 |
65 |
7.6 |
70 |
24 |
24 |
50 |
7.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Plant pathology |
383 |
30 |
37 |
50 |
8.0 |
97 |
22 |
22 |
36 |
6.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Plant Physiology |
665 |
32 |
28 |
53 |
8.1 |
576 |
23 |
17 |
49 |
6.8 |
817 |
13 |
22 |
31 |
6.2 |
Toxicology |
1204 |
36 |
12 |
45 |
7.9 |
256 |
25 |
5 |
48 |
7.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zoology |
1450 |
30 |
13 |
40 |
8.7 |
2112 |
23 |
4 |
34 |
7.5 |
3008 |
16 |
5 |
26 |
6.3 |
Biological sciences, general |
3087 |
39 |
20 |
50 |
8.0 |
1908 |
31 |
8 |
43 |
7.0 |
1183 |
24 |
8 |
31 |
6.0 |
Biological sciences, other |
1560 |
37 |
17 |
49 |
8.3 |
1416 |
31 |
7 |
57 |
6.9 |
1405 |
29 |
11 |
35 |
6.2 |
Environmental health |
473 |
37 |
22 |
20 |
8.9 |
356 |
24 |
10 |
19 |
7.6 |
71 |
17 |
0 |
13 |
6.5 |
Epidemiology |
1285 |
59 |
17 |
20 |
9.3 |
255 |
59 |
14 |
15 |
8.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Pharmacy |
1417 |
34 |
39 |
22 |
7.8 |
762 |
19 |
19 |
17 |
7.0 |
559 |
8 |
18 |
13 |
6.2 |
Public health |
1464 |
63 |
18 |
11 |
9.8 |
219 |
59 |
9 |
5 |
8.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
Public health/epidemiology |
|
|
|
|
|
887 |
44 |
10 |
9 |
7.8 |
792 |
25 |
10 |
4 |
7.3 |
|
FY 86–96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76–85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66–75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs** |
Health science, general |
317 |
43 |
15 |
30 |
8.1 |
167 |
30 |
7 |
44 |
7.0 |
125 |
18 |
7 |
31 |
6.0 |
Health sciences, other |
1084 |
46 |
17 |
16 |
9.1 |
909 |
31 |
10 |
28 |
7.4 |
701 |
31 |
9 |
23 |
6.9 |
Bioengineering and biomedical |
1549 |
21 |
27 |
36 |
7.3 |
700 |
6 |
13 |
31 |
7.0 |
439 |
2 |
8 |
29 |
6.3 |
Pharmaceutical chemistry |
853 |
32 |
28 |
2 |
7.4 |
552 |
18 |
16 |
41 |
6.5 |
572 |
8 |
17 |
30 |
6.5 |
* Total for 1973–75. Data on race/ethnicity is available only for 1973 to date. Percentages calculated with base years 1973 to 1975. ** Median computed only for period 1970 to 1975 |
Table E.5 Demographic Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs by Citizenship, 1963–1996
|
1963 |
1964 |
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
1979 |
1980 |
Total PhDs |
2095 |
2356 |
2681 |
2887 |
3151 |
3695 |
4083 |
4503 |
4980 |
4855 |
4912 |
4734 |
4847 |
4800 |
4692 |
4809 |
4948 |
5180 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
US citizen & prm. residents |
1754 |
1905 |
2133 |
2315 |
2589 |
3067 |
3444 |
3862 |
4293 |
4181 |
4240 |
3852 |
4121 |
4075 |
3955 |
4082 |
4221 |
4431 |
% |
83.7 |
80.9 |
79.6 |
80.2 |
82.2 |
83.0 |
84.3 |
85.8 |
86.2 |
86.1 |
86.3 |
81.4 |
85.0 |
84.9 |
84.3 |
84.9 |
85.3 |
85.5 |
US citizens—native born |
1692 |
1824 |
2039 |
2213 |
2392 |
2783 |
3152 |
3504 |
3854 |
3705 |
3746 |
3405 |
3673 |
3684 |
3593 |
3676 |
3872 |
4054 |
% |
80.8 |
77.4 |
76.1 |
76.7 |
75.9 |
75.3 |
77.2 |
77.8 |
77.4 |
76.3 |
76.3 |
71.9 |
75.8 |
76.8 |
76.6 |
76.4 |
78.3 |
78.3 |
US citizen—naturalized |
|
|
|
4 |
64 |
100 |
92 |
109 |
118 |
113 |
128 |
117 |
136 |
142 |
122 |
175 |
141 |
150 |
% |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.6 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
US citizens |
1692 |
1824 |
2039 |
2217 |
2456 |
2883 |
3244 |
3613 |
3972 |
3818 |
3874 |
3522 |
3809 |
3826 |
3715 |
3851 |
4013 |
4204 |
% |
80.8 |
77.4 |
76.1 |
76.8 |
77.9 |
78.0 |
79.5 |
80.2 |
79.8 |
78.6 |
78.9 |
74.4 |
78.6 |
79.7 |
79.2 |
80.1 |
81.1 |
81.2 |
Permanent residents |
62 |
81 |
94 |
98 |
133 |
184 |
200 |
249 |
321 |
363 |
366 |
330 |
312 |
249 |
240 |
231 |
208 |
227 |
% |
3.0 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
5.5 |
6.4 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
6.4 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
Temp visas staying in US |
103 |
104 |
125 |
157 |
174 |
186 |
191 |
178 |
147 |
128 |
137 |
169 |
175 |
160 |
166 |
156 |
147 |
167 |
% |
4.9 |
4.4 |
4.7 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
Temp visas leaving US |
168 |
229 |
280 |
262 |
260 |
301 |
284 |
324 |
336 |
345 |
342 |
367 |
334 |
318 |
327 |
325 |
335 |
345 |
% |
8.0 |
9.7 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
8.3 |
8.1 |
7.0 |
7.2 |
6.7 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
6.7 |
Total temporary residents |
325 |
415 |
518 |
525 |
517 |
586 |
589 |
606 |
589 |
574 |
584 |
663 |
628 |
603 |
623 |
602 |
606 |
650 |
% |
15.5 |
17.6 |
19.3 |
18.2 |
16.4 |
15.9 |
14.4 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
14.0 |
13.0 |
12.6 |
13.3 |
12.5 |
12.2 |
12.5 |
|
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
Total PhDs |
5288 |
5362 |
5263 |
5414 |
5428 |
5360 |
5399 |
5807 |
5908 |
6211 |
6508 |
6682 |
6924 |
7182 |
7312 |
7696 |
% |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
US citizen & perm. residents |
4487 |
4532 |
4403 |
4492 |
4373 |
4269 |
4199 |
4417 |
4459 |
4567 |
4714 |
4685 |
4853 |
5378 |
5561 |
5579 |
% |
84.9 |
84.5 |
83.7 |
83.0 |
80.6 |
79.6 |
77.8 |
76.1 |
75.5 |
73.5 |
72.4 |
70.1 |
70.1 |
74.9 |
76.1 |
72.5 |
US citizens—native born |
4142 |
4188 |
4076 |
4128 |
4034 |
3894 |
3790 |
3953 |
4042 |
4087 |
4133 |
4113 |
4202 |
4247 |
4266 |
4285 |
% |
78.3 |
78.1 |
77.4 |
76.2 |
74.3 |
72.6 |
70.2 |
68.1 |
68.4 |
65.8 |
63.5 |
61.6 |
60.7 |
59.1 |
58.3 |
55.7 |
US citizen—naturalized |
140 |
164 |
143 |
174 |
150 |
174 |
169 |
160 |
162 |
194 |
250 |
215 |
236 |
260 |
240 |
286 |
% |
2.6 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
US citizens |
4282 |
4352 |
4219 |
4302 |
4184 |
4068 |
3959 |
4113 |
4204 |
4281 |
4383 |
4328 |
4438 |
4507 |
4506 |
4571 |
% |
81.0 |
81.2 |
80.2 |
79.5 |
77.1 |
75.9 |
73.3 |
70.8 |
71.2 |
68.9 |
67.3 |
64.8 |
64.1 |
62.8 |
61.6 |
59.4 |
Permanent residents |
205 |
180 |
184 |
190 |
189 |
201 |
240 |
304 |
255 |
286 |
331 |
357 |
415 |
871 |
1055 |
1008 |
% |
3.9 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
4.4 |
5.2 |
4.3 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
5.3 |
6.0 |
12.1 |
14.4 |
13.1 |
Temp visas staying in US |
156 |
176 |
191 |
223 |
263 |
264 |
333 |
413 |
476 |
606 |
928 |
1132 |
1165 |
960 |
910 |
1196 |
% |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
7.1 |
8.1 |
9.8 |
14.3 |
16.9 |
16.8 |
13.4 |
12.4 |
15.5 |
Temp visas leaving US |
358 |
353 |
356 |
344 |
408 |
353 |
352 |
376 |
372 |
571 |
597 |
633 |
658 |
658 |
624 |
650 |
% |
6.8 |
6.6 |
6.8 |
6.4 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
Total temporary residents |
663 |
674 |
719 |
749 |
865 |
806 |
887 |
1032 |
1102 |
1472 |
1683 |
1886 |
1927 |
1726 |
1633 |
1939 |
% |
12.5 |
12.6 |
13.7 |
13.8 |
15.9 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
18.7 |
23.7 |
25.9 |
28.2 |
27.8 |
24.0 |
22.3 |
25.2 |
Table E.7 Number of US Life-Science Postdoctoral Fellows by Field and Citizenship, 1972–19951
Year |
Biological |
Agricultural |
Total |
Citizen |
Noncitizen |
1972 |
4845 |
303 |
5148 |
|
|
1973 |
5237 |
242 |
5479 |
|
|
1974 |
5231 |
272 |
5503 |
|
|
1975 |
5785 |
273 |
6058 |
|
|
1976 |
6282 |
349 |
6631 |
4831 |
1800 |
1977 |
6588 |
297 |
6885 |
5104 |
1781 |
1978 |
6848 |
227 |
7075 |
5134 |
1941 |
1979 |
|
|
|
|
|
1980 |
7067 |
258 |
7325 |
5134 |
2191 |
1981 |
7668 |
292 |
7960 |
5477 |
2483 |
1982 |
7705 |
293 |
7998 |
5500 |
2498 |
1983 |
8324 |
308 |
8632 |
6000 |
2632 |
1984 |
8677 |
375 |
9052 |
6167 |
2885 |
1985 |
9112 |
371 |
9483 |
6167 |
3316 |
1986 |
9683 |
412 |
10095 |
6332 |
3763 |
1987 |
10358 |
442 |
10800 |
6517 |
4283 |
1988 |
10667 |
464 |
11131 |
6411 |
4720 |
1989 |
11425 |
517 |
11942 |
6648 |
5294 |
Table E.8 US Life-Science PhDs Who Took Postdoctoral Training Time Spent in Postdoctoral Positions, as Reported in 1995.
Year of PhD >> |
1991–92 |
1989–90 |
1987–88 |
1985–86 |
1983–84 |
1981–82 |
1979–80 |
1977–78 |
1975–76 |
1973–74 |
1971–72 |
1969–70 |
Total PhDs who took postdoctoral training |
4632 |
4502 |
4553 |
4410 |
4015 |
4024 |
4056 |
3552 |
3165 |
2670 |
2596 |
2158 |
less than 2 years |
1332 |
1096 |
1291 |
1252 |
1010 |
1057 |
1132 |
1275 |
1235 |
1022 |
1059 |
1076 |
% less than 2 years |
29 |
24 |
28 |
28 |
25 |
26 |
28 |
36 |
39 |
38 |
41 |
50 |
2–4 years |
3300 |
2022 |
1609 |
1698 |
1560 |
1666 |
1687 |
1479 |
1320 |
1144 |
1035 |
671 |
% 2–4 years |
71 |
45 |
35 |
39 |
39 |
41 |
42 |
42 |
42 |
43 |
40 |
31 |
greater than 4 years |
NA |
1384 |
1653 |
1460 |
1445 |
1301 |
1237 |
798 |
610 |
504 |
502 |
411 |
% greater than 4 years |
NA |
31 |
36 |
33 |
36 |
32 |
30 |
22 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
Table E.9 Demographic and Other Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs, by 10-Year Cohort
|
FY 86-96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76-85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66-75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total PhDs n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median time to Degree yrs** |
All doctorates |
70989 |
36 |
23 |
51 |
7.9 |
51184 |
25 |
13 |
45 |
6.8 |
42647 |
15 |
14 |
34 |
6.2 |
Women |
25695 |
100 |
18 |
53 |
7.9 |
12850 |
100 |
9 |
51 |
7.0 |
6579 |
100 |
9 |
41 |
6.2 |
Men |
45096 |
0 |
25 |
50 |
7.8 |
38334 |
0 |
15 |
43 |
6.8 |
36068 |
0 |
15 |
33 |
6.1 |
Minorities (US cit or perm.) |
2781 |
40 |
0 |
47 |
8.0 |
1324 |
35 |
0 |
33 |
7.2 |
296* |
23 |
0 |
28 |
7.2 |
Whites (US cit or perm.) |
43581 |
39 |
0 |
55 |
7.7 |
37813 |
26 |
0 |
50 |
6.6 |
9818* |
20 |
0 |
40 |
6.1 |
US citizens & perm research |
52681 |
39 |
0 |
55 |
7.8 |
43051 |
26 |
0 |
49 |
6.8 |
35964 |
16 |
0 |
36 |
6.0 |
Temporary research |
16093 |
28 |
0 |
46 |
8.0 |
6754 |
17 |
100 |
28 |
7.3 |
5861 |
10 |
100 |
28 |
6.7 |
Top 26 institutions |
19436 |
40 |
16 |
59 |
7.7 |
14187 |
30 |
10 |
54 |
6.7 |
11603 |
20 |
14 |
43 |
6.0 |
Other institutions |
51553 |
35 |
25 |
48 |
7.9 |
36997 |
23 |
15 |
42 |
6.9 |
31044 |
14 |
14 |
31 |
6.2 |
* Total for 1973-1975. Data on race/ethnicity is available only for 1973 to date. Percentage calculated with base years 1973 to 1975. ** Median computed only for period 1970 to 1975. Source: Survey of Earned Doctorates 1920-1996. |
Table E.10 Demographic and Other Characteristics of US Life-Science PhDs, by 10-Year Cohort.
|
FY 86–96 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 76–85 Doctorate Recipients |
FY 66–75 Doctorate Recipients |
||||||||||||
|
Total Ph.D.s n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total Ph.D.s n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs |
Total Ph.D.s n |
Women % |
Temp. Res. % |
Planning Postdoc % |
Median Time to Degree yrs** |
All doctorates |
70989 |
36 |
23 |
51 |
7.9 |
51184 |
25 |
13 |
45 |
6.8 |
42647 |
15 |
14 |
34 |
6.2 |
Women |
25695 |
100 |
18 |
53 |
7.9 |
12850 |
100 |
9 |
51 |
7.0 |
6579 |
100 |
9 |
41 |
6.2 |
Men |
45096 |
0 |
25 |
50 |
7.8 |
38334 |
0 |
15 |
43 |
6.8 |
36068 |
0 |
15 |
33 |
6.1 |
Minorities (US cit or perm.) |
2781 |
40 |
0 |
47 |
8.0 |
1324 |
35 |
0 |
33 |
7.2 |
296* |
23 |
0 |
28 |
7.2 |
Whites (US cit or perm.) |
43581 |
39 |
0 |
55 |
7.7 |
37813 |
26 |
0 |
50 |
6.6 |
9818* |
20 |
0 |
40 |
6.1 |
US citizens & perm research |
52681 |
39 |
0 |
55 |
7.8 |
43051 |
26 |
0 |
49 |
6.8 |
35964 |
16 |
0 |
36 |
6.0 |
Temporary research |
16093 |
28 |
0 |
46 |
8.0 |
6754 |
17 |
100 |
28 |
7.3 |
5861 |
10 |
100 |
28 |
6.7 |
Top 26 institutions |
19436 |
40 |
16 |
59 |
7.7 |
14187 |
30 |
10 |
54 |
6.7 |
11603 |
20 |
14 |
43 |
6.0 |
Other institutions |
51553 |
35 |
25 |
48 |
7.9 |
36997 |
23 |
15 |
42 |
6.9 |
31044 |
14 |
14 |
31 |
6.2 |
Appendix F
Data Tables for Chapter 3
Tables 1-7 in this appendix show the fraction (labeled with an ''F") and number (labeled with an "N") of graduates in a particular cohort (for example, 1–2 years after receipt of the PhD) who hold various types of positions. The matrix example on the following page illustrates how these career-progress matrices are to be read. Note that tables include only persons who at the time of doctorate were US citizens or permanent residents.
Table F.8 shows number of life-science
PhDs by sector.
Table F.1 Career Progression of Life-Science
PhDs—US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.2 Career Progression of Life-Science
PhDs—Female US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.3 Career Progression of Life-Science
PhDs—Male US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.4 Career Progression of Life-Science
PhDs from 26 High-Quality Institutions—US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.5 Career Progression of Life-Science
PhDs from Other Institutions—US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.6 Career Progression of Nonbiomedical Life-Science
PhDs—US Citizens and Permanent Residents.
Table F.7 Career Progression of Biomedical Life-Science
PhDs—US Citizens and Permanent Residents
Table F.8 Number of Citizen and Permanent Resident Life-Science
PhDs by Sector, 1973–1995