Index
A
Ab initio calculations, 272–73
Academy of Sciences (U.S.S.R.), 195
Acoustic detectors, 219
Adhesives, 83
Advanced ceramics. See Ceramic materials
Advisory Board for the Research Councils (U.K.), 191–92
Aerospace industry
economic impact, 36–37
materials processing role, 228
materials synthesis role, 217, 219
needs and opportunities, 39, 40–42, 69–73
research opportunities, 75–76
scope, 39
U.S. leadership, 204
Agency of Industrial Technology and Science (Japan), 194
Aircraft industry. See Aerospace industry
Air Force Department, 169, 179
Alloys
microstructure formation, 274–76
Alumina, 92
Alumina zirconia abrasives, 129
Aluminum, 212
Aluminum-nickel-cobalt alloys, 21
Alvey program (U.K.), 192
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 255
American Chemical Society, 157
American Physical Society, 157
American Society for Metals, 33–34
Amorphous materials, 129
Analysis and modeling, 112
applications, 7, 133, 138, 225, 269
atomistic studies, 270–73
ceramic performance, 81
continuum models, 274–77
design and manufacturing applications, 71, 74–76, 78, 109, 123, 124, 278–79
materials performance, 138, 242, 246
materials processing research, 234–35
metal failure mechanisms, 80
polymer science, 84
research needs, 12, 139, 140, 270
techniques, 118, 138–39, 269–70
Andersson, S., 263
Angle-resolved photoemission, 263–64
Antitrust laws, 198
Appliances, 20
Aqueous precipitation, 80
Argonne National Laboratory, 181, 265
Aromatic polyamide polymers, 83, 92, 250
Artificial intelligence, 124
Artificially structured materials
analysis and modeling, 273
research opportunities, 125–26, 236–37
Association for Media-Based Continuing Education for Engineers, 158
Atomic Energy Commission, 176
Atomic layer epitaxy, 223
Atomistic studies
analysis and modeling, 270–73
instrumentation, 74
Atom probe, 267
Attrition process, 81
Auger spectrometer, 135, 261, 264
Automotive industry
economic impact, 36–37
materials processing role, 228
materials synthesis role, 217–18
needs and opportunities, 39, 43, 70–73
research opportunities, 43–44
scope, 42
B
Basic Research in Industrial Technologies for Europe (BRITE), 198
Basic Technology for Future Industries Project (Japan), 194
Batteries, 218
Bauer, 266
Beam scattering, 267–68
Bednorz, J.Georg, 100
Bell laboratories, 173, 214, 261, 263, 264
Biological and Radiation Physics section, DOE, 265
Biologically derived materials, 106
Biomaterials industry, 27
economic impact, 36–37
foreign countries’ priorities, 167, 204
needs and opportunities, 39, 46, 70–73
research opportunities, 47–48, 103–8
scope, 45
Bloch, Erich, 255
Bonding mechanism, 32
Boron nitride, 222
Brazil, 226
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 180–82, 265
Bulk forms, 129
Business Week magazine, 172
C
Cadmium telluride, 133
Carbon, 106
Carrier mobilities, 126
Casting processes, 128–29
Catalytic converters, 122
Catalytic processes, 223
Centers for materials research. See Funding and institutions
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 191
Ceramic materials
aerospace applications, 42
automotive applications, 43, 44
biomedical applications, 45, 106
chemical industry applications, 50
engine applications, 20
fabrication research areas, 80–82, 121
injection molding, 130
materials processing role, 225, 235–36
materials removal, 131
materials synthesis role, 212, 213, 217–18, 220
molecular precursors, 126–27, 220–21
new structures, 127
packaging technology, 91–92, 122, 220
properties, 113
rapid solidification processes, 80, 110, 129
research needs and opportunities, 75, 184
shape-limited synthesis, 222
superconducting materials, 99–103
toughening processes, 81, 236, 248
Ceramic-polymer layers, 92
Chemical and Process Engineering Division, NSF, 170
Chemical beam epitaxy, 125
Chemical industry
economic impact, 36–37
needs and opportunities, 39, 50–51, 70–73
scope, 48–50
synthesis role in, 212
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 89, 125, 129, 213, 225, 236–37, 273
China, 199
China Lake facility, 266
Chip fabrication facilities, 183
Clayton Act, 197
Co-deposition processes, 130, 131, 133
Coercivities, 95
Collaborative centers. See Funding and institutions
College education. See Manpower and education
Collyear Committee report (U.K.), 192
Commerce Department (DOC), 14, 164, 165, 179, 197
Commercial exploitation, 187
Committee on Materials (COMAT), 18, 164, 196
Committee on Science and Materials Technology (COSMAT), 149
Communications industry. See Telecommunications industry
Comparisons. See International comparisons
Competitive position, 1
industry responsibility, 3–5, 71
See also Economic performance; International comparisons
Composites, 32
automotive applications, 44
definition, 86
materials processing role, 228, 240
research opportunities, 50, 71, 75, 79, 121, 85–88, 220
Composition. See Structure and composition
Computer industry
foreign countries’ priorities, 167, 204
materials processing role, 228–29
See also Information technology
Computer-integrated manufacturing, 79
Computers
educational tool, 152
modeling. See Analysis and modeling
Conductive polymers, 122
Consolidation processes, 123, 130–31
Contact and wear mechanisms, 250
Continuing education, 157–58, 161
Continuum models, 138, 270, 274–77
Cooperative education programs, 153–54
Cooperative Research Act of 1984, 197
Cooperative research centers, 171, 187
Cooperative research mechanisms, 187, 191, 197–99, 205
Copper purification, 127
Cornell University, 264
Corrosion cracking, 252
Corrosion resistance, 127
Cracking. See Fracture mechanics
Craftsmen, 33
Crewe, A., 265
Critical current density, 101, 102
Cryogenic electroprocessing, 133
Crystal growth
deformation analysis, 272
international comparisons, 98
quasi-crystals, 110, 118–19, 128, 129, 231
research opportunities, 75, 123, 225, 229
solidification, 128–29
Crystalline materials, 51
Curie temperature, 95
Cutting process, 131
Cutting tool speeds, 23–24
Czochralski crystal-pulling equipment, 184
D
Damage zone mechanics, 253–54
Data bases, 114
Data processing. See Information technology
Davisson, 264
de Broglie wavelengths, 126, 237
Deep-ultraviolet lasers, 88
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 169, 170, 177, 194
Defense Department (DOD)
laboratories, 179
research areas, 66–67
university research initiative, 137, 178, 260
Defense policy. See National security concerns
Deformational instabilities, 249
Degree production, 7–8, 144–47, 161
Density-functional calculations, 272
Department of. See specific department names
Diamond growth, 81–82
Diamond properties, 112
Die filling, 123
Dielectric constants, 92
Diffusion equations, 274
Direct ribbon casting, 231
Disordered structures, 126, 237
Distributed order parameters, 96
Double-alignment ion scattering, 262–63
Ductile-brittle transition, 248–49, 253
Ductile rupture, 248
Du Pont laboratories, 173, 214
E
Economic performance
aerospace industry, 39
automotive industry, 42
biomaterials industry, 45
chemical industry, 48–49
electronics industry, 51–52
energy industry, 54
industries overview, 36–37
telecommunications industry, 61, 63
U.S. trade deficit, 186
Education. See Manpower and education
Educational Modules for Materials Science and Engineering, 158
Education and Science Department (U.K.), 191, 192
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (Zurich), 267
Elasticity theory, 274, 276–77
Electric Power Research Institute, 205
Electroactive polymers, 93
Electrodeposition, 80
Electrolytic processing, 131, 133
Electromagnetic stirring, 80
Electron beam etching, 89
Electron beam melting, 127
Electronic materials
ceramic and polymer substrates, 91–93
metal wiring, 93
ultrapure materials, 126
See also Semiconductors
Electronics industry, 6
economic impact, 36–37
materials processing role, 228–29
needs and opportunities, 10, 39, 52–53, 70–73, 183–84
research opportunities, 88–93
scope, 51–52
See also Integrated circuits
Electron microscopy, 118, 264–66
Electron pairing, 101
Electrooptic systems, 64
Elementary and secondary education, 158–59
Embedded atom method, 246
Energy Department (Canada), 189
Energy Department (U.K.), 192
Energy Department (U.S.) (DOE), 18
instrumentation support, 135, 137, 257, 260
laboratories, 178–79
national laboratories support, 14, 17, 72, 176
Energy industry
economic impact, 36–37
materials synthesis role, 218–19
needs and opportunities, 39, 55–56, 70–73
scope, 54
Engine efficiency, 20–21
Engineering research centers, 72, 156, 171, 174, 177–78, 199
Environmental Protection Agency, 164
Epitaxial growth processes
ab initio modeling, 273
electronic materials, 51–53, 89, 96, 125–26, 236–37
superconducting materials, 103
vapor-solid processing, 129
Equilibrium thermodynamics, 118
Etching, 131
European Economic Community (EEC), 198
European research. See International comparisons; specific countries
European Research Coordinating Agency (EUREKA), 191
European Research in Advanced Materials (EURAM), 198
European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT), 191, 198
Eyeglasses, 20
Executive orders, 198
Expert systems, 124
Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (Japan), 193
Extraction processes, 238
Exxon laboratories, 261
F
Fabrication. See Synthesis and processing
Faculty profiles. See Manpower and education
Failure mechanisms, 79–80
Fast-ion conductors, 127
Fatigue mechanics, 251–53
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology, 164
Federal funding. See Funding and institutions
Federal laboratories, 14, 72, 178–79, 197, 257–58
Federation of Materials Societies, 166
Ferroelectric ceramic materials, 97
Ferroelectric liquid crystals, 97
Fiber-forming technology, 222, 240
Fiber optics. See Telecommunications industry
Fiber-reinforced composites, 84–85, 217, 240, 250
Field ion microscope, 267
Flame-resistant materials, 83, 217
Fluctuation phenomena, 101
Fluids use, 50
Food and Drug Administration, 38
Foreign comparisons. See International comparisons
Forging
Forming processes, 130
Fracture mechanics
analysis and modeling, 270, 276–77
ceramics, 81
crack mechanisms, 126, 220, 246–54
research opportunities, 75, 114
France, 186, 190–91, 199–202, 215
Fraunhofer Institutes (West Germany), 72, 183, 188, 190, 199
Frustration behavior, 100
Fuel cells, 218
Funding and institutions
collaborative centers, 72, 156, 174, 176–78
engineering research centers, 72, 156, 171, 174, 177–78, 199
federal laboratories, 72, 178–79, 197
findings and recommendations, 8–9, 12–18, 71, 183–85
funding concerns, 118, 124, 162–63
industrial research consortia, 72, 187, 198
industry laboratories, 171–74
industry-university cooperative centers, 171, 187
instrument development, 12, 137, 257–60, 265, 266
international comparisons, 188–97, 205
materials processing capability, 224–25
materials research groups, 170–71
materials research laboratories, 13, 72, 156, 170, 174, 176–77, 259
national facilities, 180–83
national initiative recommendation, 10–12
national laboratories, 68, 72, 124, 176, 197, 205
research infrastructure summarized, 8, 12–14, 162–63, 174
small groups, 174–76
state centers, 171
synthesis and processing, 210–11
G
Gallium arsenide, 53, 63, 89–90, 121, 133, 222, 237
Gallium-arsenide/gallium-aluminum-arsenide system, 125–26, 237
Galvanomagnetic effects, 95
Gas Research Institute, 205
Gemstones, 130
General Accounting Office, 196
General Electric laboratories, 173
Germanium, 273
German Research Society, 190
Germany. See West Germany
Germer, 264
Global Competition: The New Reality (GPO), 186
Government
materials needs, 65–73
See also Funding and institutions
Government laboratories, 14, 72, 178–79, 197, 257–58.
See also National laboratories
Graduate education. See Manpower and education
Grain boundaries, 102–3
Grinding, 131
H
Harwell Laboratory (U.K.), 192
Health and Human Services Department, 66
Heavy-fermion superconductors, 100
Henzler, 264
Heteroepitaxy, 90
Heterojunctions, 273
High-modulus polymer fibers, 233–34, 239, 240
High-resolution electron loss spectroscopy, 263
High Voltage Engineering Europa, B.V., 263
Holograms, 97
Honjo, Goro, 265
Hydrodynamic equations, 274
Hydrogen embrittlement, 249, 252
I
Ibach, H., 263
IBM laboratories, 173, 214, 261–63
Icosahedral symmetry, 118–19
Illinois Institute of Technology, 157–58
Incubator programs, 199
Indiana University, 263
Industrial consortia, 72, 187, 198
Industrial Technology Law (Japan), 198
Industry
concerns and responsibilities, 3–5, 15, 71–73
cooperative education programs, 153–54
materials processing capability, 224–25
materials role in, 3–4
research funding, 171–74
See also specific industries
Industry-university cooperative research centers, 171, 187
Information technology
foreign countries’ priorities, 167, 204
information processing mechanism, 88
magnetic materials, 94–96
materials synthesis role, 216–17
photonic materials, 96–97
Injection molding, 130, 225, 239, 240
Instability analysis, 118
Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (Netherlands), 262–63
Instrumentation, 112
federal funding, 137, 170, 257, 259–60, 265, 266
historical developments, 261–68
international comparisons, 135–36, 138, 256, 257, 260–68
materials science need for, 6–7, 12, 140, 229, 244
research needs in, 123, 135–38, 255–58
U.S. priorities, 258–61
See also specific equipment and facilities
Integrated circuits
development, 24, 25, 29, 32, 111, 229
transport-related limits, 252–53
Interfacial studies
fracture mechanisms, 246
materials processing, 225
polymers, 84
quantum calculations, 273
semiconductors, 90
International comparisons
competitive status, 199–204
cooperative research mechanisms, 197–99
crystal growth, 98
high-modulus polymer fibers, 233–34
instrument development, 135–36, 138, 256, 257, 260–68
materials science and engineering, 9–10, 188–97
neutron scattering research, 180
priority technologies, 167, 204
steel industry, 232–33
survey findings, 186–88, 204–5
synthesis and processing, 210, 226–27
synthesis of new materials, 214–15
International Congress on Electron Microscopy, 265
Inventory and Analysis of Materials Life Cycle Research and Development (COMAT), 172
Inventory and Analysis of Materials Life Cycle Research and Development in the Federal Government (COMAT), 164
Ion beam deposition, 125, 129, 237
Ion beam equipment, 74
Ion bombardment, 131
Iowa State University Laboratory at Ames, 167
Iron, 95
Isostatic pressing, 80, 81, 184
J
Japan
competitive position, 9, 199–204
crystal growth, 98
high-temperature superconductors, 215
instrumentation, 138, 257, 261, 265
materials processing, 226
materials science regime, 72, 183, 186–88, 192–94, 196, 198, 205
photovoltaic industry, 218
steel industry, 232–33
Japan Industrial Technology Association, 194
Japan Key Technology Center, 194
Japan Research Development Corporation, 193
K
Kernforschungsanlage (West Germany), 263
Kesmodel, L., 263
Kinetic phenomena, 123
Korea. See South Korea
Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 194
L
Laboratories
education component, 152–53
instrumentation needs, 133, 135
See also Funding and institutions
Lanthanum hexaboride, 133
Laser-assisted chemical processing, 223
Lasers, 30, 32, 97, 111, 126, 131, 184, 221
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 167, 181, 258
Layered structures, 79
Leybold-Heraeus (West Germany), 263, 264
Licensing arrangements, 187, 205
Life scientists, 144
Link program (U.K.), 192
Liquid-phase epitaxy, 125, 236
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 181
Low-energy electron diffraction, 135, 261, 264
Low-energy electron microscope, 266
Low-noise detectors, 96
Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, 125
M
See also Instrumentation
Macromechanics, 251–54
Magnesium alloys, 127, 129, 231
Magnetic materials, 21, 94–96, 129, 231
Magnetic superconductors, 100
Magnetohydrodynamics, 77
Magnetooptic storage, 95
Major Facilities for Materials Research and Related Disciplines (NRC), 181
Management and Budget, Office of, 196
Manpower and education, 141–42, 160–61
continuing education, 157–58
degree production, 7, 8, 144–47
findings and recommendations, 14–18
government role, 16–18
graduate education, 7, 15, 154–57
industry role, 15
international comparisons, 187–88, 195
materials performance programs, 243, 245
personnel statistics, 33–34, 142–44
precollege education, 158–59
professional societies role, 159–60
steel industry, 233
synthesis and processing programs, 15, 210, 213, 224
undergraduate education, 7, 15, 147–54
universities’ role, 14–15, 71, 73
Manufacturing processes
analysis and modeling, 71, 74–76, 78, 109, 123, 124, 278–79
research needs, 184
See also Synthesis and processing
Martensitic steels, 246
Mass transport mechanisms, 123
Materials and Structures Science and Technology Program, DOD, 168–69
Materials Education Council, 158
Materials processing. See Synthesis and processing
Materials Research Division (DMR), NSF, 137, 170, 257, 260, 265
Materials research groups, 170–71
Materials research laboratories, 13, 72, 156, 170, 174, 176–77, 259
Materials Research Society, 34, 148, 157
Materials removal, 131
Materials science and engineering
basic science role in, 110–11
career opportunities, 141–42, 160
field characterized, 5–6, 27–33, 139–40
national initiative recommendation, 10–12
Materials Science Division (MSD), DOE, 167–68, 260
Materials synthesis. See Synthesis and processing
Max Planck Institutes (West Germany), 72, 190, 258
Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Division, NSF, 170
Melt atomization, 81
Memory chips, 88
Metallic glass, 230
Metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition, 129
Metallo-organic molecular beam epitaxy, 125
Metallurgists, 32
Metal matrix composites, 41, 57
Metals
biomedical applications, 105–6
ductile-brittle transition, 248–49
ductile rupture, 248
electronic systems applications, 93
injection molding, 130
properties, 112
rapid solidification, 110, 128–29, 184, 225, 230–31
recycling technology, 238
thermal deposition, 223
ultrapure materials, 127
vapor purification processes, 130
Metals industry
economic impact, 36–37
materials processing role, 225, 237–38
needs, opportunities, and issues, 39, 60–61, 70–73, 184
research opportunities, 77–80
status, 57–60
synthesis role in, 213
Metastable structures, 127–28, 272
Michelson Laboratory, 266
Microelectronics. See Electronic materials; Electronics industry
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, 72, 198, 205
Micromechanics, 126, 244, 247–51
Microscopic porosity, 92
Microstructure formation, 81, 118, 274–76
Military needs. See National security concerns
Mines and Resources Department (Canada), 189
Minister of Posts and Telecommunications (Japan), 194
Ministry of Defense (U.K.), 192
Ministry of Education (France), 191
Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Japan), 193
Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education (U.S.S.R.), 195
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (Japan), 72, 193–94, 196, 198, 199
Ministry of Research and Technology (France), 191
Ministry of Research and Technology (West Germany), 189–90
Ministry of State for Science and Technology (Canada), 189
Modeling. See Analysis and modeling
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
ab initio modeling, 273
instrumentation, 74, 174, 183–84, 261
materials processing applications, 125, 225, 236–37
semiconductor fabrication, 65, 89
surface modification, 223
vapor-solid processing, 129
Molecular bonding, 32
Molecular composites, 85
Molecular precursors, 126–27, 220–21
Molybdenum, 92
Monte Carlo techniques, 84, 95
Muller, Karl Alex, 100
Multilayers, 95
Multinational corporations, 198
Multiquantum wells, 96–97
Multitechnology chips, 219
N
Nanocomposites, 75
Nano-crystalline structures, 128
Nanometer-scale structures, 119, 121
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 66, 69–70, 164, 165, 197, 204
National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 17, 262, 263, 267
National Critical Materials Act of 1984, 17, 197
National Critical Materials Council, 17, 18, 167, 197
National Engineering Laboratory (U.K.), 192
National facilities, 68, 170, 174, 180–83
National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials (Japan), 193
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 199
facilities and research, 14, 179, 181, 182
instrument development, 258
support activities, 17, 18, 72, 197, 205
National Institutes of Health laboratories, 18, 72, 265
National laboratories
establishment of, 176
focus and support, 14, 17–18, 68, 72, 124, 197
instrument development, 12, 257–58
international comparisons, 192, 193, 205
materials processing capability, 225
National Magnet Laboratory, 181
National Materials and Minerals Policy, Research and Development Act of 1980, 196–97
National Physical Laboratory (U.K.), 192
National Research Council (Canada), 189
National Research Council (U.S.) (NRC), 18, 181, 196
National Research Development Corporation (U.K.), 192
National Research Institute for Metals (Japan), 193
National Science Foundation (NSF), 18
funding data, 164–66, 170–71, 197, 259
instrumentation support, 135, 137, 257, 259, 260, 265, 266
research support, 72, 152, 155, 159, 176, 177, 197, 199, 215
National security concerns, 3
electronics industry, 51
industry targeting, 71
materials needs, 65–68
materials synthesis role, 219–20
U.S. expenditures, 197
National Synchrotron Light Source, 68, 181, 182
National Technological University, 158
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), 189
Naval Research Laboratory, 182
Near-net-shape forming, 70, 75, 128, 238
Neodymium-iron-boron compounds, 21, 96, 133
Netherlands, 262–63
Net shape forming, 77
Neutron research facilities, 68, 174, 180, 181, 183
Neutron scattering, 101
New materials synthesis, 214–15
New structures, 127–28
Nickel-aluminum alloy, 246
Nickel-based superalloys, 129, 231, 237
Niobium-germanium, 99
Niobium-tin, 100
Niobium-titanium, 100
Nobel prizes, 30, 114, 174, 255, 262
Nondestructive testing, 81, 254
Nonequilibrium processes
analysis and modeling, 271, 273, 277
ceramics processing, 80
characterization techniques, 118
research opportunities, 225
solidification processing, 128–29, 230–31
Nonergodic phase transitions, 96
Nonlinear optics, 97, 98, 127, 221
North American Rockwell, 264
Nuclear fusion, 219
Nuclear magnetic resonance, 118
Nuclear Science Research Center (West Germany), 190
Nuclear waste disposal, 76, 218
Nuclear weapons technology, 67–68
Nucleation, 80, 128, 130, 247, 250
O
Office of. See specific office names
Omicron (West Germany), 264
Onnes, H.Kamerlingh, 99
Optical bistability, 97
Optical fibers
materials processing role, 228, 229
nonlinear phenomena, 97
properties and performance, 23, 96
Optimization theory, 272
Optoelectronic devices, 125, 236
Optoelectronic materials, 98, 225
Organic nonlinear optical materials, 127, 221
Organic photoresist materials, 88
Organometallic precursors, 126, 221
Oxidation, 252–53
Oxide abrasive materials, 129
P
Packaging technology, 91–93, 216–17, 220
Packard Committee, 258
Palladium, 122
Palmberg, 264
Pennsylvania State University, 267
Performance. See Properties and performance
Peria, W., 264
Personnel needs. See Manpower and education
Petroff, P., 265
Phase transformations, 123
Phase transitions research, 84, 85, 271
Photo-ferroelectric effect, 97
Photonic materials, 96–98
Photonics industry, 10
Photorefractive effect, 97, 98
Photovoltaic technology, 218–19
Physical vapor deposition, 129, 225
Piezoelectric polymers, 83
Piper, W., 263
Plasma-assisted vapor deposition, 129
Plasma chemistry, 52
Platinum, 122
Polyethylene fiber, 86, 233, 239, 250
Polymers
adhesives, 83
aerospace industry applications, 42
automotive applications, 6, 217
biomedical applications, 45, 84, 103–5
chemical industry applications, 38, 50
high-modulus polymer fibers, 233–34, 239
materials processing role, 225, 238–41
molecular precursors, 126–27, 220–21
new structures, 127
packaging technology, 92–93, 216–17
polymer-modified concrete, 121
properti es and performance, 20, 82, 113, 250
research needs and opportunities, 27, 82–85, 184
superconducting structures, 103
synthesis, 212
Polymethyl methacrylate, 250
Polystyrene, 250
Polyvinylidenefluoride, 219
Precollege education, 158–59
President’s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness, 186
Pressing processes, 130–31
Prime Minister, Office of (Japan), 193
Processing equipment, 136
Production processes, 75
Professional societies, 18, 158, 159, 161
Properties and performance, 28, 32–33, 71
analysis and modeling, 138
atomistic studies, 246
ceramic substrates, 91–92
composites, 86
cutting tool speeds, 23–24
macromechanics, 251–54
manpower and education, 245
mechanisms studied, 245–46
micromechanics, 247–51
modern materials, 19–27
polymer substrates, 92
research needs and opportunities, 3, 11–12, 112–16, 140, 242–45
silicon, 88
structural materials, 75
Propst, F., 263
Propulsion technology, 75
Pseudopotential calculations, 272
Public Broadcasting Service, 159
Public sector
materials needs, 65–73
Pultrusion, 240
Q
Quantum Hall effect, 6, 30, 114
Quantum mechanics, 28, 29, 111, 118, 270–73
Quasi-crystals, 110, 118–19, 128, 129, 231
R
Radioactive waste disposal, 76, 218
Random spin glass interactions, 96
Rapid solidification, 80, 110, 128–29, 184, 225, 230–31
Rare earth/cobalt alloys, 21
Rare-earth-doped optical fibers, 97
Reaction injection molding, 225, 239
Recycling technology, 238
Regional Industrial Expansion Department (Canada), 189
Reptation, 84
Research and Advanced Technology, Office of, 169
Research and development
analysis and modeling, 138–39
automotive industry, 43–44
biomaterials, 103–8
commercial exploitation, 187
cooperative research, 4, 15–18, 71, 124, 156, 187, 191, 197–99, 205
electronic materials, 88–89
government role, 16–18, 71, 72
international comparisons, 39, 186–95
magnetic materials, 94–96
photonic materials, 96–98
properties and performance, 112–16, 242–45
research areas, 3–5, 74–75, 108–12, 139–40
structural materials, 75–88
structure and composition, 116–21
superconducting materials, 99–103
synthesis and processing, 121–33, 216–23, 234–41
universities’ role, 14–15, 71–72
U.S. regime summarized, 195–97
Research and Development agency (U.K.), 191
Research settings. See Funding and institutions
Rheological behavior, 123
Rhodium, 122
Rice University, 267
Robotization, 79
Rolling operations, 78, 80, 238, 250
Room-temperature semiconductor lasers, 96
S
Scanning Auger spectroscopy, 264
Scanning force microscope, 108
Scanning transmission electron microscopy, 265–66
Scanning tunneling microscope, 30, 74, 76, 108, 116, 255, 262
Science and Technology Agency (Japan), 193
Science and Technology Council (Japan), 193
Science and Technology Policy, Office of, 18, 164, 196, 258
Science Council (Japan), 193
Seitz, F., 272
Self-induced transparency, 97
Self-organizing polymers, 239
Semiconductor Research Corporation, 72, 198, 205
Semiconductors
artificially structured materials, 125–26, 236–37
crystal growth, 128
industry competitiveness, 51–52
processing equipment, 136
quantum calculations, 273
research discoveries, 29, 30, 32
research opportunities, 88–91
surface passivation, 222
Semisolid metals and composites, 183
Sensing devices, 27, 123–24, 219, 254
Shape-limited synthesis, 221–22
Silicon, 88, 98, 121, 127, 220, 228
Silicon carbide fibers, 222
Silicon-germanium alloy, 89
Silver, 78
Simulated annealing, 272
Simulation. See Analysis and modeling
Single-phase materials, 79
Sintering, 80, 81, 121, 123, 130
Sliding contact, 250
Slip textures, 249
Small group research, 174–76
Solar cells, 97
Solar-electric technologies, 164, 218–19
Sol-gel technology, 80, 81, 121, 184, 213, 222, 223
Solidification
microstructure formation, 81, 118, 274–76
rapid solidification, 80, 110, 128–29, 184, 225, 230–31
Solid-state forming processes, 130, 223
South Korea
competitive position, 199–202
materials processing, 226
materials science regime, 186–88, 194–95
Spectral hole burning, 98
Spin glasses, 96
Spin-orbit interactions, 95
Spin-polarized measurements, 266–67
Sputter deposition, 125, 236, 237
Stanford Linear Accelerator, 267
Stanford University, 157
State Committee for Science and Technology (U.S.S.R.), 195
State funding, 171
State Planning Committee (U.S.S.R.), 195
Statistical mechanics, 96, 270–71
Steel industry
competitive position, 203
materials processing role, 78, 232–33, 237–38
processing techniques, 121, 130
Strained-layer superlattices, 89
Strategic Defense Initiative, 191
Strength-to-density ratio, 19–20
Strength-to-weight ratio, 75
Strip casting, 75, 77, 128, 238
Structural materials, 38
performance measurement, 114–15, 243, 245–54
properties and performance, 19–20, 29
research opportunities, 75–88, 220
Structure and composition, 28, 32–33
instrumentation role in, 12
research opportunities, 112, 116–21, 140
what constitutes, 5
Structure-property relationships, 127, 221
Substrate fabrication, 91–93, 122, 216–17, 229
Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), 100
Superconductivity
applications, 38
Japanese research, 183
research discoveries, 6, 21, 23, 30, 99–100, 114
research opportunities, 99–103, 213, 215, 235
Superhard materials, 128
Surface modification, 107, 222, 223
Surface processing, 129
quantum calculations, 273
Surveillance devices, 219
Sweden, 263
Synchrotron radiation facilities, 7, 13, 68, 174, 180–82, 184
Synchrotron x-ray beams, 88
Synthesis and processing, 28, 32–33, 115
artificially structured materials, 125–26, 236–37
competitive position, 210, 226–27
composites, 86–88
electrolytic processing, 131, 133
findings and recommendations, 10–11, 209–11
funding and institutions, 210–11, 224–25
historical background, 212–14, 227
joining, consolidation, and materials removal, 130–31
manpower and education needs, 15, 147, 148, 152–54, 161, 210, 224
new structures, 127–28
personnel needs, 144
photonic materials, 98
research needs and opportunities, 3, 23, 70, 109, 112, 121–25, 140, 184–85, 216–23, 225, 234–41
role in materials research, 214–16
role in technology development, 227–34
semiconductors, 88–91
shape-limited synthesis, 221–22
solidification, 128–29
solid-state forming, 130
substrates, 91–93
superconducting materials, 101, 235
ultrapure materials, 126–27, 220–21
vapor deposition and surface processing, 129–30
what constitutes, 6, 11, 121, 209, 211–12, 224, 226
Synthetic diamond, 131
T
Takayanagi, 265
Tank armor, 170
Technology Assessment, Office of, 196
Telecommunications industry
economic impact, 36–37
materials processing role, 228, 229
needs and opportunities, 39, 64, 70–73
optical fiber developments, 23, 25, 96, 228, 229
photonic materials, 96–98
research opportunities and issues, 64–65
scope, 61–63
Television, educational programs, 159
Telieps, 266
Thermoplastics synthesis, 212
Thin-film heads, 94
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 265
Tool steels, 129
Topagrafiner, 262
Toughening mechanisms
polymers, 250
Trade and Industry Department (U.K.), 192
Trade data. See Economic performance
Transistors, 228
Transmission electron microscope, 74, 76
Transportation Department (DOT), 66, 68–69
Transportation needs, 68–69, 217–18
Transport coefficients, 274
Triacontahedral faceting, 118–19
Tribology, 250
Tungsten carbide, 133
Turbine blades, 75, 121, 128, 129
Turbine disk design, 278
U
Ultrafine structures, 129
Ultrapure materials, 126–27, 220–21
Ultrasound, 81
Undergraduate education. See Manpower and education
United Kingdom
competitive position, 199–202
instrumentation, 265
materials science regime, 186, 191–92
Universities
funding, international comparisons, 191–92
industry-university cooperative research centers, 171, 187
instrumentation needs, 135, 153
instrument development, 137–38, 256–61
See also Manpower and education
University Materials Council, 152
University of Chicago, 265
University of Illinois, 263
University of Minnesota, 157
University of Pennsylvania, 263
University Research Initiative program, DOD, 137, 178, 260
Uranium chalcogenides, 96
U.S. Scientists and Engineers: 1986 (NSF), 142, 173
V
Vacuum arc melting, 127
Vacuum induction melting, 127
Vacuum melting equipment, 184
Vapor deposition, 80, 81, 123, 129–30
Varian Corporation, 264
Very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, 64, 197
VG Instruments (U.K.), 265
Viscoelastic behavior, 84
Visiting scientist program, 179
W
Waveguides, 98
Wear mechanisms, 250
West Germany
collaborative centers, 72, 183, 188
competitive position, 9, 199–202, 205
instrument development, 258, 263–68
materials science regime, 186, 189–190
Wigner, E., 272
Wilson, 265
XYZ
Xerox laboratories, 261
X-Ray Optics Center, 258
X-ray spectroscopy, 182
Yagi, 265
Young, R., 262
