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The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium (1994)

Chapter: CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS

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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS

Clifford R. Bragdon

Georgia Institute of Technology

Abstract

Historically, the approach to community planning and the preparation of a master plan has involved a two dimensional visual “land use” methodology. Typically, land has been treated as a surface two dimensional plane. This traditional approach is inadequate for preparing creative solutions for existing urban problems or more importantly for strategically planning and positioning a community for the 21st century. A more visionary approach involves sensory, spatial, systems, simulation (S4 which examines a community three dimensionally from a spatial perspective, incorporating all five senses, and simulating possible planning solutions using multi-media technology including geographic information systems and computer aided design. This (S4) approach is being applied for the development of an intermodal transportation planning vertical flight demonstration for the 1996 Summer Olympics to be held in Atlanta, Georgia, and for upgrading the more conventional approach to master planning using Fort Lewis, Washington as a 21st century model. One research initiative is under way for the FAA to develop an S4 blueprint for the Olympics which could have applicability into the next century by developing a comprehensive intermodal plan including vertiports. A second research project has been initiated with the Department of the Army to develop a three-dimensional master plan using S4 principles, for Fort Lewis, Washington, including joint use, multiple use and adaptive use of space, three dimensionally.

The historical approach to planning American cities has been based on a master planning process, which despite its name, has not consistently addressed this challenging task in a comprehensive and innovative manner. Although a master or comprehensive plan has a distinct process with specific elements, culminating in a physical design, oftentimes the end product is far from imaginative. Consequently, some urbanologists describe these present day communities as franchise cities since they are highly repetitive, containing a predictable physical arrangement of space, institutionally conceived, and devoid of individual character. When travelling by air,

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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one of the best tests for this urban design malaise is to disembark from an airport terminal and try to identify the city in which you are now visiting. Does it make a noteworthy statement above the ambient or is it basically a homogenous and safe design, indistinguishable from most other cities in the United States?

Strategic Urban Planning Elements

If the answer is affirmative, then the master planning process has failed to apply the three strategic urban elements to their fullest potential (Figure 1). These three elements which are building blocks to innovation involve spatial, temporal, and sensory principles. Spatial refers to the use of land as a three dimensional integrative system involving aerial, surface, and subsurface planes. Typically, city planners have treated land as a two dimensional plane, thereby, restricting its development potential. Space use planning should replace the archaic term land use, since property is a three-, rather than two-, dimensional term (Figure 2). Metes and bounds descriptions of property are cubic in nature. Temporal, like spatial, represents another finite resource that needs to be considered as a part of an asset management system for cities. A city should be designed as a 24 hour space, and yet in most instances, time or temporal planning is rarely considered in the master planning process. The third element deals with the senses. Sensory addresses the way we perceive our environment and consequently how it is designed. Despite the fact that cognition involves the use of five senses (i.e., vision, sound, smell, taste, and touch), the guiding sense that presently dominates the design of a city is the sense of vision. This preoccupation with sight has curtailed the sensory enriching experiences that our urban environment needs to provide.

Spatial

Regrettably, land use planning typically is based upon surface or area rather than volumetric analysis. We live in a three dimensional spatial universe referred to as the biosphere, which is the life support system for the entire world’s population. However, this nation does not approach the planning of this finite spatial universe ( Figure 3) in three dimensional terms, in part, because our predominant point of reference is restricted to two degrees of freedom i.e., x and y axis). Transportation sources can demonstrate the spatial dimensions associated with various modes, in terms of degrees of freedom. A railroad train possesses one degree of freedom (x axis) since it operates on a fixed track, as depicted in Figure 4. The spatial reference expands to the x and y axis with the automobile, while the aircraft possesses a three dimensional field (x, y, and z axis).

There are certain exceptions to this pre-Columbian theory of land. This is particularly true in many countries experiencing high population densities. Population growth is forcing the master planning process to explore space for habitational purposes in more creative three dimensional ways. With countries such as Singapore (10,582 people/square mile), China (1,347 people/square mile),

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 1. Strategic Urban Planning Elements

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 2. Three Dimensional Property Boundaries

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 3. Spatial Universe

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 4. Spatial Degrees of Freedom

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
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Netherlands (1,094 people/square mile), South Korea (1,061 people/square mile), and Japan (822 people/square mile) their approaches to air rights, subterranean development, etc. are more spatially creative and resourceful, particularly when undeveloped property is valued as high as the equivalent of $1,000 per square foot.

The multiple use of space is an important development concept, particularly when significant financial costs are involved. Traditionally, we have developed structures for single purposes. As an example, let us examine the evolution of water tower use. Initially, water towers were used solely for the storage of water. Over time, however, some towers were developed to include advertising, and today many are multi-dimensional such as those in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Germany where in addition to water storage, they include restaurants, offices, museums, observatories, etc. Integrating several uses into a single structure has multiplied the economic benefits, as well as provided conservation of space which potentially reduces sprawl. Furthermore, unique uses of space become attractions, generating more excitement and development potential than opposed to franchised solutions. Other examples of air space use include developments over public rights-of-way. In the United States, the first commercial development constructed over a roadway (i.e., Massachusetts Turnpike) occurred in metropolitan Boston when the Star Market was completed in 1948. This prototype has led to a major source of revenue for the state and municipalities where several mixed-use developments were constructed within the highway right of way. Air Space use is not limited to just commercial opportunities. Seattle, Washington has designed and constructed a freeway park over Interstate 5. It now links two older neighborhoods together that were previously severed by highway expansion. This development also offers an attractive passive park containing several waterfalls, an outdoor theater, an office and conference facility. A newly completed 190,000 square foot convention center has recently been added to the air rights in this downtown area.

Another important category of air space relates to rooftops. They also offer multiple use potential. Frequently, their use includes complex communication centers for transmitting signals (e.g., satellite, microwave relay, ITFS, etc), energy systems (e.g., heliosatic solar fields) or even roof art (i.e., Calder on the Grand Rapids city hall). One of the most unique uses is the urban park located in downtown Oakland, California. This multiple acre includes a Japanese bridge and garden, rooftop restaurant, and a richly landscaped area containing a large variety of plant materials, all situated four stories above the ground on a parking deck serving the Kaiser International headquarters building. The rooftop park is connected to the corporate headquarters by a series of skywalks providing access for all their employees and the public by elevator. Also integrated into the parking decks are department stores and associated retail space.

Discussions of spatial planning should not be limited to the air or ground space. Subterranean space also offers considerable potential. An abandoned 600 acre limestone quarry site near Kansas City, Missouri is now a thriving industrial park which maintains a constant 68° F temperature year round. In addition, to office space, there are warehousing of important records, temperature sensitive

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

laboratories, and even a facility for aging whiskey in wooden barrels. Since it is also part of the tax-free industrial district, manufacturers use this for storing and assembly purposes. The Great Midwestern Industrial Park is an example of spatial integration since it incorporates all three plans of activity: a subterranean space is vertically connected by an elevator shaft to the surface where a Holiday Inn facility is now open. A geodesic office/residential complex is also being planned for the airspace above the mote.

Other earth sheltered or subterranean uses include schools and houses. Terraset School: 1, located in Reston, Virginia is a very successful example. This elementary earth sheltered school is nearly 75 percent energy self-sufficient, compared to similar facilities built on the ground plane or at grade. Earth sheltered housing is also increasingly common. Today, there are over 3,000,000 Chinese living in such structures throughout the arid regions of the country. In addition to this energy benefit, there are other advantages including the conservation of land, building materials, and improved acoustics.

Creative spatial management is vital for effective “land use” development since land, or more accurately, space is a finite resource. However, this type of management does require long range comprehensive planning to maximize economic development potential. Three-dimensional spatial management plans need to be done as a matter of routine whenever traditional land use master or comprehensive plans are being considered.

Sensory

The learning process is inexorciably linked together with all five human senses or modes of perception which include vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. There is new evidence to suggest that mental development and performance can be enhanced by these sensory experience associated with the environment. A sensory imbalance exists today, which diminishes the overall human potential (Figure 5), and our cities by their lack of holistic sensory design are contributing to this educational deficit.

Historically, these modes have been dominated by vision. This visual preoccupation or bias started to manifest itself during the Renaissance period with the introduction of the scientific method that required visual confirmation and observation of any experiment for validation purposes. Visualization had replaced sound as a primary means of learning by the end of the medieval period. Today, the visual sense predominates (Figure 5), while the other senses are subordinate.

Effective site planning and design as part of master planning requires considering not only the visual world but also these other senses. We need to have blind architects and engineers participate in solutions to urban problems in order to understand the total sensory picture. Typically, the formal architectural curriculum may include one course on the subject of acoustics, while other sensory subjects are generally not covered in any detail. Similarly, the landscape architects in their field of study develop a strong visual base at the exclusion of examining the

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 5. Sensory Continuum: Imbalance to Balance (Kansai)

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

olfactory characteristics of plant materials. Sanitary or environmental engineers learn about mitigation controls for the handling of wastewater systems, but olfactory engineering is not a part of their knowledge base either. Such sensory deficiencies are prolific and this reduces the effectiveness of design solutions. The creative skills of the “disadvantaged” population who have impaired hearing, vision, smell, etc., can offer important contributions to understanding and planning for the environment, that should be comfortable and positively reinforcing. The advertising industry and the media have been the first to recognize the contributions and particular sensitivities of this group, particularly as related to subliminal marketing.

Mazda pursued this sensory theme with the introduction of its 1990 line of automobiles. Their advertisements claimed that these cars had undergone a multi-sensory analysis including auditory, tactile, and certain ergonomic performance testing. The test driver is evaluated in terms of response (bio-physical) to the automobile including its acoustics. Auditory awareness has also grown in the transportation field as evidenced by road tests reported in automobile consumer publications. These performance tests report the interior noise level of the vehicle at varying speeds during acceleration, idle, and cruise.

The concept of sensory wholeness, or Kansai, represents a harmony among the five senses, rather than dominance of any individual sense (Figure 5). This sensory balanced approach has traditionally evaded those professions responsible for planning and designing our cities. Site design issues that are “unseen” such as noise, vibration, and odor often fail to be properly addressed. Visual dominance among the senses partially filters out these other sensory concerns. But this insensitivity diminishes the comfort and enjoyment of the environment, and may well impair the cognitive process. A blind person can walk into a building and determine if the interior space is “warm and reinforcing ” or “cold and alienating,” while a sighted person is unaware of these sensory nuances. Similarly, the hearing impaired population have more fully developed their sense of smell in the absence of normal hearing acuity.

Understanding the sensory continuum of negative and positive aspects of environmental exposure to the senses is fundamental in developing a comprehensive city master plan (Figure 6). These negative components of each sense (e.g., noise, odor, blight, tremor, unappetizing) need to be minimized with overall goal to enhance each sense by emphasizing the positive sensory attributes (e.g., sound, fragrance, aesthetics, tranquility, and taste).

Techniques are becoming available using the computer where other senses, in addition to the visual field, can be recreated or simulated. This allows the potential for a more balanced sensory process. An Interactive Sound Information System (ISIS) has been developed, whereby digitally recorded sounds within the environment (i.e.), automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, aircraft, etc.) can be reproduced acoustically at selected distances and altitudes, inside and outside

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 6. Multi Sensory Elements Continuum

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

structures. The visualization of the sense of hearing or sound distributed over a geographic area can be referred to as “geosonics” (Figure 7).

Other computer based expert systems can recreate odors and vibration, all of which assist in understanding and then solving environmental design problems. Ultimately, we need to move toward positive sensory enhancement (e.g., natural sounds, pleasant smells) rather than merely the elimination of noise and odor. This will then lead toward multi-sensory master planning that can enhance environmental experiences, including improving brain stimulation for all population segments.

Temporal

The planning of our cities from a time management point of view has received limited attention. Regardless of technology, and any advances they may bring, there are only 24 hours in a day. Time, like space, is a finite element, even though there are increasing medical advances that continue to improve longevity.

Our urban and rural lifestyles need to be examined from a 24 hour perspective to maximize resources and productivity. It is traditionally thought that the population operates on a diurnal basis, typically sleeping from the hours of 11:00 p.m. (2100) to 7:00 a.m. (0700). In actuality, this is not the case, particularly in our service oriented society. Depending upon the culture, employment base, and geographic location, approximately 10 to 35 percent of the population works during the “off-peak” hours. This involves either an evening or night time period of the 24 hour day. In some cities, such as Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada employment patterns are nearly reversed due to the entertainment industry and associated services.

Time use cycles and the allocation of physical and social resources need to be carefully examined. In many industries, the incremental cost of 24 hour versus a 12 to 16 hour operation is justifiable. There is a trend to extend hours in both the manufacturing and service sectors of the economy. From a cost/benefit analysis, the fixed and operating costs for many sectors of the economy are justified by a 24 hour operation. Many advantages include worker productivity, accessibility, (e.g., journey to work and customer travel time), and operational cost (e.g., incremental energy costs are low due to the utility rate structure for non-peak hour demand, etc.).

Contributing to this demand are the consumers who find it more desirable and convenient to obtain certain services in the traditional “off-peak hours” of the day. Staggered work hours have also been shown to have environmental benefits. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in their analysis of air quality implementation plans for “non-attainment areas” have found that significant improvements in air quality may occur. Transportation Improvement Plans (TIP) are now addressing the issue of time. There can also be considerable savings in capital expenditures if our time use demand cycle was flatter or more uniform. Both facility and construction costs could also be less if peak hour capacity or conditions were lower and more evenly distributed.

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

Figure 7. Geosonics: Geographically Distributed Sound Data

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

There are also potential disadvantages that must be evaluated when operational hours are extended. Safety and security are possible problems, particularly among certain service based industries (e.g., convenience stores, service stations). Since noise is somewhat transportation dependent, ambient noise levels could become elevated to the point that it is intrusive to the sleeping population. Noise related impacts directly affect health and welfare (e.g., activity interference and annoyance) and are capable of impacting the value of property. Recent discussions suggest there may also be a causal relationship between sleep loss and immunological response. Such a problem may become significant, depending upon the demographic patterns of the community.

Clearly, the proper use, preservation and management of time is central to the master planning of our cities. However, it rarely receives the attention it deserves. As our society becomes more resource based and competitive, time will be increasingly recognized as an asset.

1996 Summer Olympics: Vertical Flight Multimodal Plan

Metropolitan Atlanta is becoming aware of this visionary approach to planning for the 21st Century as it prepares for the 1996 Summer Olympics and beyond. Intermodal and multimodal aspects of planning are being considered to develop the necessary transportation system for the 1996 Olympics. Nearly two-thirds of the world will view, through the media, some part of the Olympics making it the largest international event ever held. Over 145 nations, approximately 20,000 participants with over 700,000 spectators are expected. A plan is under way to integrate both fixed and rotary wing aircraft into the transportation network, including the use of the newest available aircraft (e.g., tilt-rotor, tilt-wing) telecommunications, three-dimensional modeling, and simulation using multi-media technology. This requires the use of visual as well integrating other sensory approaches (e.g., acoustics, vibration, olfactory, and gustatory) into the planning process.

Vertical flight activity for the 1996 Summer Olympics requires the establishment of a vertical flight system supporting both rotary wing and tiltrotor aircraft as part of an aviation plan. This system must include facilities at the 35 Olympic venues, Olympic Village and selected transportation nodes where there will be multi-modal transportation activity which requires the transfer of people, goods, services, and resources. The range of facilities will include vertiports and verti-stops that represent either temporary or permanent installations developed for the Olympics and beyond. Recently, the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) designated a downtown heliport for the 1996 Olympics as part of the Regional Air Transportation Plan for metropolitan Atlanta. Georgia Tech has been tasked by the FAA to develop a blueprint for vertical flight as part of the intermodal transportation plan in support of the Olympics.

All of the Olympic sites, venues, and events as they are currently defined are being inventoried. Twelve sites have been identified as a possible vertiport location

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

in the downtown area at this time. Each of these locations is to be evaluated in terms of certain site selection criteria which include safety and environmental land use compatibility, approved air traffic and instrument approach, etc. Ultimately a detailed site selection and feasibility study will be needed before there is approval to begin construction of a vertiport. Intermodal connectivity will be an important criterion for site selection, since vertical flight cannot survive in isolation.

Assisting in the locational analysis and site selection process should include interactive multi-media technology using visual and acoustical sensory simulation to develop the “best fit scenario” for site selection purposes. Georgia Tech developed this approach to assist in preparing the 1996 Olympics bid package, which contributed significantly to winning the summer games for the United States. This approach has been utilized in several graduate level city planning courses offered by Professor Bragdon at Georgia Tech, as well as in several research projects involving faculty and research staff. As the technology evolves, this will become an important simulation tool for urban transportation planning in order to examine alternative sites and to assess the detailed impacts. The 21st century city will benefit greatly by this “electronic rehearsal process” that could avoid possible pitfalls or white elephant projects that are considered incompatible with the present or future pattern of development.

One of the twelve sites being considered for vertiport was examined in both a graduate planning course as well as part of an FAA funded research project. A three dimensional aviation approach simulation was developed for a proposed vertical gateway near the Olympic Village in midtown Atlanta. This involved developing a set of parameters applicable to tilt-wing or rotary wing aircraft. These characteristics included type of aircraft, torque, air speed, variable speed indicator (VSI), approach, heading, and distance to the landing site (FATO), shown in Figure 8. In addition to these characteristics, four simulation commands were identified for this location.

Terminal en route system, or TERPS airspace, refers to the FAA route to and from the FATO. For this site, the FATO identified involved the Interstate 75/85 corridor as a navigational route, (Figure 8). A second simulation involved examining the potential height obstacles that could be in conflict with the imaginary surfaces constructed in the airspace (Figure 9). Two buildings were identified as having a possible height conflict, however due to the route procedure they were outside the zone of impact. The final simulation portrayed the day/night sound level (DNL) contours which ranged from 55 to 65 Ldn (Figure 10). These noise levels which represented specific aircraft operations, were found to be compatible with residential land use criteria.

This simulation process used several computer based graphical approaches including computer aided design (CAD) and geographic information systems (GIS) from the visual perspective as well as sound level contours which provided a geosonic data base. Additional overlays, representing other attributes are in the process of being added to complete this S4approach to the various sites being examined.

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Figure 8. Approach Simulation to Atlanta Vertiport: Terps

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

Figure 9. Approach Simulation to Atlanta Vertiport: Height Obstacles

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

Figure 10. Approach Simulation to Atlanta Vertiport: Noise Contours

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Three-Dimensional Master Plan For A Soldier Community At Fort Lewis, Washington

The Department of the Army has adopted a regulation that each installation prepare both a Real Property Master Plan as a guide to future physical development. In an effort to consider more innovative approaches to this rather traditional military process, U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) in cooperation with Fort Lewis Command, authorized Georgia Tech to prepare an update to a portion of the installation. This study area consisting of three blocks was to be redeveloped into a soldier community. The area currently contains barracks, administration, and athletic fields.

A series of objectives were established that addressed the potential for creativity including the use of spatial management principles, technological responsiveness, integrated communications uniqueness, compatibility of spatial use, and the integration of sensory principles.

Army representatives including Joe Corazzini and Major Dwight Luedkte, provided a list of physical requirements for this three block study area. These requirements dealt with housing, dining, transportation, recreation, training, and administrative elements.

The recommended plan developed for the soldier community at Fort Lewis reflected a rather new approach to these Army requirements. Spatial, temporal, and sensory principles were generously incorporated into the multi-sensory design. A three dimensional approach was used to ensure aerial, surface, and subsurface features received equal attention. This resulted in multiple, joint, and adaptive use of space applied to the soldier center, recreation center, and transportation needs including an intermodal/multi-modal center for the installation.

Technologically sensitive attributes developed for the master plan included:

  1. Plasma torch technology system for hazardous waste removal and energy management

  2. Solar optics for lighting and energy spatially distributed throughout the study area

  3. Satellite based mind bar for intellectual and recreational exchange through the use of an electronic highway

  4. Electronic architecture nocturnally displayed on external wall surfaces continuously adaptable to the soldiers’ needs

  5. Outdoor sonic communication system electronically connected to personal headphone sets, car radios, and the introduction of sound cancellation technology

  6. Olfactory based vegetative and plant materials temporarily sequenced to maximize aromatherapy

  7. Placement and construction of environmental barriers integrating multiple uses

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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http://books.nap.edu/openbook/nap.css

To determine if the study objectives were satisfied, a sensory spatial systems evaluation form was constructed that addressed 50 attributes on a six point assessment scale applied to nine different master plan elements including:

  1. Planes of usage

  2. Innovative usage: site/structure

  3. Operational hours

  4. Patronage use

  5. Sensory

  6. Conservation of resources: construction

  7. Conservation of resources: operation

  8. Design exterior

  9. Design interior

The graphics data base incorporated a series of files associated with GIS, Geographic Resources Assessment System GRASS, AM/FM (Automated Mapping/Facility Management), and CAD. This project is being further expanded and developed as a by-product of the Georgia Tech graduate city planning course, Urban Spatial Management, for FORSCOM.

Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
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Page 37
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 38
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 39
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 40
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 43
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 44
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 45
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 46
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 47
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 48
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 49
Suggested Citation:"CASE STUDIES: SENSORY SPATIAL SYSTEMS SIMULATION (S4) APPLIED TO THE MASTER PLANNING PROCESS." National Research Council. 1994. The Use of Computers in Facilities/Installations Planning: Summary of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9139.
×
Page 50
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