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References Abbott, Edith polo Women in Industry. New York: Appleton. Adler, Paul 1984a New Technologies, New Skills. Working Paper 9-784-076. Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Mass. 1984b Tools for resistance: workers can make automation their ally. Dollars and Sense 100 (October):7-8, 17. AFL-CIO Committee on the Evolution of Work 1983 The Future of Work. Washington, D.C.: AFL-CIO. Aguren, S., R. Hansson, and K. Karlsson 1976 The Impact of New Design on Work Organization. Stockholm, Sweden: The Rational- ization Council, SAF-LO. Alexander, John J. 1983 Case Study—Managing Automation. Paper presented at the National Executive Forum: Office Workstations in the Home. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., November 9- 10. American Nurses Association 1985 Facts About Nursing 84-85. Kansas City, Mo.: American Nurses Association. Anderson, Hobson Dewey, and Percy E. Davidson 1940 Occupational Trends in the United States. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Appelbaum, Eileen 1984 Technology and the Redesign of Work in the Insurance Industry. Project Report No. 84- A22. Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Educa- tion, Stanford University. 1985 Alternative Work Schedules of Women. Paper prepared for the Panel on Technology and Women's Employment, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Is- sues, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (July). Armbruster, Albert 1983 Ergonomic requirements. Pp. 169-189 in H. Otway and M. Peltu, eds., New Office Technology: Human and Organizational Aspects. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. 183 : AFL-CIO

84 Aronson, Sidney 1977 Bell's electrical toy: what's the use? The sociology of early telephone usage. In Ithiel de Sola Pool, ea., The Social Impact of the Telephone. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Attewell, Paul COMPUTER CHIPS AND PAPER CLIPS In 1985 The Automated Office: A Case Study. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Sociol- ogy, State University of New York, Stony Brook. The deskilling controversy. Work and Occupations. press Attewell, Paul, and James Rule 1984 Computing and organizations: what we know and what we don't know. Communica- tions of the ACM 27: 1184-1192. Baker, Elizabeth Faulkner 1964 Technology and Women 's Work. New York: Columbia University Press. Ball, Marion J., and Kathryn J. Hannah 1984 Using Computers in Nursing. Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co. Bancroft, N. 1982 Productivity in the Office. Paper prepared for the Manufacturing Distribution and Con- trol Business Group, Digital Equipment Corporation. Office Systems Consulting, West- minster, Mass. Bancroft, N., E. Mumford, and B. Sontag No Participative Design: Successes and Problems. Unpublished paper. Digital Equipment date Corporation, Maynard, Mass. Baran, Barbara 1985 The Technological Transformation of White-Collar Work: A Case Study of the Insur- ance Industry. Paper prepared for the Panel on Technology and Women's Employment, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (July). Baran, Barbara, and Suzanne Teegarden 1984 Women's Labor in the Office of the Future: Changes in the Occupational Structure of the Insurance Industry. Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley. Barnowe, J.T., T.W. Mangione, and R.P. Quinn 1973 Quality of employment indicators, occupational classifications, and demographic char- acteristics as predictors of job satisfaction. In R.P. Quinn and T.W. Mangione, eds., The 1969-1970 Survey of Working Conditions: Chronicles of an Unfinished Enterprise. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research. Baron, Ava 1981 Woman's "Place" in Capitalist Production: A Study of Class Relations in the Nineteenth Century Newspaper Printing Industry. Ph.D. dissertation. New York University. Bell, Carolyn Shaw 1984 The Income Maintenance System Known as Employment. Working Paper No. 81. De- partment of Economics, Wellesley College. Bem, Daryl, and H. McConnell 1970 Testing the self-perception explanation of dissonance phenomena: on the salience of premanipulation attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14:23-31. Benoit, Carmella, Alfred Cossette, and Prisco Cardillo 1984 L'incidence de la Machine a Traitement de Textes sur l 'Emploi et le Travail. Montreal, Quebec: Ministere du Travail. Bermann, Tamar 1985 Not only windmills: female service workers and new technologies. Pp. 231-248 in

REFERENCES 185 A. Olerup, L. Schneider, and E. Morrod, eds., Women, Work and Computerization: Opportunities and Disadvantages. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. Bianchi, Suzanne M., and Daphne Spain 1984 American Women: Three Decades of Change. Special Demographic Analyses. CDS- 80-8. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bielby, William T., and James Baron 1985 A woman's place is with other women: sex segregation within organizations. Pp. 27-55 in Barbara Reskin, ea., Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Reme- dies. Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, National Re- search Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Bikson, Tora K. 1986 Understanding the implementation of office technology. In Robert E. Kraut, ea., Tech- nology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bikson, Tora K., and Barbara A. Gutek 1983 Advanced Office Systems: An Empirical Look at Utilization and Satisfaction. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand\Corporation. Bjorn-Anderson, Niels, and Dian Kjaergaard 1986 Choices en route to the office of tomorrow. In Robert E. Kraut, ea., Technology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Blau, Francine 1977 Equal Pay in the Office. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Blau, Francine D., and Marianne A. Ferber 1986 The Economics of Women, Men, and Work. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Blomberg, Jeanette 1986 Social interaction and office communication: effects on user evaluation of new technolo- gies. In Robert E. Kraut, ea., Technology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bluestone, Barry, Patricia Hanna, Sarah Kuhn, and Laura Moore 1981 The Retail Revolution: Market Transformation, Investment, and Labor in the Modern Department Store. Boston, Mass.: Auburn House Publishing Company. Board on Telecommunications and Computer Applications 1985 Office Workstations in the Home. Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Bowen, Howard R., and Garth L. Mangum 1966 Automation and Economic Progress. Summary report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice- Hall. Braverman, Hany 1974 Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press. Bucy, J. Fred 1985 Computer sector profile. Pp. 46-78 in Anne G. Keatley, ea., Technological Frontiers and Foreign Relations. Report of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Council on Foreign Relations. Washington, D.C.: National Acad- emy Press. Bureau of the Census No Projections of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race: 1983-2080. date Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 952. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.

186 COMPUTER CHIPS AND PAPER CLIPS 1964 Census of Population 1950-1960. Detailed Characteristics. Report PC (1C). Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1980 Social Indicators III. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1983 Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1984. 104th edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1984a Educational Attainment in the United States. Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 390. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1984b Census of Population 1970-1980. Detailed Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor Force bySexfor the United States and Regions. Supplementary Report 80-S1-15. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1985 Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1986. 106th edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1966 The Impact of Of fire Automation in the Insurance Industry. Bulletin 1468. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1980 Perspectives on Working Women: A Data Book. Bulletin 2080 (October). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1981 Employment and Earnings, 28 (January). 1985a Employment, Hours and Earnings, United States, 1904-84. Vol. I. Bulletin 1312-12. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1985b Employment and Earnings, 32 (January). 1986 Employment and Earnings, 33 (January). Burns, William 1982 Changing corporate structure and technology in the retail food industry. Pp. 27-52 in Donald Kennedy, Charles Craypo, and Mary Lehman, eds., Labor and Technology: Union Responses to Changing Environments. University Park, Pa.: Department of La- bor Studies, Pennsylvania State University. Cain, Pamela 1985 Prospects for pay equity in a changing economy. Pp. 137-166 in Heidi I. Hartmann, ea., Comparable Worth: New Directions for Research. Committee on Women's Employ- ment and Related Social Issues, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy Press. Carey, Max L., and Kim L. Hazelbaker 1986 Employment growth in the temporary help industry. Monthly Labor Review 109(4): 37 44. Center for Career Research and Human Resources Management 1985 Results of the Study of the Introduction of Datapoint Terminals. Unpublished paper. Columbia University, New York. Chamot, Dennis, and John L. Zalusky 1985 Use and misuse of workstations at home. Pp. 76-84 in Of fire Workstations in the Home. Report of the Board on Telecommunications and Computer Applications, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Child, John, Ray Loveridge, Janet Harvey, and Anne Spencer 1984 Microelectronics and the quality of employment in services. Pp. 163-190 in Pauline Marstrand, ea., New Technology and the Future of Work and Skills. London, England: Francis Pinter. Christensen, Kathleen E. 1985 Women Who Work at Home: An Invisible Labor Force Made Visible. Center for Human

REFERENCES 187 Environments, Working Paper 90-PD-01. Graduate Center, City University of New York. Cohn, Samuel 1985 The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain, 1870-1936. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press. Cole, William 1986 Medical cognitive graphics. Pp. 91-95 in Proceedings of CHI '86: [human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Commission of the European Communities 1984 The Control of Frontiers: Workers and New Technology; Disclosure and Use of Com- pany Information. Final report presented to the Directorate General for Internal Market and Industrial Affairs, and Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Education, European Commission. Oxford, England: Ruskin College. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy 1984 High Schools and the Changing Workplace: The Employers' View. Report of the Panel on Secondary School Education for the Changing Workplace, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Communications Workers of America, AFL-CIO 1980 Contract negotiated between AT&T and the Communications Workers of America (CWA). Corcoran, Mar,, and GregoIy J. Duncan 1979 Work history, labor force attachment, and earnings differences between the races and sexes. Journal of Human Resources 14(Winter):3-20. Counte, Michael A., Kristen H. Kjerulff, Jeffrey C. Salloway, and Bruce C. Campbell 1983 Implementation of a medical information system: evaluation of adaptation. Health Care Management Review 8(2):25-33. Cunningham, Nicholas, Carter Marshall, and Emily Glazer 1978 Telemedicine in pediatric primal care: favorable experience in nurse-staffed inner city clinic. Journal of the American Medical Association 240(25):2749-2751. Daniels, Cynthia 1984 Between home and factory: homeworkers of New York, 1900-1914. Pp. 42-81 in Working Mothers and the State. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Political Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Davies, Celia 1980 Rewriting Nursing History. London, England: Croom Helm, and Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble. Davies, Barged W. 1982 Woman 's Place Is at the Typewriter: Of fire Work and Of fire Workers, 1870-1930. Phila- delphia, Pa.: Temple University Press. Denny, Michael, and Melvyn Fuss 1983 The effect of factor prices and technological change on the occupational demand for labor: evidence from Canadian telecommunications. Journal of Human Resources 18(2): 161-176. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 1956 Automation: A Report of Technical Trends and TheirImpact on Management and Labor. London, England. Unpublished. de Sola Pool, Ithiel 1977a Introduction. Pp. 1-9 in Ithiel de Sola Pool, ea., The Social Impact of the Telephone. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

88 COMPUTER CHIPS AND PAPER CLIPS de Sola Pool, Ithiel, ed. 1977b The Social Impact of the Telephone. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Dowling, Alan F. 1980 Do hospital staff interfere with computer system implementation? Health Care Manage- ment Review 5(3):23-32. Driscoll, James 1980 Office Automation: The Dynamics of a Technological Boondoggle. Paper presented at the International Office Automation Symposium, Stanford University (March). Dubnoff, Steven 1978 Inter-Occupational Shifts and Changes in the Quality of Work in the American Econ- omy, 1900- 1970. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco, Calif. Dumais, Susan, Susan Koch, and Robert Kraut 1986 Implementing Service Order Computer Systems in a Telephone Company. Unpublished raw data. Bell Communications Research, Inc., Morristown, N.J. Duncan, Gregory J., and Saul Hoffman 1979 On-thejob training and earnings differences by race and sex. Review of Economics and Statistics 61(4):594-603. Erickson, E. 1934 The Employment of Women in Offices. Bulletin 120. Washington, D.C.: Women's Bu- reau, U.S. Department of Labor. Ernst, Martin 1982 The mechanization of commerce. Scientific American 247(3):132-147. Evans, John 1983 Negotiating technological change. Pp. 152-168 in H. Otway and M. Peltu, eds., New Office Technology: Human and Organizational Aspects. Hillsdale, N.J.: Ablex. Fagerhaugh, Shizuko, Anselm Strauss, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn Wiener 1980 The impact of technology on patients, providers, and care patterns. Nursing Outlook November: 666-672. Feldberg, Roslyn 1986 Technology and the transformation of clerical work. In Robert E. Kraut, ea., Technol- ogy and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Feldberg, Roslyn L., and Evelyn N. Glenn 1979 Male and female: job vs. gender models in the sociology of work. Social Problems 26(5):524-538. 1983 Technology and work degradation: effects of office automation on women clerical work- ers. Chapter4 in Joan Rothschild, ea., Machina ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Tech- nology. New York: Pergamon Press. Flaim, Paul, and Ellen Sehgal 1985 Displaced workers of 1973-1983: how well have they fared? Monthly Labor Review 108(6):3-16. Fleming, John 1985 Observations on Technology in the Retail Trade. Unpublished paper. Department of Psychology, Princeton University. Fox, John 1977 Medical computing and the user. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 9:669- 686. Freeman, Richard B. 1976 The Overeducated American. New York: Academic Press.

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l9o COMPUTER CHIPS AND PAPER CLIPS Helfgott, Roy B. 1966 EDP and the office work force. Industrial and Labor Relations Review l9(July):503- 516. Henskes, D.T., and H.E. Kronick 1974 Operator acceptance of data entry devices in patient care areas of a hospital. Pp. 639-643 in Medinfo. Amsterdam, Holland: North-Holland Publishing Company. Herman, G., K. Owens, and H. Schottland 1979 Service Representative Questionnaire Study. Technical Memorandum No. 79-3431-2. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J. Hirschhorn, Larry No Office Automation and the Entry Level Job. A Concept Paper. Management and Behav- date ioral Science Center, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Honeywell Corporation 1983 National Survey on Office Automation and the Workplace. Minneapolis, Minn.: Honey- well Corp. Horowitz, Morris, and Irwin Herrenstadt 1966 Changes in skill requirements of occupations in selected industries. Pp. 223-287 in The Employment Impact of Technological Change: Technology and the American Economy. Report of the U.S. National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. Volume 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Howard, Robert 1985 UTOPIA: where workers craft new technology. Technology Review 88:43-49. Howard, Robert, and Leslie Schneider 1985 Worker Participation in Technological Change: Interests, Influence, and Scope. Paper prepared for the Panel on Technology and Women's Employment, Committee on Wom- en's Employment and Related Social Issues, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (February). Hunt, H. Allan, and Timothy L. Hunt 1985a Clerical Employment and Technological Change: A Review of Recent Trends and Pro- jections. Paper prepared for the Panel on Technology and Women's Employment, Com- mittee on Women Employment and Related Social Issues, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. (July). 1985b An assessment of data sources to study the employment effects of technological change. Pp. 1-116 in Technology and Employment Effects. Interim report of the Panel on Tech- nology and Women's Employment, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Iacono, Suzanne, and Rob Kling 1986 Changing office technologies and transformations of clerical work. In Robert E. Kraut, ea., Technology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale, N.J.: Law- rence Erlbaum. Jackson, Robert Max 1984 The Formation of Craft Labor Markets. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Jacobson, Sharol F. 1983 The contexts of nurses' stress. Pp. 49-60 in S.F. Jacobson and H.M. McGrath, eds., Nurses Under Stress. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Jacobson, Sharol F., and H. Marie McGrath, eds. 1983 Nurses Under Stress. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Johnson, Bonnie McD., and Ronald E. Rice 1983 Policy Implications in Implementing Office Systems Technology. Paper presented at the 11th Annual Telecommunications Research and Policy Conference, Annapolis, Md. (April).

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Drawing on the historical changes in five areas—the jobs of telephone operators, workers in the printing and publishing industries, information and data processors, retail clerks, and nurses—this volume offers a comprehensive examination of how microelectronics and telecommunications have affected women's work and their working environments and looks ahead to what can be expected for women workers in the next decade. It also offers perspectives on how workers can more easily adapt to the changing workplace and addresses the controversial topic of job insecurity as a result of an influx of advanced electronic systems.

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