NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy.
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Committee on Electrometallurgical Techniques for DOE Spent Fuel Treatment
FRED BASOLO,
Northwestern University,
Chair
MICHAEL J. APTED,
INTERA Information Technologies, Inc.
PATRICIA A. BAISDEN,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
SOL BURSTEIN,
Wisconsin Electric Power Co. (retired)
ALFRED F. LACAMERA,
ALCOA Technical Center
L. EUGENE MCNEESE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
LAWRENCE J. MULLINS,
Los Alamos National Laboratory (retired)
ROBERT A. OSTERYOUNG,
North Carolina State University
RAYMOND G. WYMER,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired)
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology Liaison
GREGORY R. CHOPPIN,
Florida State University
Staff
SCOTT T. WEIDMAN, Study Director
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Director, BCST
JENNIFER F. BUTERA, Project Assistant
MARIA P. JONES, Senior Project Assistant
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
ROYCE C. MURRAY,
University of North Carolina,
Co-Chair
EDWIN P. PRZYBYLOWICZ,
Rochester Institute of Technology,
Co-Chair
PAUL S. ANDERSON,
The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company
DAVID C. BONNER,
Premix, Inc.
PHILIP H. BRODSKY,
Monsanto Company
MARVIN H. CARUTHERS,
University of Colorado
GREGORY R. CHOPPIN,
Florida State University
FRED P. CORSON,
Dow Chemical Company
MOSTAFA EL-SAYED,
Georgia Institute of Technology
JOANNA S. FOWLER,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
BERTRAM O. FRASER-REID,
Duke University
JUDITH C. GIORDAN,
Henkel Corporation
JOSEPH G. GORDON II,
IBM Almaden Research Center
L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,
W.R. Grace & Co.
GEORGE J. HIRASAKI,
Rice University
DOUGLAS A. LAUFFENBERGER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARSHA I. LESTER,
University of Pennsylvania
W. HARMON RAY,
University of Wisconsin
GABOR A. SOMORJAI,
University of California at Berkeley
JOHN J. WISE,
Mobil Research and Development Corporation
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Director
JENNIFER F. BUTERA, Project Assistant
MARIA P. JONES, Administrative Secretary
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
TAÑA L. SPENCER, Senior Secretary
SCOTT T. WEIDMAN, Senior Program Officer
TAMAE M. WONG, Program Officer
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University,
Chair
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Vice Chair
STEPHEN L. ADLER,
Institute for Advanced Study
SYLVIA T. CEYER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SUSAN L. GRAHAM,
University of California at Berkeley
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation
RHONDA J. HUGHES,
Bryn Mawr College
SHIRLEY A. JACKSON,
Rutgers University
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
HANS MARK,
University of Texas at Austin
THOMAS A. PRINCE,
California Institute of Technology
JEROME SACKS,
National Institute of Statistical Sciences
L.E. SCRIVEN,
University of Minnesota
LEON T. SILVER,
California Institute of Technology
CHARLES P. SLICHTER,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SHMUEL WINOGRAD,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
CHARLES A. ZRAKET,
MITRE Corporation (retired)
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director