References
Akerstrom, B., T. Brodin, K. Reis, L. Bjorck. 1985. Protein G: A powerful tool for binding and detection of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Immunol 135:2589–2592.
Amyx, H.L. 1987. Control of animal pain and distress in antibody production and infectious disease studies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1287–1289.
Anon. 1989. Code of Practice for the Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. Vet Health Inspectorate 6 pp. Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
Ausubel, F.M., R. Brent, R.E. Kingston, D.D. Moore. J.G. Seidman, J.A. Smith, K. Struhl, eds. 1998. Current protocols in molecular biology. V.B. Chanada, series ed. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Barclay, R.J., W.J. Herbert, T.B. Poole. 1988. The disturbance index: A behavioural method of assessing the severity of common laboratory procedures on rodents, 36 pp. Potters Bar, Herts., UK: UFAW.
Beck, C., H. Stiefel, T. Stinnett. 1987. Cell-culture bioreactors. Chem. Eng. Feb 16, 1987:121–129.
Boraston, R., P. Thompson, S. Garland, J. Birch. 1984. Growth and oxygen requirements of antibody producing mouse hybridoma. Cells in suspension culture. Develop Biol Standard 55:103–111.
Boyd, J.E., K. James. 1989. Human monoclonal antibodies: Their potential, problems, and prospects. Pp. 1–43 in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production and Application. A. Mizrahi, ed. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
Brodeur, B., P. Tsang, 1986. High yield monoclonal antibody production in ascites. J Immunol Methods 86:239–241.
Brodeur, B.R., P. Tsang, Y. Larose. 1984. Parameters affecting ascites tumor formation in mice and monoclonal antibody production. J Immunol Methods 71:265–272.
Burnside, JW., T.J. McGlynn. 1987. P. 226 in Physical Diagnosis. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Butler, M., N. Huzel. 1995. The effect of fatty acids on hybridoma cell growth and antibody productivity in serum-free cultures. J Biotech 39:165–173.
CAAT (Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing) and OPRR (Office for Protection from Research Risks). 1997. Alternatives in Monoclonal Antibody Production Workshop. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
CAAT (Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing). 1997. Technical Report #8 Alternatives in Monoclonal Antibody Production. Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins.
Cancro, M., M. Potter. 1976. The requirement of an adherent cell substratum for the growth of developing plasmacytoma cell in vivo. J Exp Med 144:1554–1567.
Capiaumont, J., C. Legrand, D. Carbonell, B. Dousset, F. Belleville, P. Nabet. 1995. Methods for reducing the ammonia in hybridoma cell cultures. J Biotech 39:49–58.
Chandler, J. 1987. Factors influencing monoclonal antibody production in mouse ascites fluid. Pp. 75–92 in Commercial Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. S. Seaver, ed. New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Chandler, J. 1998. In Testimony Before the National Research Council's Committee on Monoclonal Antibody Production. November 10, 1998: Washington, DC.
Chua, F.K.F., M.G.S. Yap, S.K.W. Oh. 1994a. Hyper-stimulation of monoclonal antibody production by high osmolarity stress in eRDF medium. J Biotech 37:265–275.
Chua, F.K.F., S.K.W. Oh, M Yap, W.K. Teo. 1994b. Enhanced IgG production in eRDF media with and without serum. J Immunol Methods 167:109–119.
Coligan, J.E., A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W. Strober, eds. 1998. Current protocols in immunology. R. Coico, series ed. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Darby, C., K. Hamano, K. Wood. 1993. Purification of monoclonal antibodies from tissue culture medium depleted of IgG. J Immunol 159: 125–129.
deGeus, B., C. Hendriksen, eds. 1998a. 74th Forum in Immunology: In vivo and in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies: Current possibilities and future perspectives. Res Immunol 149:529–620.
de Geus, B., C. Hendriksen. 1998b. In vivo and in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies—Introduction. Res Immunol 149:533–534.
Detolla, L.J. 1998. In Testimony Before the National Research Council's Committee on Monoclonal Antibody Production. November 10, 1998: Washington, DC
Evans, T., R. Miller. 1988. Large-scale production of murine monoclonal antibodies using hollow fiber bioreactors. BioTechniques 6:762–767.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research). 1997. Points to consider in the manufacture and testing of monoclonal antibody products for human use. Washington, DC: FDA.
Falkenberg, F., H. Weichert, M. Krane. 1995. In vitro production of monoclonal antibodies in high concentration in a new and easy to handle modular minifermentor. J Immunol 179:13–29.
Federspiel, G., K.C. McCullough, U. Kihm. 1991. Hybridoma antibody production in vitro in type II serum-free medium using Nutridoma-SP supplements. Comparison with in vivo methods. J Immunol 145:213–221.
Frenken, L.G.J., J.G.M. Hessing, C.A. Van den Hondel, C.T. Verrips. 1998. Recent advances in the large-scale production of antibody fragments using lower eukaryotic microorganisms. Res Immunol 149(6):589–599.
Gillette, R.W. 1987. Alternatives to pristane priming for ascitic fluid and monoclonal antibody production. J Immunol Methods 99:21–23.
Halder, H., M. Embelton, R. Fischer, B. de Geus, C. Hendriksen, W. de Leeuw, U. Marx, M. Balls. 1998. Comments on Appendix C of the National Institutes of Health response to the petition of the American Anti-Vivisection Society to prohibit the use of animals in the production of monoclonal antibodies. ATLA 26:549–554.
Harlow, E., D. Lane. 1988. Antibodies: A laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Heidel, J. 1997. Monoclonal antibody production in gas-permeable tissue culture bags using serum-free media. Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing: Alternatives in Monoclonal Antibody Production 8:18–20.
Hendriksen, C., J. Rozing, M. VanderKamp, W. deLeeuw. 1996. The production of monoclonal antibodies: Are animals still needed? ATLA 24:109–110.
Hendriksen, C., W. de Leeuw. 1998. Production of monoclonal antibodies by the ascites method in laboratory animals. Res Immunol 149:535–542.
Hoffmann, P., M. Jiménez-Diaz, J. Weckesser, W.G. Bessler. 1996. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages constitute feeder cells for human B cell hybridomas. J Immunol Methods 196:85–91.
Hoogenraad, N.J., C.J. Wraight. 1986. The effect of pristane on ascites tumor formation and monoclonal antibody production. Methods Enzymol 121:3715–385.
IRAC (Interagency Research Animal Committee). 1983. U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training. (See OPRR, 1996)
Ishaque, A., M. Al-Rubeai. 1998. Use of intracellular pH and annexin-V flow cytometric assays to monitor apoptosis and its suppression by bcl-2 over-expression in hybridoma cell culture. J Immunol Methods 221:43–57.
Jackson, L.R., J.G. Fox. 1995. Institutional policies and guidelines on adjuvants and antibody production. ILAR J 37:141–151
Jackson, L., L. Trudel, J. Fox, N. Lipman. 1996. Evaluation of hollow fiber bioreactors; as an alternative to murine ascites production for small scale monoclonal antibody production. J Immunol Methods 189:217–231.
Jackson, L.R., L.J. Trudel, J.G. Fox, N.S. Lipman. 1999a. Monoclonal antibody production in murine ascites: I. Clinical and pathological features. Lab Anim Sci 49:70–80.
Jackson, L.R., L.J. Trudel, J.G. Fox, N.S. Lipman. 1999b. Monoclonal antibody production in murine ascites: II. Production features. Lab Anim Sci 49:81–86.
Jaspert, R., T. Geske, A. Teichmann, Y.M Kabner, K. Kretzschman, J. L'age-Stehr. 1995. Laboratory scale production of monoclonal antibodies in a tumbling chamber. J Immunol Methods 178:77–87.
Klerx, J., C. Jansen Verplanke, C. Blonk, L. Twaalfhoven. 1988. In vitro production of monoclonal antibodies under serum-free conditions using a compact and inexpensive hollow fibre cell culture unit. J Immunol Methods I 11:179–188.
Knazek, R., P. Gullino, P. Kohler, R. Dedrick. 1972. Cell culture on artificial capillaries. Science 178:65–67.
Köhler, G., C. Milstein. 1975. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495–497.
Kurkela, R., E. Fraune, P. Vihko. 1993. Pilot-scale production of murine monoclonal antibodies in agitated, ceramic-matrix, or hollow-fiber cell culture systems. BioTechniques 15:674–693.
Lebherz, W. 1987. Batch production of monoclonal antibody by large-scale suspension culture. Pp. 93–118 in Commercial Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. S. Seaver, ed. New York:Marcel Dekker.
Leibiger, H., A. Hansen, G. Schoenherr, M. Seifert, D. Wóstner, R Stigler, U. Marx. 1995. Glycosylation analysis of a polyreactive human monoclonal IgG antibody derived from a human-mouse heterohybridoma. Mol Immunol 32(8):595–602.
Linscott's Directory of Immunological Biological Reagents. 10th Edition. 1998–1999. Santa Rosa, CA.
Lipman, N. 1997. Hollow fibre bioreactors: An alternative to the use of mice for monoclonal antibody production. Pp. 10–15. in Alternatives in Monoclonal Antibody Production. Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Technical Report #8.
Loeb, W., F. Quimby. (eds.). 1999. The Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA:Taylor and Francis.
Lullau, E., Heyse, S., Vogel, H., Marlson, I., VonStockar, U., Kraehenbuhl, JP, Corthesy, B. 1996. Antigen binding properties of purified immunoglobulin A and reconstituted secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies. J Biol Chem 271:16300–16309.
Maiorella B.L., J. Winkelhake, J. Young, B. Moyer, R. Bauer, M. Hora, J. Andya, J. Thomson, T. Patel, R. Parekh. 1993. Effect of culture conditions on IgM antibody structure, pharmacokinetics, and activity. Biotechnology 11:387–392.
Marx, U. 1998. Membrane-based cell culture technologies: A scientifically and economically satisfactory alternative to malignant ascites production for monoclonal antibodies. Res Immunol 149:557–559.
Marx, U., M.J. Embleton, R. Fischer, F.P. Gruber, U.Hansson, J. Heuer, W.A. de Leeuw, T. Logtenberg, W. Merz, D. Portetelle, J.L. Romette, D.W. Straughan. 1997. Monoclonal antibody production: The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 23. ATLA 25:121–137.
Matsuuchi, L., L.A. Wims, S.L. Morrison. 1981. A variant of the dextran-binding mouse plasmacytoma J558 with altered glycosylation of its heavy chain and decreased reactivity with polymeric dextran. Biochemistry 20:4827–4835.
Mauch, P.M., J.E. Ultmann. 1985. Treatment of malignant ascites. Pp. 2150–2153 in Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. vol. 2, 2nd ed., V.T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S.A. Rosenberg, eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Maxim, P. 1998. In Testimony Before the National Research Council's Committee on Monoclonal Antibody Production. November 10, 1998; Washington, D.C.
McGuill, M.W., A.N. Rowan. 1989. Refinement of monoclonal antibody production and animal well-being. ILAR News 31:7–11.
Miller, W., C. Wilke, H. Blanch. 1987. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on hybridoma growth and metabolism in continuous culture. J Cell Physiol 132:524–30.
Monica, T.J., C.F. Goochee, B.L. Maiorella. 1993. Comparative biochemical characterization of a human IgM produced in both ascites and in vitro cell culture. Biotechnology 11:512–515.
Moro, A.M., M.T. Rodrigues, M.N. Gouvea, M.L. Silvestri, J.E. Kalil, I. Raw. 1994. Multiparametric analyses of hybridoma growth on glass cylinders in a packed-bed bioreactor system with internal aeration. Serum-supplemented and serum-free media comparison for mAb production. J Immunol Methods Nov. 10; 176(1):67–77.
Ness, T.J., G.F. Gebhart. 1990. Visceral pain: A review of experimental studies. Pain 41:167–234.
Ness, T.J., G.F. Gebhart. 1988. Colorectal distension as a noxious visceral stimulus: Physiologic and pharmacologic characterization of pseudoaffective reflexes in the rat. Brain Res 450:153–169.
NIH (National Institutes of Health). 1996. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Bethesda, MD: Office for Protection from Research Risks.
NIH (National Institutes of Health). 1997. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Mouse Ascites Method. 98–01. Rockville, MD: Office for Protection from Research Risks, Nov. 17, 1997.
NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. A report of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Committee to Revise the Guide. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 1992. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress. A report of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Committee on Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. Washington. D.C.: National Academy Press.
Ohlin, M., C.A. Borrebaeck. 1994. Flow cytometric analysis of the stability of antibody production by human × human × mouse heterohybridoma subclones. J Immunol Methods Mar. 29; 170(1):75–82.
Patel, S.S., R.B. Parekh, B.J. Moellering, C.P. Prior. 1992. Different culture methods lead to differences in glycosylation of a murine IgG monoclonal antibody. J Biochem 285:839–845.
Peterson, N., J. Peavey 1998. Comparison of in vitro monoclonal antibody production methods with an in vivo ascites production technique. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37(5):61–66.
Pockros, P.J., T.B. Reynolds. 1986. Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: The importance of peripheral edema. Gastroenterology 90:1827–1833.
Poncet, P., T. Matthcs, A. Billecocq, G. Dighiero. 1988. Immunochemical studies of polyspecific natural autoantibodies: Charge, lipid reactivity, Fab 2' fragment activity and complement fixation. M Immunol 25:981–989.
Quinlan, N., R. O'Kennedy. 1994. Enhanced cloning effeciencies of murine hybridomas using human plasma supplemented medium. J Immunol Methods 171:253–258.
Reuveny, S., A. Lazar. 1989. Equipment and procedures for production of monoclonal antibodies in culture. Adv Biotechnol Processes 11:45–80.
Reuveny, S., D. Velez, J. Macmillan, L. Miller. 1985. Factors affecting monoclonal antibody production in culture. Develop Biol Std 66:169–175.
Reuveny, S., Velez, S., J. Macmillan, L. Miller. 1986. Factors affecting cell growth and monoclonal antibody production in stirred reactors. J Immunol Methods 86:53–59.
Richards, H.B., M. Satoh, M. Shaw, C. Libert, V. Poli, W.H. Reeves. 1998. Interleukin 6 dependence of anti-DNA antibody production: Evidence for two pathways of autoantibody formation in pristane-induced lupus. J Exp Med 188:985–990.
Roggenbuck, D., U. Marx, S.T. Kiessig, O. Schoenherr, S. Lahn T., Porstmann. 1994. Purification and immunochemical characterization of a natural human polyreactive monoclonal IgM antibody. J Immunol Methods 167:207–218,
Satoh, M., W.H. Reeves. 1994. Induction of lupus-associated autoantibodies in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of pristane. J Exp Med 180:2341–2346.
Seaver, S. 1987. Culture method affects antibody secretion of hybridoma. cells. Pp. 49–71 in Commercial Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. S. Seaver, Ed. New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Shacter, E. 1989. Serum-free media for bulk culture of hybridoma cells and the preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 7:248–253.
Stang, B.V., P.A. Wood, J.J. Reddington, G.M. Reddington, J.R. Heidel. 1998, Monoclonal antibody production in gas-permeable flexible flasks, using serum-free media. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 37(6):55–60.
Stein, K. 1998. In Testimony Before the National Research Council's Committee on Monoclonal Antibody Production. November 10, 1998; Washington, D.C.
Stoll, T.S., C. Perregaux, U. von Stockar, I.W. Marison. 1995. Production of Immunoglobulin A in different reactor configurations. Cytotechnology 17:53–63.
Stoll T.S., P.A. Ruffieux, E. Lullau, U. von Stockar, I.W. Marison. 1996a. Characterization of monoclonal IgA production and activity in hollow-fiber and fluidized-bed reactors. Pp. 608–614 in Immobilized Cells: Basics and Applications, R.H. Wijffels, R.M. Buitolarr, C. Bucke, J. Tramper, eds. The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.
Stoll, T.S., K. Muhlethaler, U. von Stockar, I.W. Marison. 1996b. Systematic improvement of a chemically-defined protein-free medium for hybridoma growth and monoclonal antibody production. J Biotechnol. Feb. 28;45(2):111–123.
Stoll, T., A. Chappaz, U. von Stockar, I.W. Marison. 1997. Effects of culture conditions on the production and quality of monoclonal IgA. Enzyme Mitrob Technol 21:203–211.
Tarleton, R., A. Beyer. 1991. Medium-scale production and purification of monoclonal antibodies in protein-free medium. BioTechniques 11:590–593.
Trampler, F., S.A. Sonderhoff, P.W.S. Pui, D.G. Kilburn, J.M. Piret. 1994. Acoustic cell filter for high density perfusion culture of hybridoma cells. Bio/Technol 12:281–284.
Underwood, P.A., P.A. Bean. 1985. The influence of methods of production, purification and storage of monoclonal antibodies upon their observed specificities. J Immunol Methods 80:189–197.
UKCCR. 1998. United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia (Second Edition). 1998. Br J Cancer 77(1):1–10.
Vachula, M., F. Aono, M. Alzona, K. Kowalkowski, D. Van Epps. 1995. Growth and phenotype of a pheresis product mononuclear cells cultured in life cell flasks in serum-free media with combinations of IL-2, OKT3, and anti-CD28. Exp Hematol 23:661.
Varmus, H. 1997. Response to the petition requesting the National Institutes of Health to prohibit the use of animals and implement non-animal alternatives in the production and use of monoclonal antibodies. Appendix C. Sept. 18, 1997; Bethesda, MD.
Velez, D., S. Reuveny, L. Miller, J. Macmillan. 1986. Kinetics of monoclonal antibody production in low serum medium. J Immunol Methods 86:45–52.
Ware, C., N. Donato, K. Dorshkind. 1985. Human, rat or mouse hybridomas secrete high levels of monoclonal antibodies following transplantation into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). J Immunol Methods 85:353–361.
Wolf, M. 1998. CL6-well experimental screening device application: Murine and rat hybridoma. CELLine Technical Report IV.
Wright, A., S.L. Morrison. 1994. Effect of altered CH2-associated carbohydrate structure on the functional properties and in vivo fate of chimeric mouse-human immunoglobulin GI. J Exp Med 180:1087–1096.
Wright, A, S.L. Morrison. 1998. Effect of C2-associated structure on Ig effector function: Studies with chimeric mouse-human IgGI antibodies in glycosylation mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Immunol 160:3393–3402.
Wright, A, S.L. Morrison. 1997. Effect of glycosylation on antibody function: Implications for genetic engineering. Trends Biotechnol 15:26–32.