INDEX
A
Academic research, 3, 4, 6, 7, 195-200, 203
graduate education, 38, 63, 165, 193, 195-199
Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101
National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108, 246
ships and facilities, 7, 54, 56, 94, 109;
see also Alvin;
National Oceanographic Laboratory System;
University-National Laboratories;
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
see also specific institutions
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, 131
Aluminaut, 68
Alvin, 14-15, 65-84, 114, 131, 207, 211, 220
American Geophysical Union, 3, 169
American Mid-Atlantic Ridge program, 72
American Miscellaneous Society, 117-118
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 169
Anderson, Neil, 17, 38, 152, 157, 159-160
Antarctic Ocean, 16-17, 45, 88, 90, 91, 94, 102
Aristotle, 23-24
Atlantic Ocean
chemical oceanography, 29, 154-155, 160
core drilling, 119, 120, 122, 124-126
FAMOUS, 66, 70-75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 146, 147
GEOSECS, 154-155
mapping, 71
vents, 82
Atomic Energy Commission, 4, 15, 27, 30, 38, 196
see also Department of Energy
B
Bacteria, 18, 20, 69, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 125, 187-188
Bainbridge, Arnold, 154, 156-157
Baker, James (Jim), 159, 160, 204, 212-213
Ballard, Robert (Bob), 34, 65-84
Barber, Richard (Dick), 11-21, 34, 113, 184, 190
Bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 14-15, 65-84, 70-75, 114, 131, 181, 207, 220
Benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70
Big programs, see Large-scale programs
Biodiversity, 14-15, 185-190, 204
Biological oceanography, 11-21, 28-29, 125, 129, 144, 170, 180, 184 -191
Alvin, 69-70
bacteria, 18, 20, 69, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 125, 187-188
benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70
copepods, 16, 17, 68-69, 186-188
fisheries, 11, 17-19, 89, 90, 138, 193, 204
interdisciplinary research, 17, 19
NSF efforts, 3, 4, 5, 11-21, 88-89, 91, 92, 93-94, 97, 98, 99, 102 , 103, 184-185
oceanic productivity, 14, 15, 29, 184-190
plankton, 13, 14, 16, 28, 124, 131-132, 184, 186
vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180
see also Environmental protection
Biogeochemical cycles, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 138-139, 159, 185-186
modeling of, 19
nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
see also Carbon dioxide
Biotechnology, 185
Board on Ocean Sciences and Policy, 204
Ocean Affairs Board, 204
Ocean Policy Committee, 204
Ocean Sciences Board, 148, 204
Ocean Studies Board, 11, 23, 87, 88, 159, 192, 204-205, 214, 215
Boledovich, Glenn, 201-206
Brewer, Peter, 19, 29, 30, 152-161
Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 25, 27, 28-29, 30, 34, 153, 154, 156, 159
Bronk, Detlev, 203
C
Carbon dioxide, 16-17, 18-19, 26-27, 28-29, 32, 131, 139, 159-160, 170-171, 176, 193
GEOSECS, 153-157
Caribbean Sea, 26, 75, 119, 120, 126-127
Central North Pacific Gyre, 185, 186, 189
Centre National pour l'Exploitation de Oceans, 71, 81
Chemical oceanography, 22-43, 102, 144, 152-161, 169-171, 172-173, 180
Atlantic Ocean, 29, 154-155, 160
biogeochemical cycles, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19
climate change, 26-27
geochemical cycles, 24
IDOE, 29, 33, 34, 39, 144, 150, 153, 158
interdisciplinary research, 171
models, 27
NSF funding, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153, 154, 246
ONR, 25
salinity, 23-24, 34, 120, 129, 157, 166, 202
technological developments, 22, 30, 171
Woods Hole, 24-25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 38, 153, 156, 159
World War II, 24-25
Chemosynthesis, 12-13, 34, 73-83
Clark, Lawrence (Larry), 128-133, 158
Clean Water Act. 204
Climate, 48, 149-150, 166, 173, 182
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 48, 165, 166, 193
global change, 26-27, 131, 150, 151, 170-171, 176-178, 185
CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176
greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193;
see also Carbon dioxide
mesoscale variability, 45-46, 167, 168
paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176-178
seasonal factors, 3, 14, 89, 186
technological developments, research, 49
Climate Long-Range Investigation Mapping and Prediction program (CLIMAP) , 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176
CLImate VARiability (CLIVAR), 150, 151, 166
Coastal and estuarine systems, 13, 14-15, 109, 167, 170
environmental protection, 31, 33-34
modeling, 19
salinity, 34
sediments, 177-179
tides, 47
Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis, 150
Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 13, 14-15, 159, 160
Coastal Zone Management Act, 204
U.S. nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
Colleges and universities, see Academic research;
specific institutions
Color, see Ocean color
Columbia University, see Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University
Computer technology, 48, 91, 193
geology and geophysics, 56
mass spectra, 131
tides, 47
see also Models and modeling
Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education, 169, 197, 205
Controlled Pollution Experiment, 34
The Continuing Quest: Large Scale Ocean Research for the Future, 148
Coordinating Group on Oceanography, 89-90
Copepods, 16, 17, 68-69, 186-188
Copper, 37
Coring, see Deep sea drilling
Craig, Harmon, 25, 26, 29, 38, 153, 154, 156
D
Deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131
Deep sea drilling, 5, 7, 8, 56, 64, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 96, 104-105 , 117-127, 172, 173, 181
Atlantic Ocean, 119, 120, 122, 124-126
JOIDES, 7, 100-101, 104-105, 110, 119-122, 127, 139, 205, 207
NSF funding, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127
Project Mohole, 99-100, 101, 117-119, 122, 123
Scripps, 119-120
ships for, 119-120
Defense, see Military applications
Department of Commerce, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Energy, 15, 29, 38, 129
see also Atomic Energy Commission
Department of State, 146
Department of the Interior, 142
Geological Survey, 55, 68, 119, 195
Department of the Navy, see Office of Naval Research
Dinsmore, Robertson, 6, 95, 107-116
Drifters, 48
Drilling, see Deep sea drilling
Dugdale, Richard (Dick), 14, 15, 17
E
Earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180
Economic Benefits of Oceanographic Research, 90, 203
Economic issues, 5, 201, 206, 215
Atlantic Ocean, geochemical monitoring, 29
cost-effectiveness, 7, 8, 131, 181-182
public education, 181-182
ships, 90, 96, 101, 111-112, 129, 146, 180-181
see also Funding
Edge waves, 46
Education and training, 5, 97, 165, 171, 192-193, 195-200, 214-215
graduate education, 38, 63, 165, 193, 195-199
National Academy of Sciences, 195-197
public education, 181-182, 198, 199, 214-215
symposium program agenda, 221
see also Academic research;
specific institutions
Effective Use of the Sea, 90
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 48, 165, 166, 182, 186, 193, 199, 205-206, 207, 211-212
Endangered Species Act, 204
Environmental protection, 11, 30-32, 33, 173, 184-191, 202, 206, 246
global climate change, 26-27, 131, 150, 151, 170-171, 176-178, 185
CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176
greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193;
see also Carbon dioxide
human health, 215
radioactivity, 27-28, 30, 33, 39, 153-154, 156, 159
Environmental Protection Agency, 34, 39, 204
Equipment, see Facilities for research
Eppley, Richard (Dick), 15, 17
Ewing, Maurice, 4, 6, 13, 27, 53-57, 71, 108, 114, 118, 120
Exclusive Economic Zone, 206
F
Facilities for research, 7, 8, 20, 48, 99, 103, 128-133, 167, 171, 180-182, 192, 193
computer technology, 48, 56, 91, 115, 131, 169, 182, 193
deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131
interdisciplinary research and, 130
National Oceanographic Laboratory System (NOLS), 101, 102, 107, 109 -112
NSF model, 129-133
spectrometric techniques, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138
University-National Laboratories (UNL), 95, 107, 109
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 180, 204
see also Deep sea drilling:
Satellite technology;
Ships:
Technological developments
FAMOUS, see French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study
Federal Council for Science and Technology, 88
Federal government, see Funding;
Legislation;
National Science Foundation;
Office of Naval Research;
other specific departments 2 and agencies
Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 204
Francheteau, Jean, 78-82
Frosch, Robert (Bob), 111, 216
French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS), 66, 70-75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 146, 147
Atomic Energy Commission, 27, 30, 38, 196
cost-effectiveness, 7, 8, 131, 181-182
Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101
NSF, 3-8, 88, 89-90, 92, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110, 111, 196, 204, 246-247
biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 12, 246
chemical oceanography, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153 , 154, 246
education, 196-197, 246
geology and geophysics, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246
large-scale programs, 7-8, 141, 142, 143, 144-147, 150, 193
ocean drilling, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127
physical oceanography, 44, 48, 165-166, 246
small-scale programs, 137-140
technological development, 131, 132, 193, 246
ONR, 3-5, 10, 25, 30, 34, 38, 53, 62, 108, 111, 204
Fye, Paul, 65, 66, 68, 95, 110, 111, 112, 204
G
Gaffney, Paul, 210-211
Genetics, see Biotechnology
Geochemical cycles, 24, 26, 27, 28-31, 36, 38, 131, 144, 173, 175, 176, 185
see also Biogeochemical cycles
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS), 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159, 160
Atlantic Ocean, 154-155
carbon dioxide studies, 153-157
Indian Ocean, 156-157
Geological Data Center, 55-56
Geological Survey, 55, 68, 119, 195
Geology and geophysics, see Marine geology and geophysics
GI Bill, 196
Ginsberg, Robert (Bob), 53, 87, 88
Global Atmospheric Research Program, 110
Global Change Research Program, 149-151
Global Climate Observing System, 150
Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program (GLOBEC), 11, 19
Global Ocean Flux Study, 159-160
Global Ocean Observing System, 150
Glomar Challenger, 101, 119-120
Glomar Explorer, 105
Goldberg, Edward (Ed), 23, 25-34 (passim), 38
Greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193
see also Carbon dioxide
H
Health sciences, 215
see also Environmental protection
Heirtzler, James (Jim), 57, 64, 71, 72, 78, 120
Helix, 94
Hessler, Robert, 14, 15, 17, 70
Hollister, Charles (Charlie), 56, 64, 197
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 11, 25, 28
Hydrothermal vents, see Vents
I
Indian Ocean, 15, 89, 93, 94, 95, 110, 125, 141, 142-143, 152-153
GEOSECS, 156-157
In situ observations and experiments, 20
deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131
see also Deep sea drilling;
Facilities for research;
Ships
Institutional factors, 3-8, 11, 63, 87-133, 192-194, 201-206
chemical oceanography, 23
marine geology and geophysics, 54-56
peer review, 6, 8, 102, 132, 147-148, 166
see also Education and training;
Interdisciplinary research;
Large-scale programs;
Small-scale programs;
specific institutions
Instrumentation, see Facilities for research;
Technological developments
Interagency Committee on Oceanography, 88, 89, 90, 93, 98
Interdisciplinary research, 3, 5, 7, 52, 72, 96, 97, 194, 214
biological oceanography, 17, 19
chemical oceanography, 171
large-scale programs, 137
physical oceanography, 166, 175
RIDGE, 63
technological development and facilities, 130
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 144, 154
The International Aspects of Oceanography, 203, 206
International Council for Science, 154
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 24
International Council of Scientific Unions, 71, 89, 141, 142, 159
see also International Geophysical Year
International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE), 3, 4-5, 7-8, 72, 91, 95, 102-103, 104, 109, 115, 141, 143-148, 149, 150
chemical oceanography, 29, 33, 34, 39, 144, 150, 153, 158
marine geology and geophysics, 62, 144, 146, 147
National Academy of Sciences, 144, 146, 148
ONR, 146
technological developments, 129, 131
International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 3, 4-5, 25, 57, 62, 71 , 88, 91, 93, 94, 97-98, 105-106, 108, 141-142, 152
National Academy of Sciences, 141-142
International Indian Ocean Expedition, 15, 89, 93, 94, 110, 141, 142-143, 152-153
International Oceanographic Congress, 27
International Oceanographic Foundation, 90
International Program for Ocean Drilling, 121-122
Iselin, Columbus, 6, 53, 55, 108, 114, 138
J
Jason, 211
Jenkins, William (Bill), 34, 38, 157, 169
Jennings, Feenan, 7, 33, 90, 91, 102, 141-148, 203, 212
Johrde, Mary, 5, 88, 90, 91, 93-95, 111, 112, 115, 129
JOIDES Resolution, 207
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 19, 37, 131, 138, 158-160, 186
Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., 105, 122, 126, 139, 204-205
Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), 7, 100-101, 104-105, 110, 119-122, 127, 139, 205, 207
Jumars, Peter (Pete), 12, 14, 159, 184-191
K
Keeling, Charles David (Dave), 28, 157
Ketchum, Bostwick (Buck), 24, 28, 33, 34
Kilgore-Magnuson Bill, 196
Knauss, John, 3-8, 44, 49, 109, 212, 216
Knorr, 75
L
Lakes, 167
Lambert, Richard (Dick), 44, 93, 149-151
Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University, 6, 7, 53, 54-55, 108, 120, 142, 143, 147, 203
Large-scale programs, 64. 96, 137, 141-161
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS), 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159, 160
interdisciplinary factors, 137
models, 137
NSF and, 7-8, 141-152, 193, 194
symposium program, 221
Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program, 149, 151, 167
Word Ocean Circulation Experiment, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165
see also International Decade of Ocean Exploration;
International
Geophysical Year;
International Indian Ocean Expedition
Legislation
Clean Water Act, 204
Coastal Zone Management Act, 204
Endangered Species Act, 204
Fishery conservation and Management Act, 204
GI Bill, 196
Kilgore-Magnusson Bill, 196
Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101, 204
Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 95, 108, 204
Marine Mammal Protection Act. 204
Marine Sciences Act, 143-144
Morrill Land Grant Act, 195
National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 204
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 101
National Oceanographic Partnership Act, 205
National Science Foundation Act, 87, 88, 90, 95, 196
National Sea Grant College Program Act, 5, 90-91, 101, 108
various, 204
see also specific acts
Lillie, Frank R., 195-196, 203
Limnology and Oceanography, 15
M
Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101, 204
Mapping, 70, 71, 72-73, 81, 120, 202
CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176
navigation, other, 180-181, 202
Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, 34
Marine geology and geophysics, 51-64, 144, 172-183
bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 69, 70-83
computer applications, 56
earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180
institutional factors, 54-56
International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 3, 4-5, 25, 57, 62, 71 , 88, 91, 93, 94, 97-98, 105-106, 108, 141-142, 152
NSF funding, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246
NSF programs, 51, 53-64, 88, 92, 96, 99-100, 101, 104-105, 181-183
paleoceanography, other, 124-125, 139, 176-177
paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176-178
plate tectonics, iii, 12, 51, 57-59, 71
Scripps, 52, 54, 55-56, 62, 74, 142
symposium program agenda, 220, 221
technological developments, 52;
see also Deep sea drilling
vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180
volcanoes, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180;
see also ''vents" supra
Woods Hole, 55, 56, 62, 63, 73, 74, 142
see also Deep sea drilling;
Sediments and sedimentology
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 204
Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 95, 108, 204
Marine Sciences Act, 143-144
Mass spectrometry, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138
Martin, John, 16-17, 20, 38, 39
Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 114, 202
Maxwell, Arthur (Art), 95, 113, 115, 120, 203
McElroy, William (Bill), 90, 95, 110, 111, 112
McNutt, Marcia, 51-64, 172-183
Mediterranean Deep Ocean Convection experiment, 47-48
Mediterranean Sea, other, 125
Menard, Henry W., 54, 55, 57, 59
Menzel, David, 29, 32, 113, 152
Merrell, William (Bill), 149, 201-206, 212
Mesoscale analyses, 45-46, 167, 168
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, 7, 46, 144, 212
Military applications, 201, 206
academic funding, Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101
nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
Vietnam War, 101
World War I, 202-203
chemical oceanography, 24-25
geology and geophysics, 52-53, 120
Mixed Layer Experiment, 45
Models and modeling, 46, 168, 193
biological oceanography, 19, 187
chemical oceanography, 27
ecosystems, 185
general circulation, 46
large-scale programs, 137
ocean-atmosphere coupling, 19, 168
salinity, 34
steady circulation, 44
technology and facilities, 129-130
thermodynamic, 153
see also Computer technology
Mohole, see Project
Mohole Morrill Land Grant Act, 195
Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research
Munk, Walter, 3, 44-50, 53, 55, 64, 117, 118, 127, 150, 204, 213
N
National Academy of Engineering, 144
National Academy of Sciences, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 100, 117, 192 , 202-206, 215-216
bathyscaphs, 67
education in oceanography, 195-197
IGY, 141-142
Marine Chemistry Panel, 32
NASCO, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98, 108-109, 111
Ocean Studies Board, 23, 159, 204-205, 215
WOCE, 159
see also National Research Council
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 13-14, 57, 93, 131, 132, 159, 212, 213
National Association of Marine Laboratories, 204
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 6, 7, 102
National Council of Marine Resources and Engineering, 108, 143, 146
see also Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act
National Institute of Environmental Health Services, 215
National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 204
National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, 131
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 3, 5, 34, 90, 95 , 101, 102, 109-110, 132, 197, 204, 212, 213, 215
National Oceanographic Data Center, 193
National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 101, 102, 107, 109-112
National Oceanographic Partnership Act, 205
National Oceanographic Program, 88, 91
National Oceanographic Partnership Program, 205, 206
National Research Council, 23, 72, 84, 143, 159, 192, 202, 206, 214
see also National Academy of Sciences
National Science Foundation, ii, 93-95, 192-194, 196
administrative history, 96-106
chronology of early developments, 87-92
biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 11-21, 88-89, 91, 92, 93-94, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 184-185
chemical oceanography, 22, 25-43, 88, 92, 103, 153
Division of Ocean Sciences staff et al., 235-246
emergence of role in oceanography, 3-8
FAMOUS, 71-73
funding, 3-8, 88, 89-90, 92, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110, 111, 196 , 204, 246-247
biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 12, 246
chemical oceanography, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153 , 154, 246
education, 196-197, 246
geology and geophysics, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246
large-scale programs, 7-8, 141, 142, 143, 144-147, 150, 193
ocean drilling, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127
physical oceanography, 44, 48, 165-166, 246
small-scale programs, 137-140
technological development, 131, 132, 193, 246
large-scale research, 7-8, 141-152, 193, 194
marine geology and geophysics, 51, 53-64, 88, 92, 96, 99-100, 101, 104-105, 181-183
National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108 , 246
physical oceanography, 15, 44-50, 92, 103, 165
public education, 181-182
small-scale research, 137-140, 194
technological developments, 128-133, 192, 193, 246
National Science Foundation Act, 87, 88, 90-91, 95, 196
National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108 , 209, 246
National security, see Military applications
The Next Ten Years of Oceanography (TENOC), 108, 109, 203
Nitrogen fixation, 185-186
North Pacific Experiment, 146, 147, 150
Nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
O
Ocean chemistry, see Chemical oceanography
Ocean circulation, iii, 27, 29, 46-48, 92, 139, 167-168, 172
abyssal, 45
GEOSECS, 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159
general circulation models, 46
gyres, 185-186
steady circulation models, 44
WOCE, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165
Ocean Drilling Program, 87, 215
Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research (OEUVRE), 184 -185, 188-189
Ocean Margin Drilling Program, 104, 122, 127
Oceanographic Science Research Section, 129
Oceanography 1951, 203
Oceanography 1960 to 1970, 203
Oceanography in the Next Decade, 205
Oceanography: Its Scope, Problems, and Economic Importance, 203
Ocean Sciences Division, 128-133, 137-138, 192
Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research, 12, 17
Oceanic productivity, 14, 15, 29, 184-190
An Oceanic Quest: The International Decade of Ocean Exploration, 144
Oceanic Technology program, 132
Oceanographic Instrumentation Program, 130
Office of Naval Research, iii, 3-4, 8, 38, 53, 90, 94, 99, 101, 102 , 107, 111, 112, 203, 210, 211
chemical oceanography, 25
educational funding, 196
funding, 3-5, 10, 25, 30, 34, 38, 53, 62, 108, 111, 204
geology and geophysics, 53-54, 62, 64, 142
IDOE, 146
physical oceanography, 44
technological support, 129, 131
Office of Polar Programs, 88, 91, 144
Office of Special International Programs, 88
Office of Technology Assessment, 132
Oregon State University, 4, 109, 203
Our Nation and the Sea (Stratton Commission), 90, 107, 109, 197, 204
P
Central North Pacific Gyre, 185, 186, 189
copper, 37
GEOSECS, 156
hydrography, 45
North Pacific Experiment, 146, 147, 150
in situ biological oceanography, 20
iron hypothesis, 16-17
nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
Paleoceanography, other, 124-125, 139, 176-177
see also Deep sea drilling
Paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176, 177 -178
Particulate matter, 34, 36-37, 138
Peer review, 6, 8, 102, 132, 147-148, 166
Physical oceanography, 15, 44-50, 102, 144, 149-151, 165-168, 219, 221
NSF funding, 44, 48, 165-166, 246
NSF programs, 15, 44-50, 92, 103, 165
ONR, 44
technological developments, 44, 46, 48-49
see also Ocean circulation;
Marine geology and geophysics
Phytoplankton, 13, 14, 16, 186
Plankton, 16, 28, 124, 131-132, 184, 186
Plate tectonics, iii, 12, 51, 54, 57-59, 71, 120, 139, 172, 173-175
earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180
vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180
see also Deep sea drilling
Pollution, see Environmental protection
Productivity, see Oceanic productivity
Project Mohole, 99-100, 101, 117-119, 122, 123
Purdy, G. Michael, 6(n.13), 137-140, 183
R
Radioactivity, 27-28, 30, 33, 39, 153-154, 156, 159
Redfield, Alfred, 20, 24, 25, 28, 32
Remote sensing, 20
see also Satellite technology
Reeve, Michael (Mike), 6(n. 13), 25, 44, 64, 87-92, 158
Revelle, Roger, 4, 26, 27, 28, 52, 55, 108, 114, 118, 142, 143, 158
Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiments, 63
Riley, Gordon, 11, 19, 108, 184, 189
S
SAIL (serial-ASCII instrumentation loop), 130
Salinity, 23-24, 34, 120, 129, 157, 166, 202
Sanders, Howard (Howie), 14, 15, 17, 30, 31, 70
Satellite technology, 44, 48-49, 165, 166-167, 207
seafloor, 14
tides, 47
Science: The Endless Frontier, 196
Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research, 142-143, 154, 159-160
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 3-7
biological oceanography, 15
chemical oceanography, 24, 26, 29, 30
climate change, 26
core drilling, 119-120
geology and geophysics, 52, 54, 55-56, 62, 74, 142
International Indian Ocean Expedition, 142
satellite technology, 49
SEABEAM, 82
Seafloor, 14-15, 92, 108, 150, 175, 177, 181, 207
benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70
see also Deep sea drilling;
Mapping;
Plate tectonics;
Sediments and sedimentology
see also Climate
SEASAT, 49
Seasonal factors, 3, 14, 89, 186
El Niño, 48, 165, 166, 182, 186, 193, 199, 205-206, 207, 211-212
Sea-Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor, 13
Sediments and sedimentology, 32, 37, 38, 39, 64, 69, 71, 91, 138-139 , 170, 171, 172-174, 177-179, 181, 182
benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70
paleoceanography, 124-125, 139, 176-177
paleoclimatology, 51, 59-61, 62, 64, 171, 173
see also Deep sea drilling
Shipboard Technician Program, 130
Ships, 7, 38-39, 45, 63, 72, 90, 94, 109, 119, 129-130, 192, 202
academic research, 7, 54, 56, 94, 109;
see also National Oceanographic Laboratory System;
University-National Laboratories;
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 14-15, 65-84, 70-75, 114, 131, 181, 207, 220
core drilling, 119-120
operational support, 90, 96, 101, 111-112, 129, 146, 180-181
Lamont, 54
National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 101, 102, 107, 109-112
Scripps,
vessels, other, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114
University-National Laboratories, 95, 107, 109
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 180, 204
see also "Alvin" supra
Silent Spring, 202
Small-scale programs, 36-37, 96, 137-140, 152, 221
see also specific programs
public education, 181-182, 198, 199, 214-215
public health, 215
see also Environmental protection;
Institutional factors
Souscoup, 68
Soviet Union, 146
U.S. nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154
Spectrometry, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138
Spilhaus, Athelstan, 3, 90, 108
Steele, John, 18, 156, 159, 204
Stratton, Julius, 90, 108, 110
Stratton Commission, 90, 107, 109-110, 204, 206
see also International Decade of Ocean Science Exploration (IDOE):
Our Nation and the Sea;
University-National Laboratories
Stommel, Henry (Hank), 29, 39, 44, 45-46, 47, 49, 113, 138, 153, 154-155, 156, 212
Sverdrup, Harold, 3, 6, 23, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52
Submersibles, see Bathyscaphs and other submersibles
T
Takahashi, Taro, 156-157
Technological developments, 128-133, 193
biological oceanography, 18
chemical oceanography, 22, 30, 171
computer technology, 48, 56, 91, 115, 131, 169, 193
geology and geophysics, 52;
see also Deep sea drilling
NSF funding, 131, 132, 193, 246
NSF model, 129-133
physical oceanography, 44, 46, 48-49
spectrometric techniques, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138
see also Bathyscaphs and other submersibles;
Computer technology;
Facilities for research;
Ships
Temperature studies, 3, 47, 48, 52, 69, 128, 129, 138, 139, 153, 167-168, 172
volcanism, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 75, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180
Texas A&M University, 6, 109, 142, 203
Tides, 47
Time-series analyses, 37, 165, 184, 189-190
TOPEX/POSEIDON, 165, 166-167, 212
Toye, Sandra, 5, 65-66, 95, 96-106
Training, see Education and training
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 3
Transient Tracers in the Ocean, 157, 159, 160
Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, see TOGA-TAO
Turekian, Karl, 25, 26, 29, 154
U
see also International Decade for Ocean Exploration
United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, 108, 204
Universities and colleges, see Academic research;
specific institutions
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 169
University-National Laboratories (UNL), 95, 107, 109
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 130, 180, 204
University of California, 37
University of Miami, 6, 7, 13, 32, 109, 147, 203
University of North Carolina, 34
University of Rhode Island, 4, 6, 7, 38, 39, 109, 203
University of Southern California, 53
University of Washington, 4, 6, 74, 108, 109, 142, 203
U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union
V
Vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180
Vessels, see Ships
Vetter, Richard (Dick), 23, 108, 188
Vine, Allyn, 3, 54, 57, 65, 68, 71, 72
Volcanism, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 75, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180
see also Vents
Von Herzen, Richard (Dick), 13, 54, 64, 74, 75, 120
W
Weizmann Institute, 47
Wenk, Edward (Ed), 108, 115, 143, 144, 146
Williamsburg, 94
Winterer, Edward (Jerry). 55, 89, 101, 117-127
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 4, 6, 7, 49, 52, 53, 94, 95, 198, 110, 147, 203
biological oceanography, 11, 15
chemical oceanography, 24-25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 38, 153, 156, 159
geology and geophysics, 55, 56, 62, 63, 73, 74, 142
Gulf Stream, 3
International Indian Ocean Expedition, 143
mass spectrometry, 131
satellite technology, 49
World Climate Research Program, 150
World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165
World War I, 202-203
chemical oceanography, 24-25
geology and geophysics, 52-53, 120
World Wide Web, see Internet
Wunsch, Carl, 45, 159, 204, 212
Y
Yale University, 147
Year of the Ocean, 11, 205, 211, 213
Young, William, 165-168
Z
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.