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Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions (2000)

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Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2000. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9857.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2000. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9857.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2000. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9857.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2000. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9857.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. 2000. Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9857.
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References An, F., M. Barth, and J. Norbeck. 1997. Development of a comprehensive modal emissions model: Operating under hot-stabilized conditions. Transportation Research Record 1587:52-62. AQIRP (Air Quality Improvement Research Program). 1992. Effects of Fuel Sulfur on Mass Exhaust Emissions, Air Toxics, and Reactivity. (AQIRP Data Analysis and Report Writing Subcommittee). Technical Bulletin No. 8. Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA. Atkinson, C.M., N.N. Clark, T.L. Long and E.L. Hansevack. 1998. Neural network-based vehicle emissions modeling for inventory applications. An update on virtual sensing. Pp. 2-1 - 2-15. Proceedings of the 8th CRC Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA. April. Austin, T.C., and T.R. Carlson. 1997. Development of Speed Correction Cycles. SR97-04-01. Prepared by Sierra Research, Inc., for the U.S. En- vironmental Protection Agency. April 30, 1997. Barth, M., F. An, J. Norbeck, and M. Ross. 1996. Modal emissions model- ing: A physical approach. Transportation Research Record 1520: 81-88. Barth, M., R.R. Tadi and J. Norbeck. 1995. The development of an inte- grated transportation/emissions model for estimating emission invento- ries. Pp. 1225-1236 in Transportation Congress: Civil Engineers-Key to the World Infrastructure, B.K. Lall and D.L. ~Jones, eds. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Barth, M., T. Younglove, T. Wenzel, G. Scora, F. An, M. Ross, and J. Norbeck. 1997. Analysis of modal emissions from diverse in-use vehicle fleet. Transportation Research Record 1587:73-84. 270

REFERENCES 2 7 ~ Barth, M., F. An, T. Younglove, C. Levine, G. Scora, M. Ross and T. Wenzel. 1998. The Development of a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model. Draft final report to the National Cooperative Highway Re- search Program. Bauer, H. 1996. Automotive Handbook, 4th Ed. Stuttgart: Robert Bosch. Bishop, G.A., and D.H. Stedman. 1996. Motor vehicle emissions variabil- ity. d. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46~7~:667-675. Brachaczek, W.W. and W.R. Pierson. 1974. Airborne particulate debris *om rubber tires. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 47~5~:1275-1299. BUWAL (Bundesamt fur Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft-Swiss Federal Office for the Environment). 1995. Luftschadstoff-Emissionen des Strassenverkehrs 1950-2010. SRU- 255-D. BUWAL. Cadle, S.H., P. Mulawa, E.C. Hunsanger, K. Nelson and R.A. Ragazzi. 1998. Measurements of Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from In- Use Light-Duty Motor Vehicles in the Denver, Colorado Area, NTIS/PB98-136401. Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA. Cadle, S.H., P. Mulawa, P. Groblicki, C. Laroo, R.A. Ragazzi, K. Nelson, G. Gallagher and B. Zielinska. 1999. In-Use Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions on the FTP, REP05, and UC Cycles. Fi- nal report. CRC Project E-46. Prepared for Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA. June, 2. CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1996a. Derivation of Emission and Correction Factors for EMFAC7G. California Air Resources Board, Mobile Source Control Division, El Monte, CA. CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1996b. Methodology for Estimat- ing Emissions from On-road Motor Vehicles. Technical Support Divi- sion, Mobile Source Inventory Branch, in seven volumes. October-No- vember. CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1998. Measuring Concentrations of Selected Air Pollutants Inside CaTifornia Vehicles. Final Report. Pre- pared by Research Triangle Institute, AQMD Contract 98055, RTI Task 93U-6786-000 for California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Re- sources Board, Sacramento, CA. Dec. 28. Carlock, M. 1999. An Overview of California's Emissions Inventory Model EMFAC99. Presentation to NRC Committee to review the MOBILE model, March 4, 1999. Cha, S., P. Carter and R.~. Bradow. 1983. Simulation of Automobile Brake Wear Dynamics and Estimation of Emissions. SAE Technical Paper 831036. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. Chameides, W.L., R.D. Saylor, and E.B. Cowling. 1997. Ozone pollution in the rural United States end the new NAAQS. Science 276:916. Chatterjee, A., T. Miller, J. Philpot, T. Wholley, R. Guensler, D. Hartgen, R. Margiotta, and P. Stopher. 1997. Improving Transportation Data

2 7 2 MODELING MOB/LE-SOURCE EMISSIONS for Mobile-Source Emissions Estimates. NCHRP Report 394. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy Press. Chico, T., M.E. Bassett, J.C. Cassmassi, S. Mitsutomi, X. Zhang, and H. Hogo. 1993. Application of the Urban Airshed Model for a SCAQS Epi- sode in the South Coast Air Basin. Pp. 257-263 in: Southern California Air Quality Study. Data Analysis. Proceedings of the International Spe- cialty Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Associa- tion. Chrysler Corporation. 1998. Emission and Fuel Economy Regulations. Environmental & Energy Planning. Chrysler Corporation, CIMS 482- 00-71. Auburn Hills,MI. Clark, N.N, R.D. Nine, M. Gautam and C.M. Atkinson. 1999. Effect of Test Cycles on Measured Emissions of Diesel Vehicles. Proceedings of the 9th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA. April. Clean Air Report. 1999. States may lose half of current I/M emissions credit in new air model. (April,15~:7. Darlington, T., J.G. Heiken, and D. Kahlbaum. 1999. Nationwide and State-by-State emissions benefits of a gasoline sulfur limit. Pp. 578- 596. In: Emission Inventory: Living in a Global Environment. Vol.1. Sewickley, PA: Air& Waste Management. Davis, S.C. 1997. Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 17. ORNL- 6919. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Labora- tory, Oak Ridge, TN. Davis, S.C. 1999. Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19. ORNL- 6958. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Labora- tory, Oak Ridge, TN. Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope, X. Xu, J.D. Spengler, J.H. Ware, M.E. Fay, B.G. Ferris, ~Tr., and F.E. Speizer. 1993. An association between air pollu- tion and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. EngI. J. Med. 329~24~:1753- 1759. Energy Information Administration. 1997. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996. Washington, DC: United States De- partment of Energy. EnergyInformation Administration. 1998. AnnualEnergyOutiookl999 with Projections to 2020. DOE/EIA-0383~99~. Office of Integrated Analy- sis and Forecasting. Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Energy. De- cember. ENVIRON International Corporation. 1998. User's Guide for the Na- tional Nonroad Emissions Model. Draft version. Prepared for U.S. En- vironmental Protection Agency. National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory. Ann Arbor, MI. June. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Air Quality Criteria

REFERENCES 2 ~ 3 for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, Vow.. EPA-600/8- 84/020bF. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. August. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1993a. Criteria and Procedures for Determining Conformity to State or Federal Implementation Plans of Transportation Plans, Programs, and Projects Funded or Approved Under Title 23 U.S.C. or the Federal Transit Act. Fed. Regist. 58~225~: 62188. November, 24. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1993b. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis for Reformulated Gasoline. EPA420-F-93-017. Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor. December. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model). EPA-AA-TEB-94- 01. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. Ann Arbor, MI. May. EPA ~J.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PARTS: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles. EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, MI. February. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997a. Finding of Significant Contribution and Rulemaking for Certain States in the Ozone Trans- port Assessment Group Region for Purposes of Reducing Regional Transport of Ozone. Proposed Rule, Fed. Regist. 62~216~: 60318. No- vember 7. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997b. Control of Emission of Air Pollution from Highway Heavy-Duty Engines. Final Rule. Fed. Regist. 62 (203~:54694. October 21. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997c. Analysis of the Ari- zona IM240 Test Program and Comparison with the TECH5 Model. EPA 420-R-97-001. U.S. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, MI. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998a. NationalAir Pollutant Emission Trends Update: 1970--1997. EPA 454/E-98-007. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ ttn/chief/trends97/emtrnd.html EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998b. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997. EPA-454/R-98-016. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA (EnvironmentalProtection Agency). 1998c. ExhaustEmissionsCer- tification Standards for Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks.

2 74 MODELING MOB`[E-SOURCE EMISSIONS EPA 420/B-98-001. Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/ st~s-~.htm EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998~. Tier 2 Report to Con- gress. EPA 420/R-98-008. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998e. Air Conditioning Correction Factors in MOBILES. Draft. M6.ACE.002. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http:/l www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998f. Air Conditioning Activity Effects in MOBILE6. Draft. M6.ACE.001. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http:// www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998g. Hot Soak Emis- sions as a Function of Soak Time. EPA420-P-98-018. M6.EVP.007. Of- fice of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998h. Fuel Oxygen Ef- fects on Exhaust CO Emissions. Recommendations for MOBILE6. Draft. EPA420-P-98-006. M6. FUL.002. Office of Mobile Sources. Of- fice of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998i. Update Heavy-Duty Engine Emission Conversion Factors for MOBILE6: Analysis of BSFCs and Calculation of Heavy-Duty Engine Emission Conversion Factors. EPA420-P-98-015. M6.HDE.004. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air end Radiation. U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency. May. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998j. AP-42, Air PoDu- tant Emission Factors, 1998. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chie£/ ap42.html EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998k. Methodology for Modifying MOBILE5b in the Tier 2 Study. EPA-R-98-004. U.S. Envi- ronmentalProtectionAgency. April. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999a. Control of Air Pol- lution from New Motor Vehicle Standards: Proposed Tier 2 Motor Vehi- cle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Final Rule, Fed. Regist. 64~92~:26003. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999b. Draft Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS, EPA-454/R-99-004. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Re- search Triangle Park, NC. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999c. Development of Light-Duty Emissions Inventory Estimates in the Notice of Proposed

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2 7 6 MODE[/NG MOBILE-SOURCE EMISSIONS

REFERENCES 2 77 MOBILES. EPA420-P-99-030. M6.HDE.003. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999x. Fleet Characteriza- tion Data for MOBILES: Development and Use of Age Distributions, Average Annual Mileage Accumulation Rates and Projected Vehicle CountsforUseinMOBILE6. EPA420-P-99-011. M6.FET.007.0fficeof Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency. April. FHWA (Federal Highways Administration). 1992. A Transportation Pro- grams and Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. FHWA-PD-92-023. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Transporta- tion. FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 1998. Traffic Software Inte- grated System Version 4.2 User's Guide, ITT Systems and Sciences Cor- poration. Available: http://www.~wa-tsis.com/ Fox, J.W. 1996. Air Pollution Abatement: Quantifying Automobile Emis- sions. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Mechanical Engineering. Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. September. FRG-FEPA (Federal Republic of Germany- Federal Ministry for the Envi- ronment). 1993. Exhaust Emission Factors for Motor Vehicle in the Federal Republic of Germany for the Reference Year 1990. UFO Plan No. 140 05 152 and 104 05 509, UFO-FO 91-042. Environmental Re- search Plan for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Con- servation and Reactor Safety by Institute of Environmental Protection and Energy Technology. Fujita, E. 1999. Application of Field Measurements to Evaluate Emission Inventory Estimates. Presented at the workshop of the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile-Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model, March 4, 1999. Irvine, CA. Fujita, E.M., Z. Lu, ].C. Sagebiel, N.F. Robinson, and J.G. Watson. 1995. VOC Source Apportionment for the Coastal Oxidant Assessment for Southeast Texas. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. Prepared for the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Austin, TX. Fujita, E.M., J.G. Watson, J.C. Chow, N. Robinson, L. Richards, and N. Kumar. 1998. Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. Volume C: Source Apportionment and Simulation Methods and Evaluation. Final report. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Available: http ://nfraqs.cira.colostate.edu/finals.html GAO (General Accounting Office). 1996. Peer Review B EPA's Implemen- tation Remains Uneven: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1997. Air Pollution: Limitations of EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Model and Plans to Address Them:

2 78 MODELING MOBILE-SOURCE EMISSIONS Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investiga- tions, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Ac- counting Office. Gertler, A.W. J.C. Sagebiel, D.N. Wittorff, W.R. Pierson, W.A. Dippel, D. Freeman, and L. Sheetz. 1997. Vehicle Emissions in Five Urban Tun- nels. NTIS/PB97-158091. Nevada Univ. System, Reno: Desert Research Inst. Gorse, R.A. 1999. In-use Phoenix vehicle evaporative emissions. Pp.2.15- 2.21 in: Proceedings of the 9th On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, April 19-21, 1999. San Diego, CA. Graboski, M.S., R.L. McCormick, J. Yanowitz and L. Ryan. 1998. Heavy- Duty Vehicle Testing for the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. Final Report. Colorado Institute for Fuels and High-Altitude Engine Research, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO. Prepared for The Of- fice of the Vice President for Research and Information Technology, Col- orado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Feb. 24. Guensler, R. 1993. Vehicle Emission Rate and Average Vehicle Operating Speeds. Ph. D. dissertation. University of California, Davis, CA. GuensTer, R., and J.D. Leonard Il. 1997. MOBILE5a Confidence Intervals for Average Speed Emission Rates. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA. Guensler, R., S. Washington and W. Bachman. 1998. Overview of the MEASURE Modeling Framework. Pp.51-70 in Transportation Planning and Air Quality III: Emerging Strategies and Working Solution. Pre- sented at Transportation Research Board 77th Annual Meeting. Jan. Harley, R.A., A.G. Russell, and G.R. Cass. 1993a. Mathematical modeling of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds: Model performance using a lumped chemical mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1638- 1649. HarIey, R.A., A.G. Russell, G.~. McRae, G.R. Cass, and J.H. Seinfeld. 1993b. Photochemical modeling of the Southern California Air Quality Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:378-388. Harrington, W., V.D. McConnell and M. Cannon. 1998. Behavior Analysis of EPA's MOBILE Emissions Factor Model. DP-98-7. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Harvey, G. and E. Deakin. 1993. A Manual of Regional Transportation Modeling Practice for Air Quality Analysis, Version 1.0. National Asso- ciation of Regional Councils. Haskew, H.M., E. King, T.F. Liberty and R.R. Reuter. 1999. Running Loss Emissions *om In-Use Vehicle. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01- 1464. Society of Automotive Engineers, WarrendaTe, PA. Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor, R. Adams, G. gingham, J. Miller, E. Preston, and L. Weinstein. 1982. Assessment of crop Toss from ozone. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 32:353-361.

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The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

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