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Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest
Upstream
Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest
Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- Status of Salmon Populations
- The Salmon Problem
- General Conclusion
- Environmental Factors
- Limits on Salmon Production
- Values
- Genetics and Conservation
- Habitat Loss and Rehabilitation
- Dams
- Hatcheries
- Fishing
- Institutional Change
- A Scientific Advisory Board to Address Salmon Problems,
- An Approach to Solving the Salmon Problem
- The Future
- 1: Introduction
- The Salmon Problem
- Components of the System
- The Region
- The Salmon
- Evolutionary, Genetic, Ecological, and Spatial Units of Concern
- The People
- Components of the Problem
- Limits to Biological Production
- Institutions
- Knowledge
- Approaches
- 2: Salmon Geography and Ecology
- Introduction
- Salmon Life History and Distribution
- Anadromy
- Homing
- Semelparity
- Generalized Life Cycle
- Individual Species Distributions
- Pacific Northwest Salmon Areas
- Salmon Ecology in River Basins
- Species Interactions
- Juvenile Adaptability
- Spawners' Effects on Streams
- Cautions
- Salmon Ecology in the Ocean
- Interdecadal Variation in Ocean Climate
- Density-Dependent Effects
- Larger Spatial and Temporal Scales
- 3: Human History and Influences
- Historical Setting
- Cultures and Treaties
- Decline of the Beaver
- Fishing Pressures
- Propagating Fish
- Grazing Rangelands
- Harvesting the Old Growth
- Damming the Northwest
- Watering the Land
- Altering Wetlands and Estuaries
- Summary and Conclusions
- 4: Status of Salmon
- Interpreting Historical Records
- The Stock Concept
- Risk Assessment
- Fraser River Basin
- Puget Sound
- Columbia River Basin
- Historical Trends
- Snake River
- Middle and Upper Columbia River
- Lower Columbia River
Coastal Washington, Oregon, and California
- Willapa BayA Case Study
- 5: Values and Institutions
- Introduction
- Individual Preferences and Public Values
- How Salmon Are Valued
- Direct Regional Economic Value
- Indirect and Option Values
- Resource Values and Public Choice
- Value Over Time and Generations
- Institutions and Values
- "Lords of Yesterday"
- Technological Optimism
- Political Pluralism
- "Princes of Today"?
- Public Trust and American Indian Rights
- Resource Planning
Fisheries Management Institutions
- Biodiversity and Endangered Species
- Compensation, Liability and the Law
- Values and Analysis
- 6: Genetics and Conservation
- Structure of Genetic Variation
- Local Reproductive Units
- Local Adaptation
- Metapopulation Structure
- Level of Genetic Organization to be Conserved
- Effects of Human Activities on Genetic Diversity
- Conclusions
- 7: Habitat Loss
- Dimensions of the Problem
- Natural Versus Anthropogenic Disturbances
and Watershed Productivity
- Sedimentation
- Streambank Erosion
- Streambank Armoring and Channelization
- Instream Mining
- Diking, Draining, and Filling
- Flood Control
- Altered Streamflow
- Altered Groundwater
- Altered Riparian Vegetation
- Altered Thermal Regime
- Decreased Large Woody Debris
- Migration Barriers
- Water Pollution
- Loss of Refuges
- Summary
- 8: Habitat Management and Rehabilitation
- Watershed Influences
- Habitat-Management Options
- Protection
- Restoration
- Rehabilitation
- Substitution
- Watershed Analysis
- Opportunities and Challenges
- Property Rights and Habitat Protection on Private Lands
- Burden of Proof
- Habitat Management and Fisheries Management
- 9: Dams and Mitigation of Their Effects
- Introduction
- Effects of Dams on Salmon
- Dam-Related Mortality
- Time of Travel
- Unscreened Diversion Dams
- Estuarine Dynamics
- Mitigation of Dams' Effects on Salmon
- Fish-Passage Facilities
- Predator Control
- Transportation
- Spill
- Flow Augmentation
- Reservoir Drawdown
- Dam Removal
- Selection of Mitigation Alternatives
- 10: Fishing
- Salmon Fisheries in the Pacific Northwest
- Early History
- The 1990s
- Fishery-Management Institutions
- Fishery-Management Data
International Influences
- High-Seas Fishing
- Canadian and U.S. Fishery Interactions
- Conclusion
- 11: Salmon-Fishery Management Concepts
- Stock and Recruitment
- Fishery Management in the Future
- The Status Quo
- The No-Fishing Option
- The Limited-Entry Option
- The Terminal-Fishery Option
- Developing a New Management Paradigm
- Conclusions
- 12: Hatcheries
- Problems Associated with Hatchery Practices
- Demographic Risks
- Genetic and Evolutionary Risks
- Behavior
- Fish Health
- Physiology
- Ecological Problems
- Roles of Hatcheries in the Future of Salmon
- Hatcheries in the Rehabilitation Option
- Temporary Hatcheries
- Catch-Augmentation Hatchery
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- 13: Institutional Analysis
- Introduction
- Bioregional Governance
- Adaptive Management
- A Proposal for Constructive Action
- Columbia River System
- Coastal Streams and Estuaries
- 14: A Scientific Advisory Board to Address the Salmon Problem
- Gaps in Knowledge
- Science, River Flows, and Uncertainty
- A Scientific Advisory Board
- Why a Scientific Advisory Board Is Needed
- Requirements for an Effective Scientific Advisory Board
- 15 Conclusions and Recommendations: Toward a Sustainable Future for Salmon
- General Conclusion
- Environmental Changes
- Oceanic Conditions
- Regional Variation
- Values and Institutions
- Genetics and Conservation
- Genetic Resources
- Regional Population Structure
Habitat Loss and Rehabilitation
- Dams
- Fishing and Fishery Management
- Too Few Spawners
- Protection of Genetic Diversity
- Strong and Depleted Populations
- Hatcheries
- Role of Hatcheries
- Regional Variation in Use of Hatcheries
- Information Needs
- Funding Adequacy
- Adaptive Management
- Institutions
- An Approach to Solving the Salmon Problem
- The Future
- References
- Appendixes
- A: Biographical Information on Committee Members and Staff
- B: Meeting Dates and Locations
- C: Acknowledgments
- D: Major Landforms and Their Rivers
- E: International Treaty Considerations in Operation of the Columbia River System
- F: Reservoir-System Operation
- Index
Facing page: Image of the Haida Dog Salmon (Saagi) by Haida artist Bill Reid. Courtesy
of Bill Reid and the Buschlen Mowatt Gallery, 111-1445 W. Georgia St., Vancouver, BC,
Canada V6G 2T3.
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