SIMULATED VOYAGES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARINERS—THEIR WORK AND PROFESSIONAL
   DEVELOPMENT

   The Mariner Population

   U.S. and International Operating Environments

   Mariner Training, Licensing, and Professional Development

   References

2. USE OF SIMULATION IN TRAINING AND LICENSING:

   CURRENT STATE OF PRACTICE

   Rationale for Using Simulators

   Types of Simulators

   Use of Marine Simulators for Training

   Simulation in Marine Licensing

   Use of Simulation in Nonfederal Marine Licensing

   Cost of Simulator-Based Training

   Sim ulation in the Commercial Air Carrier Industry

   References

3. EFFECTIVE TRAINING WITH SIMULATION:
   THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN PROCESS

   Developing an Effective Training Program

   Applying Instructional Design

   Determining Training Methods

   Transfer and Retention of Training

   Measuring Training Program Effectiveness

   Simulator-Based Training Instructors

   Findings

   References

4. MATCHING THE TRAINING ENVIRONMENT TO OBJECTIVES

   Establishing Levels of Simulation

   Relative Importance of Simulator Components

   Simulator Components and Training Objectives

   Findings

   References

5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND LICENSING ASSESSMENT

   Understanding Performance Evaluation and Assessment

   Forms of Evaluation and Assessment

   Training and Evaluation with Simulators

   Licensing Performance Assessment with Simulators

   Issues in Simulation Evaluation or Assessme nt

   Findings

   References

6. SIMULATOR-BASED TRAINING AND SEA-TIME EQUIVALENCY

   International Sea-Time Requirements

   Definition of Sea-Time Equivalency

   Sea-Time Equivalency and Mariner Competency

   Basis for Sea-Time Equivalency

   Issues Affecting Sea-Time Equivalency Decisions

   A Systematic Appro ach to Determining Sea-Time Equivalency

   Possible Equivalency Applications

   Findings

   References

7. SIMULATION AND SIMULATOR VALIDITY AND VALIDATION

   The Fidelity-Accuracy Relationship

   Physical and Mathematical Simulation Models

   Current Practice in Validation

   Facility-Generated Models and Modifications

   An Approach to Simulator and Simulation Validation

   Issues and Future Developments

   Findings

   References

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

   Use of Simulators for Training

   Use of Simulators in the USCG Licensing Program

   Validation of Simulations and Simulators

   Research Needed to Improve Mariner Training, Licensing, and Professional Development

   Funding Simulator-Based Training and Licensing

APPENDICES

1. Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

2. International Marine Certification Roles, Responsibilities, and Standards

3. Professional Licensing Infrastructure for U.S. Merchant Mariners

4. Hydrodynamics, Physical Models, and Mathematical Modeling

5. Outlines of Sample Simulator-Based Training Courses

6. Uses of Simulators: Illustrative Case Studies

7. Microcomputer Desktop Simulation

BOXES

1-1 Selected Definitions

1-2 Mariner Professional Development: Training and Licensing

1-3 The National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) System of the
United Kingdom

2-1 Marine Operations Bridge Simulators Classifications Proposed to
International Maritime Organization (IMO)

2-2 Location of U.S. Facilities with Category I and Category II
Simulators

3-1 Elements of Instructional Design Process

3-2 Training Insights from Mariner Instructors

3-3 Instructional Tasks

3-4 Samples of Instructor Training Programs, Maritime Academy Simulator Committee (MASC): Draft "Train-the-Instructor" Course

3-5 Samples of Instructor Training Programs, The Southampton Institute Warsash Maritime Centre, United Kingdom, Full-Mission Ship-Bridge Simulator

3-6 Samples of Instructor Training Programs: MarineSafety International Rotterdam

4-1 Computer-Generated Image (CGI) Projection Systems

5-1 Use of Simulators for Performance Evaluation: The Panama Canal Commission

5-2 Comments on Testing Pilots Using Simulators

5-3 Typical Summary of a Simulator-Based Check-Ride

7-1 Anchoring Evolutions: An Example of Needed Research

F-1 Third Mate Observations on Value of Ship-Bridge Simulation Cadet Watchkeeping Course,
U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

F-2 Observations of Panama Canal Pilots on the Value of Ship-Bridge Simulation Training

G-1 Testing Objectives for Mariner License Testing Devices

G-2 Development Criteria for U.S. Coast Guard License Testing Devices

FIGURES

2-1 Types of Marine Simulators

2-2 View of the Bridge of a Full-Mission Simulator

2-3 View of the Bridge of a Full-Mission Simulator

2-4 Elements of a Sample PC-Based Simulator Program

2-5 Elements of a Sample PC-Based Simulator Program

2-6 An Example of a Manned-Model Simulator

2-7 An Example of a Manned-Model Simulator

3-1 The Training Process

4-1 Levels of Sophistication for Simulator Physical Components

4-2 Control and Monitoring Station

4-3 Estimate of Relative Importance of Ship-Bridge Equipment for Simulator Training

D-1 Paths of Stable and Unstable Ships after a Yaw Disturbance of 1 Degree

D-2 Steady Turning Rate Versus Rudder Angle

D-3 Spiral Test

D-4 Zig-Zag Maneuver Response: 5–5 Degree

F-1 Cadet Watch Team Grading Sheet

F-2 Cadet Watch Team Evaluation Sheet

F-3 Scores Achieved by 233 Cadet Watchkeeping Teams Undergoing a Simulation-Based Watchkeeping Course During the Period 1985–1994

F-4 Plot of Standard Deviation for Simulation-Based Cadet Watchstanding Course

F-5 Average and Weighted Average Scores Per Drill of Simulation-Based Watchkeeping Training at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

TABLES

1-1 Historical Inventory of World and U.S.-Flag Ocean Ships Over 1,000 Gross Tons

1-2 U.S. Coast Guard Ocean-Only License Statistics for Deck Department— Any Gross Tons, Fiscal Years 1986–1993

1-3 U.S. Coast Guard Limited and Unlimited License Activity and Number of Facilities with Category I and Category II Simulators: Summarized by Region

1-4 U.S. Coast Guard Total Limited and Unlimited Licenses, by Category, 1994

D-1 Principal Particulars