From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam.
Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) examines peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between various health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published between September 30, 2014, and December 31, 2017, and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database.
Table of Contents |
skim chapter | |
|---|---|---|
| Front Matter | i-xxii | |
| Summary | 1-16 | |
| 1 Introduction | 17-24 | |
| 2 Background | 25-44 | |
| 3 Evaluation of the Evidence Base | 45-68 | |
| 4 Biologic Mechanisms | 69-114 | |
| 5 Background on Selected Epidemiologic Studies and Populations | 115-194 | |
| 6 Immune System Disorders | 195-212 | |
| 7 Cancer | 213-364 | |
| 8 Reproductive Health Effects and Effects on Descendants | 365-432 | |
| 9 Neurologic Disorders | 433-464 | |
| 10 Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders | 465-514 | |
| 11 Other Chronic Health Outcomes | 515-558 | |
| 12 Conclusions and Recommendations | 559-572 | |
| References | 573-704 | |
| Appendix A: Public Meeting Agendas | 705-708 | |
| Appendix B: Committee and Staff Biographies | 709-716 | |
The National Academies Press and the Transportation Research Board have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to offer a variety of options for reusing our content. You may request permission to:
For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions.
Click here to obtain permission for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018).
For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here.
For questions about using the Copyright.com service, please contact:
Copyright Clearance Center
22 Rosewood Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
Tel (toll free): 855/239-3415 (select option 1)
E-mail: info@copyright.com
Web: https://www.copyright.com
Loading stats for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018)...
Finding similar items...
