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Management of Legionella in Water Systems

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Legionnaires’ disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires’ disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017.

Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires’ disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.

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Suggested Citation

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Management of Legionella in Water Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25474.

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Publication Info

304 pages | 7 x 10
ISBNs:
  • Prepublication: 978-0-309-49379-6
  • Paperback (forthcoming): 978-0-309-49382-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25474
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  • Interactive Overview of Legionella in Water Systems
    The leading cause of reportable waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States today is Legionnaires’ disease, a type of pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium. This new Consensus Study Report estimates the number of U.S. cases of Legionnaires’ disease ranges from 52,000 to 70,000 each year. Steps can be taken to limit the growth of this bacterium in water systems to reduce incidence of the disease.
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