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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY

Addressing Citrus Greening Disease

Committee on the Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease (Huanglongbing)

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by the Florida Department of Citrus Contract No. 07-27. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number (ISBN)-13: 978-0-309-15207-5

International Standard Book Number (ISBN)-10: 0-309- 15207-0

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Cover: Photo credits: Asian citrus psyllid by David Hall; lopsided fruit; huanglongbing symptoms on leaves of a branch, and on citrus trees by Mike Irey.

Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation: National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

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COMMITTEE ON THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY: CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (HUANGLONGBING)

GEORGE BRUENING, Chair,

University of California, Davis (Emeritus)

JOSEPH-MARIE BOVE,

Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, La Brède, France (Emeritus)

PAUL CITRON,

Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota (Retired)

PHILIP W. MILLER,

Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri

LOWELL R. NAULT,

The Ohio State University, Wooster (Emeritus)

MARYLOU L. POLEK,

California Citrus Research Board, Visalia

HOWARD-YANA SHAPIRO,

Mars Inc., McLean, Virginia

ANTHONY M. SHELTON,

Cornell University, Geneva, New York

LAVERN W. "PETE" TIMMER,

University of Florida, Lake Alfred (Emeritus)

JAMES H. TUMLINSON, III,

The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

RAYMOND K. YOKOMI,

USDA Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, California

Project Staff

CAMILLA Y. ABLES, Study Director

KAMWETI MUTU, Research Associate

KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant

ERIN MULCAHY, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

NORMAN R. SCOTT, Chair,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

PEGGY F. BARLETT,

Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

ROGER N. BEACHY,

Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri

HAROLD L. BERGMANN,

University of Wyoming, Laramie

RICHARD A. DIXON,

Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma

DANIEL M. DOOLEY,

University of California, Oakland

JOAN H. EISEMANN,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

GARY F. HARTNELL,

Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri

GENE HUGOSON,

Minnesota Department of Agriculture, St. Paul

KIRK C. KLASING,

University of California, Davis

VICTOR L. LECHTENBERG,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

PHILIP E. NELSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

ROBERT PAARLBERG,

Wellesley College, Watertown, Massachusetts

KEITH PITTS,

Marrone Bio Innovations, Davis, California

CHARLES W. RICE,

Kansas State University, Manhattan

HAL SALWASSER,

Oregon State University, Corvallis

PEDRO A. SANCHEZ,

The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

ROGER A. SEDJO,

Resources for the Future, Washington, DC

KATHLEEN SEGERSON,

University of Connecticut, Storrs

MERCEDES VAZQUEZ-AÑON,

Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, Missouri

Project Staff

ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director

KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant

AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Senior Program Officer

EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer

PEGGY TSAI, Program Officer

CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Associate Program Officer

KARA N. LANEY, Associate Program Officer

RUTH S. ARIETI, Research Associate

JANET M. MULLIGAN, Research Associate

KAMWETI MUTU, Research Associate

ERIN P. MULCAHY, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Acknowledgments

The authoring committee is grateful to the staff at the National Research Council, particularly Dr. Camilla Y. Ables and Robin A. Schoen, for assembling information from many diverse sources, preparing tables, figures and appendixes, supervising the report preparation process, handling numerous communications, checking documents and facts, and providing their advice on many issues. We had the benefit of input from a Liaison Committee, the members of which appear in Appendix C, as well as written and verbal presentations from many experts, who are listed in Appendix D. The committee drew on numerous sources in addition to conventional publications, including websites, newsletters, and personal communications. We have attempted to identify these sources in Appendix I but regret that we may have failed to identify each and every source.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Harold W. Browning, University of Florida, Lake Alfred (Retired)

Steven A. Slack, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster

Joseph G. Morse, University of California, Riverside

Michael S. Irey, United States Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Florida

T. Erik Mirkov, Texas A&M University, Weslaco

Mikeal L. Roose, University of California, Riverside

Stephen M. Garnsey, Fallbrook, California

Gail C. Wisler, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland

Steven J. Castle, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Maricopa, Arizona

Saskia Hogenhout, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elaine A Backus, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Appointed by the National Research Council she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
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 Huanglongbing Epidemiology and Asian Citrus Psyllid Behavioral Ecology,

 

76

   

 Research on Citrus Breeding and Genetics,

 

78

   

 Transgenes for Resistance to Clas,

 

82

   

 Transgenic and Viral and Bacterial DNA Vectors for Mediating Gene Expression in Citrus,

 

82

   

 Citrus Cultural Practices Modified to Accommodate Endemic Huanglongbing,

 

86

   

 Model Systems and Chemical Screening,

 

87

   

 Summaries of Experiences with Other Major Plant Diseases,

 

87

   

 An Overview of Resources for Citrus Pest Management Projects,

 

87

   

 Recent History of Industry Funding in Florida,

 

89

   

 Florida Citrus Advanced Technology Program,

 

89

   

 Research Communication and Information Exchange,

 

91

4

 

RECOMMENDATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES, TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, AND SYSTEMS APPROACHES FOR MINIMIZING THE IMPACTS OF HUANGLONGBING AND OTHER DISEASES AND PESTS IN FLORIDA CITRUS,

 

93

   

 Recommendations for Organizational Changes,

 

94

   

 Informational Initiatives: Communicating to the Public and Public Officials the Seriousness of Huanglongbing and Other Threats to Florida Citrus Production and the Countermeasures That May Be Needed,

 

98

   

 Recommendations for Research and Technology with the Potential to Advance Huanglongbing Mitigation in the Near-Term or Near-to-Intermediate-Term,

 

99

   

 Recommendations for Research and Technology with the Potential to Advance Huanglongbing Mitigation in the Long-Term,

 

120

5

 

STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING PLANS FOR MITIGATION OF HUANGLONGBING AND OTHER PROBLEMS IN CITRUS PRODUCTION,

 

127

   

 Implementing Plans for Huanglongbing Mitigation,

 

127

   

 Accelerating Product Development and Commercialization: Grants Vs. Contract Prizes and Alternatives,

 

130

   

 Intellectual Property Management with the Aim of Stimulating Deployment of Huanglongbing Technology,

 

134

   

 Consequences and Backup Plans Should Huanglongbing Countermeasures Prove to Be Insufficiently Effective,

 

139

   

 Recommended Measures for the Control of Non-Huanglongbing Diseases and Pest Problems,

 

140

   

 Metrics for Progress,

 

142

 

 

GLOSSARY,

 

143

 

 

REFERENCES,

 

147

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes

TABLES

Table 2-1

 

Impact of 2004-2005 Hurricanes on Florida Citrus Crop Yield (Number of Boxes),

 

20

Table 2-2

 

Bacterial Agents Associated with Huanglongbing,

 

32

Table 2-3

 

Geographical Distribution of Huanglongbing-associated Liberibacters and their Insect Vectors,

 

42

Table 2-4

 

Government, University and Non-Government Agencies with Responsibilities Related to Citrus Production and Marketing,

 

61

Table 3-1

 

Major Citrus Species that have been Genetically Transformed to Produce Citrus Plants with Genes of Agronomic Interest,

 

80

Table 4-1

 

Recommended Changes in Organizations Connected to Citrus Production,

 

94

Table 4-2

 

Recommended Informational Initiatives,

 

98

Table 4-3

 

Near- and Near-to-Intermediate-Term Recommendations,

 

100

Table 4-4

 

Long-Term Recommendations,

 

120

Table 5-1

 

External Research Vehicle Characteristics,

 

131

FIGURES

Figure 2-1

 

Worldwide orange production; percent total production, 2005–2007,

 

18

Figure 2-2

 

Path of hurricanes Charley (August 13, 2004), Frances (September 5, 2004), Jeanne (September 26, 2004), and Wilma (October 24, 2005),

 

20

Figure 2-3

 

Florida citrus production in tons and dollar value,

 

21

Figure 2-4

 

Acreage of existing commercial and bearing citrus groves,

 

22

Figure 2-5

 

Distribution of huanglongbing in Florida from October 2005 to October 2009,

 

23

Figure 2-6

 

Citrus production areas in Florida,

 

25

Figure 2-7

 

Asian citrus psyllid life cycle,

 

35

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Figure 2-8

 

Huanglongbing symptoms on citrus tree and leaves on a branch,

 

38

Figure 2-9

 

Huanglongbing symptoms on citrus leaves and fruit,

 

40

Figure 2-10

 

World distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and their insect vectors,

 

45

Figure 2-11

 

Electron micrograph of Candidatus Liberibacter sp. in the phloem of infected citrus tree,

 

46

Figure 3-1

 

Conceptual model of agency relationships,

 

90

Figure 5-1

 

Decision tree for using an inducement prize rather than other types of research or development support,

 

135

BOXES

Box 2-1

 

Huanglongbing Management in South Africa,

 

51

Box 2-2

 

Huanglongbing Management in China,

 

52

Box 2-3

 

Huanglongbing Management in São Paulo State, Brazil,

 

53

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACP Asian citrus psyllid

ABP anti bacterial peptide

ACPS advanced citrus production system

AFRI Agriculture and Food Research Initiative

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)

ARS Agricultural Research Service (USDA)

CAC Citrus Administrative Committee

CC (or CBC) citrus canker, citrus bacterial canker

CCTF Core Citrus Transformation Facility

CDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture

cDNA complementary DNA

CHMA Citrus Health Management Areas

CHRP Citrus Health Response Program

CiLV bacilliform virus (causal agent of Leprosis)

CLaf Candidatus Liberibacter africanus

CLam Candidatus Liberibacter americanus

CLas Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

c-PCR competitive polymerase chain reaction

CPHST Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

CRDF Citrus Research and Development Foundation

CREC Citrus Research and Education Center

CSD citrus sudden death

CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CTV citrus tristeza virus

CVC citrus variegated chlorosis

DEP Department of Environmental Protection

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DMDS dimethyl disulfide

DMS Differential Mobility Spectrometer

DOD US Department of Defense

DOE US Department of Energy

DOL US Department of Labor

DPI Division of Plant Industry (FDACS)

dsRNA double stranded RNA

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
×

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EM electron microscopy

EPA US Environmental Protection Agency

EST expressed sequence tag

FCIRCC Florida Citrus Industry Research Coordinating Council

FCM Florida Citrus Mutual

FCP Florida Citrus Packers

FCPA Florida Citrus Processors Association

FCPMA Florida Citrus Production Managers Association

FCPRAC Florida Citrus Production Research Advisory Council

FDA US Food and Drug Administration

FDACS Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

FDOC Florida Department of Citrus/Florida Citrus Commission

FFSP Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.

FGFSA Florida Gift Fruit Shippers Association

FIFRA Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FL DEP Florida Department of Environmental Protection

FNGLA Florida Nursery, Growers and Landscape Association

GC guanine-cytosine

GWSS glassy winged sharpshooter

HIPREE Huanglongbing Information Platform for Research, Extension and Education

HLB huanglongbing

ICE US Immigration and Customs Enforcement

IFAS Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF)

ICGC International Citrus Genome Consortium

IOCV International Organization of Citrus Virologists

IP intellectual property

IPM integrated pest management

IR-4 Interregional Project Number 4

IRM insecticide resistance management programs

IRREC Indian River Research and Education Center

LFM lateral flow microarray

MA monoclonal antibodies

Mbp megabase pairs

MCDV maize chlorotic dwarf virus

MDMV maize dwarf mosaic virus

miRNA micro RNA

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12880.
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NAE National Academy of Engineering

NIH National Institutes of Health

n-PCR nested polymerase chain reaction

NSF National Science Foundation

NVDMC New Varieties Development and Management Corporation

OHS Open Hydrophonics System

OMRI Organic Materials Review Institute

OSHA US Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSU Ohio State University

PASS potentially actionable suspect samples

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PC-STR psyllid control and symptomatic tree removal

PFD postbloom fruit drop

PI principal investigator

PIPE Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education

PIPRA Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture

PMAP Pest Management Alternatives Program

PPQ Plant Pest and Quarantine

(+) ssRNA positive, single stranded RNA

q-PCR quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

rDNA ribosomal DNA

R&D research and development

RFP Request for Proposals

RNA ribonucleic acid

RNAi RNA interference

rRNA ribosomal RNA

RTi-PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction

SAB scientific advisory board

SAR systemic acquired resistance

SCRA Specialty Crops Regulatory Assistance

SGDL Southern Gardens Diagnostic Laboratory

SIT sterile insect technique

SNP single nucleotide polyphormism

SPS Saõ Paulo State

SWFREC Southwest Florida Research and Education Center

TEM transmission electron microscopy

TIG Technology Innovation Group, Inc.

tRNA transfer RNA

Page xviii Cite
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UAE United Arab Emirates

UC University of California

UF University of Florida

USDA US Department of Agriculture

USPTO US Patent and Trademark Office

WBDL witches’ broom disease of limes

VOC volatile organic compound

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Citrus greening, a disease that reduces yield, compromises the flavor, color, and size of citrus fruit and eventually kills the citrus tree, is now present in all 34 Floridian citrus-producing counties. Caused by an insect-spread bacterial infection, the disease reduced citrus production in 2008 by several percent and continues to spread, threatening the existence of Florida's $9.3 billion citrus industry.

A successful citrus greening response will focus on earlier detection of diseased trees, so that these sources of new infections can be removed more quickly, and on new methods to control the insects that carry the bacteria. In the longerterm, technologies such as genomics could be used to develop new citrus strains that are resistant to both the bacteria and the insect.

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