National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

Building A Diverse Work Force

Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research

Committee to Study Diversity in the Scientific and Engineering Work Force of the Office of Naval Research

Committee on Women and Science in Engineering

Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

Naval Studies Board

National Academy Press
Washington, D.C.
1997

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This work was performed under Department of Navy Contract N00014-93-C-0089 issued by the Office of Naval research under contract authority NR 201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or of the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

The United States Government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate, reproduce, deliver, perform, and dispose of all or any of this work, and to authorize others so to do.

Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Additional copies of this report are available from:

Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

National Research Council

2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20418

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

COMMITTEE TO STUDY DIVERSITY IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING WORK FORCE OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Harrison Shull, Chair Member,

National Academy Of Sciences



Linda Cain Director
Office of University and Science Education
Oak Ridge National Laboratory

George Campbell, Jr. President and CEO
NACME, Inc.

Katharine B. Gebbie Director
Physics Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Eve L. Menger Director
Characterization Science & Services Coming, Inc.

Herbert Rabin
Director, Engineering Research Center
Associate Dean, A. J. Clark School of Engr.
University of Maryland College Park

Frank J. Talamantes
Professor of Biology
Sinsheimer Laboratories
University of California, Santa Cruz

Toni Tomacci
Multicultural Diversity Specialist
Director, Human Resources
Matridigm Corporation

Stephen J. Lukasik, Liaison
Committee on Women in Science and Engineering


NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

Ronald Taylor Director
Naval Studies Board

Marilyn Baker Associate Executive Director
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel


Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

COMMITTEE ON WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Howard Georgi, Co-Chair Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics

Harvard University



Lilian Shiao-Yen Wu, Co-Chair
Thomas J. Watson Research Center IBM Corporation

Harold Amos Maude & Lilian Presley Professor
Emeritus of Molecular Genetic Harvard Medical School

Anita Borg Consultant Engineer
Digital Equipment Corporation

Jane E. Buikstra Professor of Anthropology
University of New Mexico

Deborah Jackson Member,
Technical Staff Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Frances E. Lockwood Vice President
Technical & Product Development Valvoline

Stephen J. Lukasik
Los Angeles, California

Willie Pearson, Jr. Professor of Sociology
Wake Forest University

Edward Roy, Jr. Vice President for Academic Affairs
Trinity University

Susan Solomon Senior Scientist
NOAA

Lois Steele Acting Division Director
Human Resources Systems Development Indian Health Service—Tucson

Julia Weertman Walter P. Murphy Professor
Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science Northwestern University

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

Linda C. Skidmore Director


Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

M.R.C. Greenwood, Chair Chancellor

University of California, Santa Cruz



David Breneman Dean
Curry School of Education University of Virginia

Nancy Cantor Dean, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies Vice Provost,
Academic Affairs University of Michigan

Carlos Gutierrez Professor of Chemistry
California State University, Los Angeles

Stephen J. Lukasik
Los Angeles, California

Barry Munitz Chancellor
The California State University

Janet Norwood Senior Fellow
The Urban Institute

John D. Wiley Provost Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs
University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tadataka Yamada President
Healthcare Services SmithKline Beecham Corporation

A. Thomas Young
North Potomac, Maryland

William H. Miller, ex-officio
Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley



NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

Charlotte Kuh Executive Director

Marilyn J. Baker Associate Executive Director


Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

NAVAL STUDIES BOARD

David K Heebner, Chair
Science Applications International Corporation (retired)



George M. Whitesides, Vice Chair
Harvard University


Albert J. Baciocco, Jr.
The Baciocco Group, Inc.


Alan Berman
Applied Research Laboratory Pennsylvania State University


Norman E. Betaque
Logistics Management Institute


Norval L. Broome
The Mitre Corporation


Gerald A. Cann
Raytheon Company


Seymour J. Deitchman
Chevy Chase, Maryland


Anthony J. DeMaria
DeMaria ElectroOptics Systems, Inc.


John F. Egan
Lockheed Martin Corporation


Robert Hummel
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University


David W. McCall
AT&T Bell Laboratories (retired)


Robert J. Murray
Center for Naval Analyses


Robert B. Oakley
National Defense University


William J. Phillips
Northstar Associates, Inc.


Mara G. Prentiss
Jefferson Laboratory Harvard University


Herbert Rabin
University of Maryland


Julie JCH Ryan
Booz, Allen and Hamilton


Harrison Shull
Naval Postgraduate School (retired)


Keith A. Smith
Vienna, Virginia


Robert C. Spindel
Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington


David L. Stanford
Science Applications International Corporation ·


H. Gregory Tornatore
Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University


J. Pace VanDevender
Prosperity Institute


Vincent Vitto
Lincoln Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology


Brace Wald
Center for Naval Analyses


NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

Ronald D. Taylor Director


Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

PREFACE

In late 1994, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide advice on how to ensure diversity in its future science and engineering work force in order to meet the needs of anticipated naval science and engineering specialties. The NRC Naval Studies Board and the Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, through its Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, convened a one-day planning meeting to discuss an appropriate response to this request. At that meeting, Dr. Fred Saalfeld, Deputy Chief of Naval Research, suggested that the NRC might examine (1) how to increase diversity within ONR headquarters and thus indirectly within the Navy Laboratories, (2) how to recruit women, minorities, and persons with disabilities to ONR science and technology positions, (3) how to create a work climate in ONR that permits individuals to reach their full professional potential and to enter management ranks, and (4) how ONR's educational programs can be used to help increase the diversity of the long-term national pool of scientists and engineers, as well as those at ONR.

These discussions led to the creation of a two-part study. Task 1 was to identify short-term activities that ONR might undertake to address recruitment, retention and attrition, utilization, and career development of the women, minority, and disabled scientists and engineers in its own science and engineering (hereafter referred to as S&E) work force; to analyze the current work environment; and to identify examples of programs elsewhere that might be used or modified for use at ONR.

Task 2 was intended to address the longer-term pipeline issues and to examine the effectiveness of ONR's educational programs (its "corporate programs") in promoting diversity in the future national S&E work force and at ONR. The committee was asked to review the origins, objectives, and effectiveness of these programs and to determine how they might be modified to help increase the supply and availability of underrepresented scientists and engineers.

While this study is in response to a request from the Office of Naval Research, the issue of how to increase the diversity of a scientific or technical work force is a generic one. The committee believes most of the recommendations contained in this report have applicability to other federal agencies as well, and many apply to universities and industrial organizations trying to increase the diversity of their science and engineering work force.

A few comments on the methodology and scope of the study are in order. The committee met four times to analyze information and to deliberate. In addition, a subcommittee met separately to examine ONR's corporate programs. The former Chief of Naval Research, the Deputy

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

Chief of Naval Research, the Chair of the ONR Diversity Committee, and the Deputy Director of the Corporate Programs Division all provided briefings.

The committee used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to gather information. Data on the pools of scientists and engineers in the nation's work force potentially eligible for current or future positions at ONR were generated from the 1993 Survey of Doctorate Recipients, the 1990-95 Surveys of Earned Doctorates, and the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates, sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and other federal agencies. ONR provided extensive data on the demographic, educational, and employment characteristics of the 150 individuals in its S&E group, as well as samples of recent hiring actions.

A consultant to the committee conducted in-depth personal interviews with 71 of the 150 scientists and engineers, 66 of whom also returned a written questionnaire concerning their attitudes towards a number of issues related to diversity. Summaries of the interview results can be found in Appendix C.

The committee has attempted to gather information on successful diversity initiatives in organizations similar to ONR. Although it could not provide a comprehensive overview of such initiatives within the time and budget available, the committee did identify several examples of programs that can be adapted for use at ONR. In reviewing ONR's corporate programs, the committee examined descriptive material, data on participants, and sample program evaluations. It did not conduct an independent evaluation of each program.

Although early discussions with Navy representatives on the scope of the study indicated a desire to address the Navy's scientific work force, subsequent discussions with ONR leadership established that the committee should focus on the scientific and engineering work force in ONR, which consists of approximately 150 professionals housed primarily in its headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, who manage Navy research and development funds. These program officers and their managers administer $1.4 billion annually and serve as a principal interface between the Navy and the academic community. Changing this work force can have an impact throughout the Navy's science and engineering community, including ONR's 5,400 principal investigators.

There are nearly 1,500 scientists and engineers who work in the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), but they are primarily practicing scientists and engineers, not managers of research funds. Although their qualifications and backgrounds may be very similar to ONR scientists and engineers, their work activities are not. In consultation with ONR therefore, the committee decided to exclude NRL personnel from the present study, except as a possible pool for recruitment into ONR headquarters. References to ONR in this study are to ONR headquarters only.

For purposes of this report, "diversity" is defined as the presence of a significant number of women, members of underrepresented racial groups, and persons with disabilities throughout the organization. "Significant" presence is determined by the numbers of individuals in each of the above groups eligible for employment in ONR positions. For ease of reference, the phrases "minorities and women," "underrepresented groups," and ''target group(s)'' used in this report all refer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

to the three groups above, unless otherwise indicated.

The racial and ethnic groups targeted here are the primary groups that continue to be underrepresented in science and engineering fields: U.S. citizens who are African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians. Asian Americans are not included since in most fields of science and engineering they are not underrepresented. Some issues related to Asian Americans did surface in the interviews with ONR employees, however, and it was clear that their experiences were not the same as whites. The committee recognizes that this categorization does not capture the complexity of the situation. Not all Hispanic subgroups, for example, are underrepresented, while some Asian Americans, like Pacific Islanders, are. Unfortunately, the data sources available to us do not permit a greater level of detail.

The definition of "persons with disabilities" is also complex. For purposes of this report, the definition used by NSF in its national surveys is applied: "individuals who have severe difficulty seeing, hearing, walking and/or lifting or are unable to perform these tasks." While the national surveys do collect data on these individuals, the numbers in any given field are very small.

In describing ONR's current science and engineering work force, the committee has not been able to provide any detailed analysis by race or disability status as there is only one member of a minority group (an African American) in the population of 150, and only three persons with disabilities, according to ONR records. The bulk of the analysis, therefore, focuses on differences by gender. Data tables on the ONR work force are provided in the appendixes wherever possible, but in some cases the data have been omitted or have been presented in aggregate form to avoid the possibility of associating responses with specific individuals.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In carrying out this project, the committee has enjoyed sponsorship of both the Naval Studies Board and the Committee for Women in Science and Engineering, located in the NRC Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP). The committee also had significant interaction with Rear Admiral Mark Pelaez, former Chief of Naval Research, who sponsored the study; Dr. Fred Saalfeld, Deputy Chief of Naval Research; and the ONR Diversity Committee through Dr. Constance Oliver, its chair. ONR's Office of Human Resources, under the direction of Mary Aylor, was very cooperative in supplying personnel data. In addition, Debra Hughes, Deputy Director of the Corporate Programs Division, provided extensive background information on ONR's educational programs.

The committee is grateful for the hard work and sound advice of Ronald Taylor, Director of the Naval Studies Board, and Marilyn Baker, Associate Executive Director of OSEP, who both entered this effort after it was under way and were instrumental in its completion. It also wishes to thank Karen Bogart, who conducted extensive interviews with ONR personnel; Molla Teclemariam, who provided data analysis and technical support; and Tamae Wong, who collected examples of successful diversity initiatives in other organizations. Pamela Lohof provided administrative support for the project and did an excellent job of editing the final document.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

In our world today, it is not enough for us and our students to acknowledge, in an abstract sense, that other kinds of people, with other modes of thought and feeling and action, exist somewhere—unseen, unheard, unvisited, and unknown. We must, in addition, extend ourselves in order to have direct contact with some substantial portion of that larger universe. There must be opportunities to hear different views directly—face to face—from people who believe them and embody them. Much can be learned from reading, from travel, and from formal academic study. But little if anything can substitute for the experience of continued association with others who are different from ourselves, and who challenge us even as we challenge them.

NEIL L. RUDENSTINE

PRESIDENT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

1996

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

FIGURES

2-1

 

Experienced S&E doctorates by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

17

2-2

 

Physical science doctorates by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

17

2-3

 

Percent female, underrepresented minorities, and disabled S&E doctorates: 1960-89

 

18

2-4

 

Underrepresented S&E doctorates by sector of employment

 

19

2-5

 

Experienced master's in engineering by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

20

2-6

 

Percent female, underrepresented minorities, and disabled persons with master's in engineering: 1960-89

 

21

2-7

 

Underrepresented master's in engineering by sector of employment

 

22

2-8

 

Recent doctorates by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

24

2-9

 

Recent doctorates in physical sciences by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

24

2-10

 

Recent master's in engineering by field, gender, and race

 

25

2-11

 

ONR S&E employees by demographic characteristics

 

27

2-12

 

ONR S&E work force year of college entrance

 

28

2-13

 

ONR work force by grade and highest degree earned

 

29

2-14

 

Total and female ONR work force by field

 

31

2-15

 

ONR S&E work force by grade and gender

 

32

2-16

 

ONR start date

 

33

2-17

 

ONR S&E work force by most recent previous employer

 

35

2-18

 

ONR S&E recent hires by start grade and gender

 

37

2-19

 

NRL S&E employees by field, gender, race, and disability status

 

39

2-20

 

NRL S&E employees by grade and gender

 

39

2-21

 

Female principal investigators by sector of employment

 

40

2-22

 

National pool of experienced S&E and ONR doctorate work force by year of college entrance and gender

 

42

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

TABLES

2-1

 

Distribution of ONR Work Force Across Grades

 

30

2-2

 

ONR Hire Date by Gender

 

32

2-3

 

Percent of Women in the ONR Work Force and National Pools

 

43

2-4

 

Percent of Underrepresented Minorities in the ONR Work Force and National Pools

 

46

2-5

 

Percent of Disabled Persons in the ONR Work Force and National Pools

 

47

APPENDIX A

Series A-L: 1960-89 Graduates (1993)

A-1.1

 

Number of Employed S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Demographic Characteristics

 

86

A-1.2

 

Number of Employed Physical Science Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Demographic Characteristics

 

87

A-1.3

 

Number of Employed S&E Doctorates, by Year of Doctorate and Demographic Characteristics

 

88

A-1.4

 

Number of Employed S&E Doctorates, by Year of College Entrance

 

89

A-1.5

 

Number of Underrepresented S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate, Sector of Employment, and Carnegie Classification

 

90

A-1.6

 

Number of Underrepresented S&E Doctorates Employed in Academia, by Field of Doctorate and Academic Rank

 

91

A-1.7

 

Responsibilities

 

92

A-1.8

 

Number of Underrepresented S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and R&D Status

 

93

Series A-2:1960-89 Graduates (1993)

A-2.1

 

Number of Employed Engineers with Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Demographic Characteristics

 

94

A-2.2

 

Number of Employed Engineers with Master's in Engineering, by Year of Graduation and Demographic Characteristics

 

95

A-2.3

 

Number of Underrepresented Engineers with Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Sector of Employment

 

96

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×

A-2.4

 

Number of Underrepresented Engineers with Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Professional Experience

 

97

A-2.5

 

Number of Underrepresented Engineers with Master' s in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Occupation

 

98

A-2.6

 

Number of Underrepresented Engineers with Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and R&D Status

 

99

Series A-3:1990-95 Graduates

A-3.1

 

Number of Recent Ph.D. Scientists and Engineers, by Field of Doctorate and Demographic Characteristics

 

100

A-3.2

 

Number of Recent Physical Science Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Demographic Characteristics

 

101

A-3.3

 

Number of Underrepresented Recent S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Geographic Location of Ph.D. Institution

 

102

A-3.4

 

Number of Underrepresented Recent S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Carnegie Classification

 

103

A-3.5

 

Number of Underrepresented Recent S&E Doctorates, by Field of Doctorate and Locus of Institutional Control

 

104

Series A-4:1990-93 Graduates (1993)

A-4.1

 

Number of Engineers with Recent Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Demographic Characteristics

 

105

A-4.2

 

Number of Underrepresented Engineers with Recent Master's in Engineering, by Field of Degree and Geographic Location

 

106

Series A-5:

A-5.1

 

ONR S&E Work Force by Field of Employment, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender

 

107

A-5.2

 

ONR S&E Work Force by Year of College Entrance

 

108

A-5.3

 

ONR S&E Work Force by Highest Degree Earned Grade, and Gender

 

109

A-5.4

 

ONR S&E Work Force by Field of Employment Grade, and Gender

 

110

A-5.5

 

ONR Start Date by Grade and Gender

 

111

A-5.6

 

Target Grade for GS 13 and GS 14 ONR S&E Employees by Gender

 

112

A-5.7

 

Median Salaries of the ONR S&E Program Officers by Grade and Gender

 

113

A-5.8

 

ONR S&E Work Force by the Most Recent and Second Most Recent Previous Employer

 

114

A-5.9

 

ONR Employee Separations (1988-95) by Year, Gender, Race, and Grade

 

115

A-5.10

 

ONR Most Recent Hires (1994-95) by Gender, Field of Employment, Grade at Hire, Most Recent and Second Most Recent Previous Employer

 

116

Series A-6:

A-6.1

 

NRL S&E Employees by Field of Employment and Demographic Characteristics

 

117

A-6.2

 

NRL S&E Employees by Field of Employment, Grade, and Gender

 

118

A-6.3

 

NRL S&E Employees by Grade and Race

 

119

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1997. Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5837.
×
Page R18
Next: Executive Summary »
Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $51.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF
  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!