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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Index

A

Abortion, 41

Abt Associates, Inc. 193, 194, 195

Access restrictions, see Confidentiality and privacy

ACS, see American Community Survey

Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 2, 8, 25, 30, 32, 50, 51–53, 77, 86–87, 96, 97, 150–151, 158

administrative data, 134, 136, 137, 138, 151

overview of ongoing research programs, table, 171, 181–185, 205

program description data, 142–143, 181

Administrative data and studies, 3, 6, 8, 10–11, 28, 42, 43–45, 67, 71, 102, 103–104, 124, 127, 128–138, 147, 149–150, 159–160

see also Caseload size

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202

confidentiality, 139, 140

cost factors, 130, 137–138

cross-area studies, general, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 147

Current Population Survey and, 82

Department of Health and Human Services, 11, 128, 133–134, 135, 136, 153, 159–160

Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 134, 136, 137, 138, 151

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 134, 135, 148, 151–152

eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136

experimental methods and, 71, 129

families and households, 130, 136

fathers, 136–137

historical perspectives, 131, 147

leavers studies, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191–193

local-level effects, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202

outcome measures, general, 40, 41, 63, 138

program participation, 132, 133

reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 141–142, 159, 160;

see also “standards” infra

sampling, 129, 130, 147

social security numbers (SSNs), 128, 132, 136, 139

standards, 131–133, 135, 136, 137, 147, 151, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 40, 43–45, 128–138, 139, 149–150, 151, 175, 179, 189

time-series analysis, 131, 136

urban areas, 129, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)

various specific studies, 174, 188–206 (passim)

Adolescents, 176

data sources, 105(n.1), 106, 108, 228

teenage pregnancy, 39, 41, 174, 176, 177

troubled, 38, 39

AFDC,

see Aid for Families with Dependent Children

African Americans,

see race/ethnicity

Age factors, 215

see also Adolescents;

Children;

Child wll-being;

Cohort comparison studies;

Teenage pregnancy

data sources, 105(n.1), 110, 136, 225, 227

decennial census, 222

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158

Aggregation and disaggregation of data, 68–69, 79, 188, 217, 226

caseloads, 32, 93, 129, 136, 211, 215

difference-in-difference methods, 68

program participation, 93

time-series analysis, 58, 65

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 1, 14, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 37, 45, 46, 47, 55, 66, 95, 96, 106, 108, 113, 209–219

see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

administrative practices and data, 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202

program participation, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184

various specific studies, 174, 179, 182, 188, 189, 194, 202, 229, 231

Alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182

American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224

American Indians, 181, 183, 190

American Public Human Services Association, 143, 206

Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 2, 6, 8, 50, 51–53, 77, 100, 101, 127

administrative data, 134, 135, 148, 151–152

Annual Report to Congress, 52–53, 100, 148

econometric evaluations, 32

experimental studies, 77, 97, 175, 182

funding, general, 25, 34–35, 51, 125, 127–128, 147–148

leaver studies, 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 135, 151

overview of ongoing research programs, 171–180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 205

organizational role, 52, 125, 127–128, 147–148, 150–152

Altitudes, 46–47, 63–64

public opinion, 16, 40

B

Benchmarking, 74

Benefit penalties,

see Sanctions

Block grants, 44

see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Bonuses, 41, 135, 151

Bureau of the Census,

see Census Bureau

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 153, 156, 157

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

Business cycle, 29, 65, 71, 97

C

Canada, 31

Caps, family, 7, 20, 47, 69–70, 142, 211, 213

Case management, 48, 198

qualitative data, 144

Caseload size, 4, 5, 7, 24, 20–22, 31–32, 40, 41, 51, 79, 89, 90–92, 97–98, 136, 142, 151, 176, 205, 209, 210, 211, 214–216

aggregation/disaggregation of data, 32, 93, 129, 136, 211–215

cohort studies, 58–59

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

defined, 25

historical trends, 19

Case studies, 177, 179, 197, 230

Census Bureau, 26, 117, 122–123, 152, 153

see also Current Population Survey

American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224

decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228

Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140

health insurance coverage, 105(n.2)

Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Pilot Project, 128–129, 140

Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–115 (passim), 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226– 228

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204

Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 33, 51, 142

Center for Law and Social Policy, 33, 51, 142, 200

Child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136

specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205

Children, 35, 37–38, 39, 110, 222, 231

see also Adolescents;

Aid for Families with Dependent Children

abuse and neglect, 38, 129

benefit limits for additional, 13

child support, including FPLS, 18–19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 196, 200

decennial census, 222

education of, 37, 189, 203

school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229

Medicaid coverage, 21, 37, 185

Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229

Child Support Enforcement Program, 128

Child Welfare Panel, 158

Child well-being, 2, 5, 15, 35, 40, 41, 157–158

see also Fathers;

Single mothers;

Teenage pregnancy

data sources, general, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132

state-level studies, general, 35, 50

various studies, 172, 173, 178, 182, 184, 188, 189, 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 230

waiver programs, 30, 31, 35

welfare leavers, 29

Cohort comparison studies, 29, 32, 65, 70, 72, 73, 158

caseload size, 58–59

leaver studies, 94–95, 99, 173, 174

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

qualitative data, 145

specification tests, 74

various specific studies, 180, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198

Community service programs, 156

child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136

specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205

public housing, 106, 113, 197

transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136

Comparative group methods, 7–8, 32, 55, 57–60, 64, 66–77 (passim), 94, 98, 118, 121, 126, 131, 143

Computer-assisted interviewing (CAPI/CATI), 227, 229, 230, 231

Confidentiality and privacy, 34, 103, 132, 138–141, 202

administrative data, 139, 140

standards, 138, 139, 140

state data, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140

Congressional Research Service, 33, 142

Cost and cost-effectiveness, 5, 22, 217

administrative data, 130, 137–138

microsimulation models, 84

randomized experiments, 56, 71–72

state and local surveys, 5, 124

various specific studies on, 182, 189, 194, 196, 198

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 79, 80, 81–82, 210, 211–215

CPS,

see Current Population Survey

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Cross-area studies, 6, 7, 8, 29, 31, 39, 45, 49, 57–58, 60, 61, 64–65, 69–71, 72, 73, 76, 83, 97, 110, 117, 125, 205, 222–223

administrative data, general, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 147

leaver studies, 94, 135, 179

qualitative and ethnographic data, 145–146

sensitivity tests, 75

specification tests, 74

statistical power, 78–82, 209–219

waiver programs, 78, 79–80, 81, 209–219

Cross-sectional studies, 29, 30(n.3), 68, 71, 73, 78, 82, 120, 231

American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224

decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230

Current Population Survey (CPS), 10, 16, 27, 68, 79, 80, 104, 106–107, 111, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 153, 156, 159, 181, 224–226

econometric evaluations, 32, 210–218

sampling, 81–82, 106, 107, 110, 224–225

Cyclic welfare users, 89–91, 173

D

Databases, 11, 33, 34, 51, 142, 147–148, 160, 181, 185, 191, 206

see also Internet

microsimulation models, viii, 83–84

Data needs, 2, 8–9, 14, 39, 42, 47, 55, 68, 70–71, 73, 102–148, 201–205

see also Aggregation and disaggregation of

data;

Confidentiality and privacy;

Internet;

Organizational Factors;

Sampling and sample sizes;

Standards

administrative data, 102, 103–104, 124, 127, 128–138, 147

adolescents, 105(n.1), 106, 108

age factors, general, 105(n.1), 110, 136

child well-being, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132

committee charge, 15

cross-area studies, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 145–146, 147

Department of Health and Human Services, 8–9, 11, 103, 118, 150–160

disabled persons, 110, 142, 155–156

eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136, 142

immigrants, 110

local-level effects, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123–128, 133, 141, 143, 144

program-level evaluations, 102, 105, 125, 141–144

program participation, 132, 133

state-level data, various, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147

devolution and, 3, 9–10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 97, 103–104, 139, 154

statistical power, 54, 78–82, 209–219

Decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228

Department of Agriculture, 122

see also Food and Nutrition Service;

Food stamps

Department of Commerce,

see Census Bureau;

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Department of Education, 8–9

National Center for Education Statistics, 157–158

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 99–100, 122, 123, 128, 205

see also Administration for Children and Families;

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

administrative data, 11, 128, 133–134, 135, 136, 153, 159–160

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158

confidentiality, 139

data collection/analysis, general, 8–9, 11, 103, 118, 150–160

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 9, 153, 156, 157, 158

National Institutes of Health, 26

process evaluations, 86, 87

program description data, 142, 143

state program rules, 33, 44

state cooperation, 9–10, 127, 128

technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Department of Housing and Urban Development, 122

Department of Justice, 8–9, 153

Department of Labor, 8–9, 26, 30–31, 156

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 153, 156, 157

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

Department of Transportation, 153

Descriptive studies, 6, 11, 24, 26–28, 42, 49, 141–144

see specific studies

Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 142–143, 181

defined, 25

Internet sites, 28, 142, 187

local-level effects, 141, 143, 144, 189, 190, 201

reporting requirements, 141–142

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 141–144, 188–191 (passim)

time-series analysis, 61

various, 26–28, 172–173, 188–191, 195, 197, 198, 200–201

DHHS,

see Department of Health and Human Services

Diet,

see Nutrition

Difference-in-difference methods, 59–60, 66–67, 68, 70, 72–73, 76, 77, 98

Disabled persons, 4, 34, 38, 39, 142, 179, 190

data sources, 110, 142, 155–156

special education, 203

Disaggregation,

see Aggregation and disaggregation of data

Diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199

Domestic violence, 38, 39, 188

Drug abuse,

see Alcohol and drug abuse

Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140

E

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 158, 180

Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176

Econometric modeling, 7, 24, 31–32, 51, 58, 65–66, 67, 97–98, 99

see also Caseload size

defined, 25

waiver programs, 31, 67

Educational attainment, 4, 40, 41

language factors, 34, 175

program participation and, 80, 81, 92–93

teenage mothers, 39

waivers, 81, 211, 215–216

welfare sanctions and, 38

Education and training, 37, 42, 175

see also Department of Education children, 37, 189, 203

school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229

difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66

professional, survey methodology, 128

randomized experiments, 31

single mothers, 59, 66

Work First Program, 19–20

Work Incentive Program, 18

Eligibility, 2, 15, 29

see also Program participation

administrative data, general, 129, 130, 131, 136

AFDC trends, 17

difference-in-difference methods, 59

diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199

immigrants, 38–39

matching, 60, 65

Medicaid coverage, 21, 22

microsimulation models, viii, 83–84

program description data, 142

Employment, 4, 40, 71, 113, 117–118, 128–129, 136, 209–219 (passim)

see also Current Population Survey;

Leaver studies

child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136

specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205

contingent, 27, 172

Current Population Survey, 81, 113

econometric evaluations, 32

Federal Parent Locator Service, 128

financial incentives, 18

parenting and, 177;

see also “child care services” supra

job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190

retention initiatives, 35

teenage mothers, 177

transition to, 4, 13, 16, 18, 22, 39, 42, 181, 190

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

see also Education and training;

Sanctions;

Work requirements

transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136

unemployment insurance, 29, 90, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 202

unemployment rates, 21, 32, 95, 132, 157, 158, 173, 210, 225(n.3)

various specific studies, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 194, 204, 205, 206

welfare stayers, 30

working poor, 37;

see also “transition to” supra

Employment Retention and Advancement Project, 30

Energy assistance, 113, 156

Error of measurement, 102, 114, 119, 123, 125

Ethnicity,

see Race/ethnicity

Ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198

Experimental methods, 7, 14, 20–31, 56–57, 64, 69, 71–72, 73, 76–77, 95–97, 175, 182, 184, 193–196

administrative data, general, 71, 129

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 77, 97, 175, 182

cost factors, 56, 71–72

defined, 25

generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 83–86, 97

implementation and process analysis, 61

microsimulation models, viii, 83–86

job training and placement, 175

waiver programs, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183

F

Families and households, 3, 4, 5, 14, 26–27, 34, 35, 40–41, 102, 176, 177, 183, 188, 192

see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;

Children;

Child well-being;

Current Population Survey;

Marriage and marital status;

National-level studies;

Panel Study of Income Dynamics;

Qualitative studies;

Sampling and sample size;

Survey of Income and Program Participation;

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

administrative data, 130, 136

caps, 7, 20, 47, 69–70, 142, 211, 213

case management, 48

committee study methodology, 1, 2, 15

domestic violence, 38, 39, 188

qualitative analysis, 62

populations of interest, 4, 38, 39

special needs groups, 38, 39

Family Support Act, 18, 31

Fathers, 176, 177, 183

administrative data, 136–137

child support, 18–19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 185, 196, 200

Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 128, 132, 133, 185

Food,

see Nutrition

Food and Nutrition Service, 26

Food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229

specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203

Foundations, 6, 26, 30, 50, 104, 185

Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86–87, 192, 199, 200

Fragile Families Study, 35, 145, 176

Front-line Management and Practice Study, 86–87

Funding, 10, 25–26, 99–100, 104, 127–128, 143

see also Block grants

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 25, 34–35, 51, 125, 127–128, 147–148

committee study at hand, vii, 2, 14–15

non-TANF programs, 44

G

Generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 83–86, 97

microsimulation models, viii, 83–86

H

Handicapped persons,

see Disabled persons

Health insurance, 105(n.2), 108, 172, 202, 225

see also Medicaid

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 37, 179, 185

universal, 40

Health status and care, 4, 5, 40, 108, 127, 199

see also Disabled persons;

Mental health and illness

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Hispanics, 107, 108, 226, 232, 233–234

Historical perspectives, 1, 13, 16–23, 45, 46–47, 97, 99, 149, 209

see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;

Time-series analysis

administrative data, 131, 147

ethnographic and qualitative studies, 34

populations of interest, 37

randomized experiments, 30, 56

Homeless persons, 111, 132, 172

Housing, 4, 40

homeless persons, 111, 132, 172

public, 106, 113, 197

subsidies, 108

I

Immigrants, 110

ineligible, 38–39

language factors, 34, 175

various specific studies, 173, 180, 204

Implementation studies, 6, 24, 25, 27, 33–34, 42, 61, 64, 67–68, 72, 86, 87–88, 123

see also Process analysis

local studies, 51, 54, 197

various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193–200

Income, general, 105(n.2), 106, 113

see also Survey of Income and Program Participation

Current Population Survey, 81, 225

income tests, 22

as outcome measure, 4, 31, 40, 41, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217, 228

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232

In-depth interviews, 107, 108, 193, 197, 203, 225, 227, 233

computer-assisted (CAPI/CATI), 227, 229, 230, 231

qualitative studies, 34, 144, 145

welfare leavers, 28

Individuals, characteristics and effects on, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 37, 73, 117

see also Confidentiality and privacy;

Qualitative studies

case studies, 177, 179, 197

committee study methodology, 2, 15

microdata, 78, 118, 128, 135, 137, 153–154

qualitative analysis, 62

time-series analysis, 65

In-kind programs,

see Noncash benefits

Insurance,

see Health insurance;

Unemployment insurance

Internet

American Community Survey (ACS), 224

Current Population Survey (CPS), 226

decennial census, 222

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 233

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 230

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 232

program description data, 28, 142, 187

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 228

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 229

Interviews,

see In-depth interviews

J

Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program, 18

Job training,

see Education and training

L

Language factors, 34, 175

Leaver studies, 3, 4, 14, 24, 28–30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 51, 67–68, 89–95, 125, 126–127, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 189, 191–193, 206

see also Diversion programs

administrative data, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191–193

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 135, 151

child well-being, 29

cohort comparisons, 94–95, 99, 173, 174

cross-area studies, 94, 135, 179

committee study, methodology, vii, viii, 23

definition of leaver, 25

state-level data, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193

Legislation, 18–19

see also Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
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Family Support Act, 18, 31

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18

Social Security Acts, 16, 18

Local-level effects, 20, 47, 50, 71, 103–104, 117, 123–128

see also Housing;

Urban areas

administrative data, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202

child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136

specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205

data sources, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123–128, 133, 141, 143, 144

discretionary powers, 44

program description data, 141, 143, 144, 189, 190, 201

transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136

various specific studies, 181, 182, 184, 189, 190, 197, 201, 202

Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Pilot Project, 128–129, 140

Longitudinal studies, 68, 103, 104–123, 158, 172, 188–193 (passim), 203, 204

see also Cohort comparison studies;

Panel studies;

Time-series analysis

decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232

qualitative data, 144

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111– 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204

Long-term welfare users, 89–91

Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program , 156

M

Marriage and marital status, 4, 5, 37–38, 41, 176, 227

see also Single mothers

difference-in-difference methods, 59

divorced/separated couples, 16, 41

child support obligations, 18–19

domestic violence, 38, 39, 188

widows, 16

Matching methods, 59–60, 65, 70, 77

Mathematica Policy Research, 181

MAXIMUS, 189–192 (passim)

Measurement error,

see Error of measurement

Medicaid, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 129, 142, 158, 179, 188, 203

children, 21, 37, 185

state government, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 142

Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, 158

Mental health and illness, 4, 34, 38, 39, 175

alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182

domestic violence, 38, 39, 188

program description data, 142

troubled adolescents, 38, 39

Microdata, 78, 118, 128, 135, 137, 153–154

Microsimulation models, viii, 83–86

Military personnel, 105(n.1), 232

Minimum work requirements,

see Work requirements

Minorities,

see Race/ethnicity

Monitoring, 2, 3, 5, 8–11, 24, 26–28, 36, 42, 49, 93, 116, 118–120, 125–126, 143, 146

see also Data needs

administrative data, 130, 133, 147

confidentiality, 141

Current Population Survey, 10, 16, 27, 116

defined, 25

econometric evaluations, 32

Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27

National Survey of America’s Families, 27, 116

qualitative data, 144, 145

Survey of Income and Program Participation, 10, 116

Survey of Program Dynamics, 10, 26, 27, 116

Three-Cities Study, 27–28, 32, 34, 88, 93, 127, 190

Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93

various specific studies, 183, 188–191, 197, 205

well-being, general, 5, 42–43, 54

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

N

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 9, 153, 156, 157, 158

National Center for Education Statistics, 157–158

National Education Longitudinal Survey, 158

National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies, 31

National Governors Association, 143, 201

National Institutes of Health, 26

National-level studies, 3, 8, 10, 27, 29, 49–50, 68, 102, 104–123, 132, 141, 146–148, 152, 154–155

see also Bureau of Census

Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27, 93, 127, 172

econometric evaluations, 31

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232– 233

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230

National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232

response rates, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232

timeliness, 107–109, 112, 115, 119–120, 147, 228

Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93

various specific studies, 171–185 (passim), 200–206 (passim)

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230

National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180

Native Americans,

see American Indians

Noncash benefits, 13, 22, 44, 47, 113, 122, 136, 137, 142, 178, 222, 224, 226–227

see also Education and training;

Medicaid child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136

specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205

energy assistance, 113, 156

food banks, 132, 172

food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229

specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203

housing subsidies, 108

job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190

public housing, 106, 113, 197

school lunches, 106, 108, 224

transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136

Nutrition, 4, 40

see also Food stamps

food banks, 132, 172

school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229

Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229

O

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18

Organizational factors, 1, 2, 5–6, 8–11, 52, 100, 103, 149–160

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 52, 125, 127–128, 147–148, 150–152

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, administration, 40, 43–45

Outcome measures, general, 2–7 (passim), 15, 32, 36, 39–41, 46, 52, 58, 61, 65, 69, 73, 76, 88, 89, 93, 178, 203, 209–219 (passim)

see also Caseload size;

Child well-being;

Leaver studies;

Nutrition;

Tme-series analysis;

Well-being

administrative data, 40, 41, 63, 138

confidentiality, 138

counterfactual, 54, 55

difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66

P

Panel studies

see also Current Population Survey

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Child Welfare Panel, 158

Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, 158

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204

Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232

Participation,

see Program participation

Penalties,

see Sanctions

Personal interviews,

see In-depth interviews

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 1, 3, 6, 13, 14, 18, 19–20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 42, 43–44, 55, 67, 70, 79–80, 94, 98, 141, 147, 149, 183

see also Survey of Program Dynamics;

Time limits;

Waiver programs;

Work requirements

administrative practices and data, 43–45, 135–136, 150, 174

caseload and other econometric models, 31–32

experimental evaluations, 7, 30–31, 73, 95–96, 99

marriage and marital status, 4, 37–38, 41

monitoring data, 8, 27–28, 51, 116–117, 119, 147

nationwide vs state assessments, 49–50

outcome measures, general, 40–41

populations of interest, 4, 37

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152

Policy evaluation, general, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 32, 33, 43–45, 55, 57–60, 102, 178

see also Expert opinion;

Implementation studies

family structure, 40–41

historical perspectives, 18–23

randomized experiments, 56–57

state variations, 49, 103

see also Cross-area studies working poor, 37

Post-Employment Services Demonstration, 30

Privacy,

see Confidentiality and privacy

Private sector, 64, 100

see also Foundations

Process analysis, 10, 24, 33–34, 61–63, 67–68, 72, 73, 86–88, 144

defined, 25

various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193–200 (passim)

Program-level evaluations, 8, 11, 15–16, 47–48, 57–58, 59

see also Descriptive studies;

Implementation studies

data sources, 102, 105, 125, 141–144

randomized experiments, 31, 56, 57

Program participation, 2, 43, 79, 81, 89–90, 110, 118, 123, 146, 153, 184

see also Eligibility;

Leaver studies administrative data, 132, 133

AFDC, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184

aggregation/disaggregation of data, 93

Current Population Survey (CPS), 81, 225

cyclic welfare users, 89–91, 173

diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199

educational attainment, 80, 81, 92–93

long-term welfare users, 89–91

microsimulation models, viii, 83–86

short-term welfare users, 89–91

stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89–92, 149–150, 193

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228

Project on Devolution and Urban Change, 27, 93, 127, 129, 145, 172

PSID,

see Panel Study of Income Dynamics

Public opinion, 16, 40

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Q

Qualitative studies, 8, 24, 33–34, 61–63, 67–68, 73, 86–89, 144–146, 147, 195

cross-area studies, 145–146

data sources, 102

defined, 25

ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198

in-depth interviews, 34, 144, 145

Quality of life,

see Child well-being;

Wll-being, general

R

Race/ethnicity, 91, 105(n.2), 107, 136, 181, 183, 222, 226, 227, 232

American Indians, 181, 183, 190

black persons, 91, 107, 108, 110, 222, 226, 231, 232

Hispanics, 107, 108, 226, 232, 233–234

RAND, 172, 176, 179, 183, 184, 198, 203

Randomized experiments,

see Experimental methods

Reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 159, 160

see also Confidentiality and privacy;

Standards

program description data, 141–142

Response rate

national surveys, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232

state and local surveys, 123, 124

Research Forum on Children, Families, and the New Federalism, 28

Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86–87, 192, 199, 200

R.W.Johnson Foundation, 179, 185

Rural areas, 32, 35, 87, 125, 183, 190, 198

Rural Welfare Reform Project, 32

S

Sampling and sample size, 71, 96, 103, 110

see also Cross-sectional studies

administrative data, general, 129, 130, 147

Current Population Survey, 81, 106, 214

cross-area studies, 72, 78–79, 80–82, 105

decennial census, 221, 222

national-level studies, 3, 27, 68, 105, 106–112 (passim), 115–116, 119, 146, 178, 214, 221, 222, 226, 228–229, 230–231, 232, 233

response rates,

national surveys, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232

state and local surveys, 123, 124

state and local studies, 103, 123, 124

various surveys, 106, 108, 109, 178, 214, 226, 228–229, 230–231, 232, 233

Sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213

Self-reports, 129, 184, 228, 229

Sensitivity analysis, 60, 75–76

microsimulation models, 84

Short-term welfare users, 89–91

Single mothers, 4, 5, 13, 16, 18, 35, 37, 41

difference-in-difference methods, 59–60, 66–67

econometric evaluations, 32

education of, 59, 66

SIPP,

see Survey of Income and Program Participation

Social factors, general, 5, 39–40, 46–47, 56, 202

administrative data, 10

ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198

public opinion, 16, 40

Social Security Acts, 16, 18

Social Security Administration, 26, 179

Social security numbers (SSNs), 128, 132, 136, 139

SPD,

see Survey of Program Dynamics

Special needs groups, 4, 38–39

see also Alcohol and drug abuse;

Disabled persons;

Mental health and illness

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children,

see Women, Infants, and Children Program

Specification testing, 74–75

Spousal abuse,

see Domestic violence

SSI,

see Supplemental security income

Standards, 10, 113, 119, 143, 154, 159

see also Outcome measures

administrative data, 131–133, 135, 136, 137, 147, 151, 159

confidentiality, 138, 139, 140

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

process evaluations, 87–88

qualitative data, 147

State\Capacity Study, 33, 86–87

State Children’s Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), 37, 179, 185

State government, 6, 13, 19–20, 26, 29, 33, 47, 48, 97, 100–101, 172–179

see also Administrative data and studies;

Block grants;

Caseload size;

Implementation studies;

Technical assistance;

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;

Waiver programs;

Work requirements

bonuses from federal government, 41, 135, 151

confidentiality policies, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140

cost of surveys by, 5, 124

data sources, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 11, 102, 103, 122, 123–128, 139, 141–144, 147;

see also Administrative data and studies

devolution, 3, 9–10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 97, 103–104, 122, 127, 139, 154

Department of Health and Human Services, cooperation with, general, 9–10, 127, 128

rules, general, 33, 44

see also “technical assistance” infra

flexibility and control over programs, general, 4, 13, 43

Medicaid, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 142

nonmarital childbearing, 41

non-TANF environment, 6, 11, 44, 49

policy evaluation, state variations, 49, 103

program description data, 141–144

reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 141–142, 159, 160;

see also Standards;

technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205

time-limit policies, 3, 7, 13, 19, 47, 48, 71, 96, 142, 211, 213

State-level data, various, 6, 27, 43, 58, 149–150, 172–179

see also Administrative data and studies;

Cross-area studies;

Current Population Survey

child well-being studies, general, 35, 50

confidentiality, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140

data sources, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147, 149–150, 154, 172–185

econometric evaluations, 31, 32

interstate migration due to benefits, 44

leaver studies, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193

nationwide vs state assessments, 49–50

randomized experiments, 30

sample sizes, 103, 123, 124

various specific studies, 171–185, 188–206 (passim)

welfare leavers, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193

State Policy Document Project, 143

Statistical power, 54

cross-state comparisons, 78–82, 209–219

Stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89–92, 149–150, 193

Substance abuse,

see Alcohol and drug abuse

Supplemental security income, 22, 106, 108, 113, 229

Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231

Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228

Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204

T

TANF,

see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Taxation, 64, 189

administrative data, 130

Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176

Technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205

Teenage pregnancy, 39, 41, 174, 176, 177

Telephone interviews, 27, 28, 108, 124, 127, 180, 191, 202, 227, 230, 231, 233

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
×

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 1, 3, 4, 9–10, 11, 13, 19–20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 33, 87–88, 147

administrative data, 40, 43–45, 128–138, 139, 149–150, 151, 175, 179, 189

administrative organization, 40, 43–45

American Indians, 181

confidentiality, 139

difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66

monitoring studies, 28, 43, 123, 127, 188– 191

program description data, 141–144, 188–191 (passim)

outcome measures, general, 40, 173

populations of interest, 4, 37, 39

substance abusers, 175, 182

various specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 184, 188–193 (passim), 199, 201, 203

Three-City Study, 27–28, 32, 34, 88, 93. 127, 190

econometric evaluations, 32

Time limits, 3, 7, 13, 19, 47, 48, 71, 96, 142, 211, 213

Time-series analysis, 7–8, 58, 61, 64, 65–66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 95, 98, 121

see also Cohort comparison studies

administrative data, 131, 136

aggregation/disaggregation of data, 58, 65

Training,

see Education and training

Transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136

U

Unemployment insurance, 29, 90, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 202

Unemployment rates, 21, 32, 95, 132, 157, 158, 173, 210, 225(n.3), 210

Urban areas, 27–28, 33, 35, 87, 126, 127, 225

administrative data, 129, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)

econometric evaluations, 32

qualitative evaluations, 34

various specific studies, 172, 173, 182, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)

Urban Change Project,

see Project on Devolution and Urban Change

Urban Change Study, 27, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93

econometric evaluations, 32

Urban Institute, 33, 51, 68, 128, 176, 196, 200, 201, 204

Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142

National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230

W

Waiver programs, 13, 19, 36, 48

child well-being, 30, 31, 35

cross-area comparisons, 78, 79–80, 81, 209–219

econometric evaluations, 31, 67

educational attainment, 81, 211, 215–216

experimental studies, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183

Welfare Information Network, 33, 134

Welfare leavers,

see Leaver studies

Welfare Rules Database, 33

Welfare stayers,

see Stayers

Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188

Well-being, general, 4, 5, 6, 42–43, 49, 50, 54, 110, 112, 113–114, 119, 154, 173, 176, 177, 188

see also Child well-being;

Income, general;

Nutrition

econometric evaluations, 31

housing, 4, 40, 106, 108, 111, 113, 132, 172, 197

Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229

Work First Program, 19–20

Work Incentive Program, 18

Work requirements, 3, 4, 7, 13, 16, 18, 19–20, 31, 48, 90, 96, 142, 151, 213

sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213

various specific programs, 31, 173, 175, 181, 184, 188, 190, 191, 201

Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188

World Wide Web,

see Internet

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10020.
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Reform of welfare is one of the nation's most contentious issues, with debate often driven more by politics than by facts and careful analysis. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition identifies the key policy questions for measuring whether our changing social welfare programs are working, reviews the available studies and research, and recommends the most effective ways to answer those questions.

This book discusses the development of welfare policy, including the landmark 1996 federal law that devolved most of the responsibility for welfare policies and their implementation to the states. A thorough analysis of the available research leads to the identification of gaps in what is currently known about the effects of welfare reform.

Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition specifies what-and why-we need to know about the response of individual states to the federal overhaul of welfare and the effects of the many changes in the nation's welfare laws, policies, and practices.

With a clear approach to a variety of issues, Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition will be important to policy makers, welfare administrators, researchers, journalists, and advocates on all sides of the issue.

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