Index
A
Abortion, 41
Abt Associates, Inc. 193, 194, 195
Access restrictions, see Confidentiality and privacy
ACS, see American Community Survey
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 2, 8, 25, 30, 32, 50, 51–53, 77, 86–87, 96, 97, 150–151, 158
administrative data, 134, 136, 137, 138, 151
overview of ongoing research programs, table, 171, 181–185, 205
program description data, 142–143, 181
Administrative data and studies, 3, 6, 8, 10–11, 28, 42, 43–45, 67, 71, 102, 103–104, 124, 127, 128–138, 147, 149–150, 159–160
see also Caseload size
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202
cross-area studies, general, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 147
Current Population Survey and, 82
Department of Health and Human Services, 11, 128, 133–134, 135, 136, 153, 159–160
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 134, 136, 137, 138, 151
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 134, 135, 148, 151–152
eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136
experimental methods and, 71, 129
families and households, 130, 136
fathers, 136–137
historical perspectives, 131, 147
leavers studies, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191–193
local-level effects, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202
outcome measures, general, 40, 41, 63, 138
program participation, 132, 133
reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 141–142, 159, 160;
see also “standards” infra
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 40, 43–45, 128–138, 139, 149–150, 151, 175, 179, 189
time-series analysis, 131, 136
urban areas, 129, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)
various specific studies, 174, 188–206 (passim)
Adolescents, 176
data sources, 105(n.1), 106, 108, 228
teenage pregnancy, 39, 41, 174, 176, 177
AFDC,
see Aid for Families with Dependent Children
African Americans,
see race/ethnicity
Age factors, 215
see also Adolescents;
Children;
Child wll-being;
Cohort comparison studies;
Teenage pregnancy
data sources, 105(n.1), 110, 136, 225, 227
decennial census, 222
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158
Aggregation and disaggregation of data, 68–69, 79, 188, 217, 226
caseloads, 32, 93, 129, 136, 211, 215
difference-in-difference methods, 68
program participation, 93
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 1, 14, 16–18, 20, 22, 24, 37, 45, 46, 47, 55, 66, 95, 96, 106, 108, 113, 209–219
see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
administrative practices and data, 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202
program participation, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184
various specific studies, 174, 179, 182, 188, 189, 194, 202, 229, 231
Alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182
American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224
American Indians, 181, 183, 190
American Public Human Services Association, 143, 206
Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 2, 6, 8, 50, 51–53, 77, 100, 101, 127
administrative data, 134, 135, 148, 151–152
Annual Report to Congress, 52–53, 100, 148
econometric evaluations, 32
experimental studies, 77, 97, 175, 182
funding, general, 25, 34–35, 51, 125, 127–128, 147–148
leaver studies, 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 135, 151
overview of ongoing research programs, 171–180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 205
organizational role, 52, 125, 127–128, 147–148, 150–152
B
Benchmarking, 74
Benefit penalties,
see Sanctions
Block grants, 44
see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Bureau of the Census,
see Census Bureau
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 153, 156, 157
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
Business cycle, 29, 65, 71, 97
C
Canada, 31
Caps, family, 7, 20, 47, 69–70, 142, 211, 213
qualitative data, 144
Caseload size, 4, 5, 7, 24, 20–22, 31–32, 40, 41, 51, 79, 89, 90–92, 97–98, 136, 142, 151, 176, 205, 209, 210, 211, 214–216
aggregation/disaggregation of data, 32, 93, 129, 136, 211–215
cohort studies, 58–59
defined, 25
historical trends, 19
Case studies, 177, 179, 197, 230
Census Bureau, 26, 117, 122–123, 152, 153
see also Current Population Survey
American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224
decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228
Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140
health insurance coverage, 105(n.2)
Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Pilot Project, 128–129, 140
Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–115 (passim), 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226– 228
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204
Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 33, 51, 142
Center for Law and Social Policy, 33, 51, 142, 200
Child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136
specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205
Children, 35, 37–38, 39, 110, 222, 231
see also Adolescents;
Aid for Families with Dependent Children
benefit limits for additional, 13
child support, including FPLS, 18–19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 196, 200
decennial census, 222
school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229
Medicaid coverage, 21, 37, 185
Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229
Child Support Enforcement Program, 128
Child Welfare Panel, 158
Child well-being, 2, 5, 15, 35, 40, 41, 157–158
see also Fathers;
Single mothers;
Teenage pregnancy
data sources, general, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132
state-level studies, general, 35, 50
various studies, 172, 173, 178, 182, 184, 188, 189, 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 230
welfare leavers, 29
Cohort comparison studies, 29, 32, 65, 70, 72, 73, 158
caseload size, 58–59
leaver studies, 94–95, 99, 173, 174
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
qualitative data, 145
specification tests, 74
various specific studies, 180, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198
Community service programs, 156
child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136
specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205
transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136
Comparative group methods, 7–8, 32, 55, 57–60, 64, 66–77 (passim), 94, 98, 118, 121, 126, 131, 143
Computer-assisted interviewing (CAPI/CATI), 227, 229, 230, 231
Confidentiality and privacy, 34, 103, 132, 138–141, 202
state data, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140
Congressional Research Service, 33, 142
Cost and cost-effectiveness, 5, 22, 217
administrative data, 130, 137–138
microsimulation models, 84
randomized experiments, 56, 71–72
state and local surveys, 5, 124
various specific studies on, 182, 189, 194, 196, 198
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 79, 80, 81–82, 210, 211–215
CPS,
see Current Population Survey
Cross-area studies, 6, 7, 8, 29, 31, 39, 45, 49, 57–58, 60, 61, 64–65, 69–71, 72, 73, 76, 83, 97, 110, 117, 125, 205, 222–223
administrative data, general, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 147
qualitative and ethnographic data, 145–146
sensitivity tests, 75
specification tests, 74
statistical power, 78–82, 209–219
waiver programs, 78, 79–80, 81, 209–219
Cross-sectional studies, 29, 30(n.3), 68, 71, 73, 78, 82, 120, 231
American Community Survey (ACS), 16, 82, 104, 105, 106–107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120–122, 222–224
decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230
Current Population Survey (CPS), 10, 16, 27, 68, 79, 80, 104, 106–107, 111, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 153, 156, 159, 181, 224–226
econometric evaluations, 32, 210–218
sampling, 81–82, 106, 107, 110, 224–225
Cyclic welfare users, 89–91, 173
D
Databases, 11, 33, 34, 51, 142, 147–148, 160, 181, 185, 191, 206
see also Internet
microsimulation models, viii, 83–84
Data needs, 2, 8–9, 14, 39, 42, 47, 55, 68, 70–71, 73, 102–148, 201–205
see also Aggregation and disaggregation of
data;
Confidentiality and privacy;
Internet;
Organizational Factors;
Sampling and sample sizes;
Standards
administrative data, 102, 103–104, 124, 127, 128–138, 147
adolescents, 105(n.1), 106, 108
age factors, general, 105(n.1), 110, 136
child well-being, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132
committee charge, 15
cross-area studies, 129, 132–133, 134–135, 145–146, 147
Department of Health and Human Services, 8–9, 11, 103, 118, 150–160
disabled persons, 110, 142, 155–156
eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136, 142
immigrants, 110
local-level effects, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123–128, 133, 141, 143, 144
program-level evaluations, 102, 105, 125, 141–144
program participation, 132, 133
state-level data, various, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147
devolution and, 3, 9–10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 97, 103–104, 139, 154
statistical power, 54, 78–82, 209–219
Decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228
Department of Agriculture, 122
see also Food and Nutrition Service;
Food stamps
Department of Commerce,
see Census Bureau;
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Department of Education, 8–9
National Center for Education Statistics, 157–158
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 99–100, 122, 123, 128, 205
see also Administration for Children and Families;
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
administrative data, 11, 128, 133–134, 135, 136, 153, 159–160
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158
confidentiality, 139
data collection/analysis, general, 8–9, 11, 103, 118, 150–160
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 9, 153, 156, 157, 158
National Institutes of Health, 26
program description data, 142, 143
state cooperation, 9–10, 127, 128
technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 122
Department of Justice, 8–9, 153
Department of Labor, 8–9, 26, 30–31, 156
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 153, 156, 157
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
Department of Transportation, 153
Descriptive studies, 6, 11, 24, 26–28, 42, 49, 141–144
see specific studies
Administration for Children and Families (ACF), 142–143, 181
defined, 25
local-level effects, 141, 143, 144, 189, 190, 201
reporting requirements, 141–142
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 141–144, 188–191 (passim)
time-series analysis, 61
various, 26–28, 172–173, 188–191, 195, 197, 198, 200–201
DHHS,
see Department of Health and Human Services
Diet,
see Nutrition
Difference-in-difference methods, 59–60, 66–67, 68, 70, 72–73, 76, 77, 98
Disabled persons, 4, 34, 38, 39, 142, 179, 190
data sources, 110, 142, 155–156
special education, 203
Disaggregation,
see Aggregation and disaggregation of data
Diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199
Domestic violence, 38, 39, 188
Drug abuse,
see Alcohol and drug abuse
Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140
E
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 158, 180
Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176
Econometric modeling, 7, 24, 31–32, 51, 58, 65–66, 67, 97–98, 99
see also Caseload size
defined, 25
Educational attainment, 4, 40, 41
program participation and, 80, 81, 92–93
teenage mothers, 39
welfare sanctions and, 38
Education and training, 37, 42, 175
see also Department of Education children, 37, 189, 203
school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229
difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66
professional, survey methodology, 128
randomized experiments, 31
Work First Program, 19–20
Work Incentive Program, 18
see also Program participation
administrative data, general, 129, 130, 131, 136
AFDC trends, 17
difference-in-difference methods, 59
diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199
immigrants, 38–39
microsimulation models, viii, 83–84
program description data, 142
Employment, 4, 40, 71, 113, 117–118, 128–129, 136, 209–219 (passim)
see also Current Population Survey;
Leaver studies
child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136
specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205
Current Population Survey, 81, 113
econometric evaluations, 32
Federal Parent Locator Service, 128
financial incentives, 18
parenting and, 177;
see also “child care services” supra
job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190
retention initiatives, 35
teenage mothers, 177
see also Education and training;
Sanctions;
Work requirements
transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136
unemployment insurance, 29, 90, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 202
unemployment rates, 21, 32, 95, 132, 157, 158, 173, 210, 225(n.3)
various specific studies, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 194, 204, 205, 206
welfare stayers, 30
working poor, 37;
see also “transition to” supra
Employment Retention and Advancement Project, 30
Error of measurement, 102, 114, 119, 123, 125
Ethnicity,
see Race/ethnicity
Ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198
Experimental methods, 7, 14, 20–31, 56–57, 64, 69, 71–72, 73, 76–77, 95–97, 175, 182, 184, 193–196
administrative data, general, 71, 129
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 77, 97, 175, 182
defined, 25
generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 83–86, 97
implementation and process analysis, 61
microsimulation models, viii, 83–86
job training and placement, 175
waiver programs, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183
F
Families and households, 3, 4, 5, 14, 26–27, 34, 35, 40–41, 102, 176, 177, 183, 188, 192
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Children;
Child well-being;
Current Population Survey;
Marriage and marital status;
National-level studies;
Panel Study of Income Dynamics;
Qualitative studies;
Sampling and sample size;
Survey of Income and Program Participation;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
caps, 7, 20, 47, 69–70, 142, 211, 213
case management, 48
committee study methodology, 1, 2, 15
domestic violence, 38, 39, 188
qualitative analysis, 62
populations of interest, 4, 38, 39
administrative data, 136–137
child support, 18–19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 185, 196, 200
Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 128, 132, 133, 185
Food,
see Nutrition
Food and Nutrition Service, 26
Food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229
specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203
Foundations, 6, 26, 30, 50, 104, 185
Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86–87, 192, 199, 200
Fragile Families Study, 35, 145, 176
Front-line Management and Practice Study, 86–87
Funding, 10, 25–26, 99–100, 104, 127–128, 143
see also Block grants
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 25, 34–35, 51, 125, 127–128, 147–148
committee study at hand, vii, 2, 14–15
non-TANF programs, 44
G
Generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 83–86, 97
microsimulation models, viii, 83–86
H
Handicapped persons,
see Disabled persons
Health insurance, 105(n.2), 108, 172, 202, 225
see also Medicaid
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 37, 179, 185
universal, 40
Health status and care, 4, 5, 40, 108, 127, 199
see also Disabled persons;
Mental health and illness
Hispanics, 107, 108, 226, 232, 233–234
Historical perspectives, 1, 13, 16–23, 45, 46–47, 97, 99, 149, 209
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Time-series analysis
ethnographic and qualitative studies, 34
populations of interest, 37
randomized experiments, 30, 56
Homeless persons, 111, 132, 172
homeless persons, 111, 132, 172
subsidies, 108
I
Immigrants, 110
ineligible, 38–39
various specific studies, 173, 180, 204
Implementation studies, 6, 24, 25, 27, 33–34, 42, 61, 64, 67–68, 72, 86, 87–88, 123
see also Process analysis
various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193–200
Income, general, 105(n.2), 106, 113
see also Survey of Income and Program Participation
Current Population Survey, 81, 225
income tests, 22
as outcome measure, 4, 31, 40, 41, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217, 228
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232
In-depth interviews, 107, 108, 193, 197, 203, 225, 227, 233
computer-assisted (CAPI/CATI), 227, 229, 230, 231
qualitative studies, 34, 144, 145
welfare leavers, 28
Individuals, characteristics and effects on, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 37, 73, 117
see also Confidentiality and privacy;
Qualitative studies
committee study methodology, 2, 15
microdata, 78, 118, 128, 135, 137, 153–154
qualitative analysis, 62
time-series analysis, 65
In-kind programs,
see Noncash benefits
Insurance,
see Health insurance;
Unemployment insurance
Internet
American Community Survey (ACS), 224
Current Population Survey (CPS), 226
decennial census, 222
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 233
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 230
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 232
program description data, 28, 142, 187
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 228
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 229
Interviews,
see In-depth interviews
J
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program, 18
Job training,
see Education and training
L
Leaver studies, 3, 4, 14, 24, 28–30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 51, 67–68, 89–95, 125, 126–127, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 189, 191–193, 206
see also Diversion programs
administrative data, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191–193
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 135, 151
child well-being, 29
cohort comparisons, 94–95, 99, 173, 174
cross-area studies, 94, 135, 179
committee study, methodology, vii, viii, 23
definition of leaver, 25
state-level data, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193
Legislation, 18–19
see also Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18
Local-level effects, 20, 47, 50, 71, 103–104, 117, 123–128
see also Housing;
Urban areas
administrative data, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202
child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136
specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205
data sources, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123–128, 133, 141, 143, 144
discretionary powers, 44
program description data, 141, 143, 144, 189, 190, 201
transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136
various specific studies, 181, 182, 184, 189, 190, 197, 201, 202
Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Pilot Project, 128–129, 140
Longitudinal studies, 68, 103, 104–123, 158, 172, 188–193 (passim), 203, 204
see also Cohort comparison studies;
Panel studies;
Time-series analysis
decennial census, 104, 105, 106–107, 221–222, 225, 227–228
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232
qualitative data, 144
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111– 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204
Long-term welfare users, 89–91
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program , 156
M
Marriage and marital status, 4, 5, 37–38, 41, 176, 227
see also Single mothers
difference-in-difference methods, 59
divorced/separated couples, 16, 41
child support obligations, 18–19
domestic violence, 38, 39, 188
widows, 16
Matching methods, 59–60, 65, 70, 77
Mathematica Policy Research, 181
MAXIMUS, 189–192 (passim)
Measurement error,
see Error of measurement
Medicaid, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 129, 142, 158, 179, 188, 203
state government, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 142
Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, 158
Mental health and illness, 4, 34, 38, 39, 175
alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182
domestic violence, 38, 39, 188
program description data, 142
Microdata, 78, 118, 128, 135, 137, 153–154
Microsimulation models, viii, 83–86
Military personnel, 105(n.1), 232
Minimum work requirements,
see Work requirements
Minorities,
see Race/ethnicity
Monitoring, 2, 3, 5, 8–11, 24, 26–28, 36, 42, 49, 93, 116, 118–120, 125–126, 143, 146
see also Data needs
administrative data, 130, 133, 147
confidentiality, 141
Current Population Survey, 10, 16, 27, 116
defined, 25
econometric evaluations, 32
Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27
National Survey of America’s Families, 27, 116
Survey of Income and Program Participation, 10, 116
Survey of Program Dynamics, 10, 26, 27, 116
Three-Cities Study, 27–28, 32, 34, 88, 93, 127, 190
Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93
N
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 9, 153, 156, 157, 158
National Center for Education Statistics, 157–158
National Education Longitudinal Survey, 158
National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies, 31
National Governors Association, 143, 201
National Institutes of Health, 26
National-level studies, 3, 8, 10, 27, 29, 49–50, 68, 102, 104–123, 132, 141, 146–148, 152, 154–155
see also Bureau of Census
Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27, 93, 127, 172
econometric evaluations, 31
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232– 233
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230
National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232
response rates, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232
timeliness, 107–109, 112, 115, 119–120, 147, 228
Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93
various specific studies, 171–185 (passim), 200–206 (passim)
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230
National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180
Native Americans,
see American Indians
Noncash benefits, 13, 22, 44, 47, 113, 122, 136, 137, 142, 178, 222, 224, 226–227
see also Education and training;
Medicaid child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136
specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205
food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229
specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203
housing subsidies, 108
job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190
transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136
see also Food stamps
school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229
Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229
O
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18
Organizational factors, 1, 2, 5–6, 8–11, 52, 100, 103, 149–160
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 52, 125, 127–128, 147–148, 150–152
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, administration, 40, 43–45
Outcome measures, general, 2–7 (passim), 15, 32, 36, 39–41, 46, 52, 58, 61, 65, 69, 73, 76, 88, 89, 93, 178, 203, 209–219 (passim)
see also Caseload size;
Child well-being;
Leaver studies;
Nutrition;
Tme-series analysis;
Well-being
administrative data, 40, 41, 63, 138
confidentiality, 138
difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66
P
Panel studies
see also Current Population Survey
Child Welfare Panel, 158
Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, 158
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 29–30, 90, 104, 106–107, 113, 114, 115–116, 118, 176, 232–233
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 30, 104, 105, 108–109, 112, 113, 114, 118, 180, 230–232
Participation,
see Program participation
Penalties,
see Sanctions
Personal interviews,
see In-depth interviews
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 1, 3, 6, 13, 14, 18, 19–20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 42, 43–44, 55, 67, 70, 79–80, 94, 98, 141, 147, 149, 183
see also Survey of Program Dynamics;
Time limits;
Waiver programs;
Work requirements
administrative practices and data, 43–45, 135–136, 150, 174
caseload and other econometric models, 31–32
experimental evaluations, 7, 30–31, 73, 95–96, 99
marriage and marital status, 4, 37–38, 41
monitoring data, 8, 27–28, 51, 116–117, 119, 147
nationwide vs state assessments, 49–50
outcome measures, general, 40–41
populations of interest, 4, 37
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152
Policy evaluation, general, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 32, 33, 43–45, 55, 57–60, 102, 178
see also Expert opinion;
Implementation studies
family structure, 40–41
historical perspectives, 18–23
randomized experiments, 56–57
see also Cross-area studies working poor, 37
Post-Employment Services Demonstration, 30
Privacy,
see Confidentiality and privacy
see also Foundations
Process analysis, 10, 24, 33–34, 61–63, 67–68, 72, 73, 86–88, 144
defined, 25
various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193–200 (passim)
Program-level evaluations, 8, 11, 15–16, 47–48, 57–58, 59
see also Descriptive studies;
Implementation studies
data sources, 102, 105, 125, 141–144
randomized experiments, 31, 56, 57
Program participation, 2, 43, 79, 81, 89–90, 110, 118, 123, 146, 153, 184
see also Eligibility;
Leaver studies administrative data, 132, 133
AFDC, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184
aggregation/disaggregation of data, 93
Current Population Survey (CPS), 81, 225
cyclic welfare users, 89–91, 173
diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127–128, 142, 151, 173–174, 191–193, 199
educational attainment, 80, 81, 92–93
long-term welfare users, 89–91
microsimulation models, viii, 83–86
short-term welfare users, 89–91
stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89–92, 149–150, 193
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228
Project on Devolution and Urban Change, 27, 93, 127, 129, 145, 172
PSID,
see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Q
Qualitative studies, 8, 24, 33–34, 61–63, 67–68, 73, 86–89, 144–146, 147, 195
cross-area studies, 145–146
data sources, 102
defined, 25
ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198
in-depth interviews, 34, 144, 145
Quality of life,
see Child well-being;
Wll-being, general
R
Race/ethnicity, 91, 105(n.2), 107, 136, 181, 183, 222, 226, 227, 232
American Indians, 181, 183, 190
black persons, 91, 107, 108, 110, 222, 226, 231, 232
Hispanics, 107, 108, 226, 232, 233–234
RAND, 172, 176, 179, 183, 184, 198, 203
Randomized experiments,
see Experimental methods
Reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 159, 160
see also Confidentiality and privacy;
Standards
program description data, 141–142
Response rate
national surveys, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232
state and local surveys, 123, 124
Research Forum on Children, Families, and the New Federalism, 28
Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86–87, 192, 199, 200
R.W.Johnson Foundation, 179, 185
Rural areas, 32, 35, 87, 125, 183, 190, 198
Rural Welfare Reform Project, 32
S
Sampling and sample size, 71, 96, 103, 110
see also Cross-sectional studies
administrative data, general, 129, 130, 147
Current Population Survey, 81, 106, 214
cross-area studies, 72, 78–79, 80–82, 105
national-level studies, 3, 27, 68, 105, 106–112 (passim), 115–116, 119, 146, 178, 214, 221, 222, 226, 228–229, 230–231, 232, 233
response rates,
national surveys, 107, 109, 110–112, 114, 119, 146–147, 222, 223–224, 225, 227, 231–232
state and local surveys, 123, 124
state and local studies, 103, 123, 124
various surveys, 106, 108, 109, 178, 214, 226, 228–229, 230–231, 232, 233
Sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213
Self-reports, 129, 184, 228, 229
Sensitivity analysis, 60, 75–76
microsimulation models, 84
Short-term welfare users, 89–91
Single mothers, 4, 5, 13, 16, 18, 35, 37, 41
difference-in-difference methods, 59–60, 66–67
econometric evaluations, 32
SIPP,
see Survey of Income and Program Participation
Social factors, general, 5, 39–40, 46–47, 56, 202
administrative data, 10
ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 88–89, 145–146, 147, 191, 198
Social Security Administration, 26, 179
Social security numbers (SSNs), 128, 132, 136, 139
SPD,
see Survey of Program Dynamics
Special needs groups, 4, 38–39
see also Alcohol and drug abuse;
Disabled persons;
Mental health and illness
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children,
see Women, Infants, and Children Program
Specification testing, 74–75
Spousal abuse,
see Domestic violence
SSI,
see Supplemental security income
Standards, 10, 113, 119, 143, 154, 159
see also Outcome measures
process evaluations, 87–88
qualitative data, 147
State\Capacity Study, 33, 86–87
State Children’s Health Insurance Program(SCHIP), 37, 179, 185
State government, 6, 13, 19–20, 26, 29, 33, 47, 48, 97, 100–101, 172–179
see also Administrative data and studies;
Block grants;
Caseload size;
Implementation studies;
Technical assistance;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
Waiver programs;
Work requirements
bonuses from federal government, 41, 135, 151
confidentiality policies, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140
data sources, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 11, 102, 103, 122, 123–128, 139, 141–144, 147;
see also Administrative data and studies
devolution, 3, 9–10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 97, 103–104, 122, 127, 139, 154
Department of Health and Human Services, cooperation with, general, 9–10, 127, 128
see also “technical assistance” infra
flexibility and control over programs, general, 4, 13, 43
Medicaid, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 65, 103, 142
nonmarital childbearing, 41
non-TANF environment, 6, 11, 44, 49
policy evaluation, state variations, 49, 103
program description data, 141–144
reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135–138, 141–142, 159, 160;
see also Standards;
technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205
time-limit policies, 3, 7, 13, 19, 47, 48, 71, 96, 142, 211, 213
State-level data, various, 6, 27, 43, 58, 149–150, 172–179
see also Administrative data and studies;
Cross-area studies;
Current Population Survey
child well-being studies, general, 35, 50
confidentiality, 3, 9, 124, 132, 135, 138–139, 140
data sources, 1, 3, 8, 9–10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147, 149–150, 154, 172–185
econometric evaluations, 31, 32
interstate migration due to benefits, 44
leaver studies, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193
nationwide vs state assessments, 49–50
randomized experiments, 30
various specific studies, 171–185, 188–206 (passim)
welfare leavers, 28, 149–150, 173–174, 178, 179, 191–193
State Policy Document Project, 143
Statistical power, 54
cross-state comparisons, 78–82, 209–219
Stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89–92, 149–150, 193
Substance abuse,
see Alcohol and drug abuse
Supplemental security income, 22, 106, 108, 113, 229
Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108–116 (passim), 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 147, 152, 153, 159, 178, 179, 181, 204, 226–228
Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD), 10, 16, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129–130, 152, 159, 203, 204
T
TANF,
see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
administrative data, 130
Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC), 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176
Technical assistance, 10, 11, 101, 133, 147, 158–159, 160, 178–180, 184–185, 205
Teenage pregnancy, 39, 41, 174, 176, 177
Telephone interviews, 27, 28, 108, 124, 127, 180, 191, 202, 227, 230, 231, 233
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 1, 3, 4, 9–10, 11, 13, 19–20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 33, 87–88, 147
administrative data, 40, 43–45, 128–138, 139, 149–150, 151, 175, 179, 189
administrative organization, 40, 43–45
American Indians, 181
confidentiality, 139
difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66
monitoring studies, 28, 43, 123, 127, 188– 191
program description data, 141–144, 188–191 (passim)
outcome measures, general, 40, 173
populations of interest, 4, 37, 39
various specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 184, 188–193 (passim), 199, 201, 203
Three-City Study, 27–28, 32, 34, 88, 93. 127, 190
econometric evaluations, 32
Time limits, 3, 7, 13, 19, 47, 48, 71, 96, 142, 211, 213
Time-series analysis, 7–8, 58, 61, 64, 65–66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 95, 98, 121
see also Cohort comparison studies
aggregation/disaggregation of data, 58, 65
Training,
see Education and training
Transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136
U
Unemployment insurance, 29, 90, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 202
Unemployment rates, 21, 32, 95, 132, 157, 158, 173, 210, 225(n.3), 210
Urban areas, 27–28, 33, 35, 87, 126, 127, 225
administrative data, 129, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)
econometric evaluations, 32
qualitative evaluations, 34
various specific studies, 172, 173, 182, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 197–204 (passim)
Urban Change Project,
see Project on Devolution and Urban Change
Urban Change Study, 27, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93
econometric evaluations, 32
Urban Institute, 33, 51, 68, 128, 176, 196, 200, 201, 204
Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142
National Survey of America’s Families (NSAF), 27, 29–30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108–109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229–230
W
Waiver programs, 13, 19, 36, 48
cross-area comparisons, 78, 79–80, 81, 209–219
econometric evaluations, 31, 67
educational attainment, 81, 211, 215–216
experimental studies, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183
Welfare Information Network, 33, 134
Welfare leavers,
see Leaver studies
Welfare Rules Database, 33
Welfare stayers,
see Stayers
Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188
Well-being, general, 4, 5, 6, 42–43, 49, 50, 54, 110, 112, 113–114, 119, 154, 173, 176, 177, 188
see also Child well-being;
Income, general;
Nutrition
econometric evaluations, 31
housing, 4, 40, 106, 108, 111, 113, 132, 172, 197
Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC), 108, 129, 181, 229
Work First Program, 19–20
Work Incentive Program, 18
Work requirements, 3, 4, 7, 13, 16, 18, 19–20, 31, 48, 90, 96, 142, 151, 213
sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213
various specific programs, 31, 173, 175, 181, 184, 188, 190, 191, 201
Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188
World Wide Web,
see Internet