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Index A C Accountability, 5, 6, 14, 26, 62, 77, 78, 86, California Resources Agency, 11 92, 102, 110, 111 Canada, 48, 49 Agriculture, 6, 107-109 Capital investment, 5, 12, 18-20, 22, 46, 51- American Commonwealth Management 53, 54, 58, 62, 81-85, 100, 132, 133 Services, 63 bonds, 6, 12, 27-28, 51, 52-53, 62, 68 American Water Works Association, 35, 42- Environmental Protection Agency, 18, 43, 44, 58 129-130 American Water Works Company, Inc., 11, historical perspectives, 33, 38, 125, 126 18, 46 outsourcing, 66, 67 American Water Works Service Company, public-private partnerships, 72 69 regionalization, 50-51, 53, 90-91 Anti-trust issues, see Competition issues, small utilities and regionalization, 50- general 51, 53 Arsenic, 3, 47-48 Chemicals, 1 Association of Metropolitan Sewerage arsenic, 3, 47-48 Agencies, 54 water treatment, general, 19, 30, 33, 34, Azurix Corporation, 24, 25 35-36, 48-49 Cities, see Urban areas Clean Water Act, 19, 35-36, 37, 45, 48 B Community-level issues, 2, 6, 10, 13, 22, 79- 80, 90, 101-104, 111 Baltimore Water Company, 31 see also Local government; Bank guarantees, 12, 75 Regionalization; Small and Benchmarking, 4, 47, 55, 59, 92, 101, 132-133 medium-sized utilities; Urban Bonds, municipal, 6, 12, 27-28, 51, 52-53, 62, areas 68 community-level system defined, 12, 13 Britain, see United Kingdom cultural values, 7, 106, 109, 111 139
140 INDEX franchising arrangements, 11, 90 Cultural values number of systems, 2, 12, 13 see also Political issues watersheds, 6, 8, 11, 25, 26, 82, 89, 91, community, 7, 106, 109, 111 93, 104, 105, 106, 111-112 organizational, 55, 58, 62 Competition issues, general, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 27, 41, 58, 77, 92-96, 112 see also Pricing D deregulation, 15, 45, 121-126 market forces, 6-7, 11, 14-17, 20, 21, 23, Depreciation, 5, 53, 86 Design-build-operate arrangements, 11-12, 34, 40, 41, 51, 56, 112-113 political issues, 26 20-21, 45, 47, 70, 71-74, 99, 110 Comprehensive operating agreements, 11- tax law, 45 Design-build-own-operate-transfer 12 design-build-operate arrangements, 11- arrangements, 21, 70, 91 12, 20-21, 45, 47, 70, 71-74, 99, 110 Disaster response, 27, 32, 49, 57 terrorism, viii, 43 design-build-own-operate-transfer arrangements, 21, 70, 91 Computer technology, 46, 48, 49 Consolidation, 4, 8, 46, 48-50 (passim), 66, E 77, 84, 88-91 East Bay Municipal Utility District, 60, 61- Construction of facilities, 11-12, 28, 35-36, 62, 82 42, 46 Economic issues, vii, 1, 2, 3, 5-7, 10, 92-96, see also Capital investment 100, 105-106 design-build-operate arrangements, 11- see also Capital investment; Competition 12, 20-21, 45, 47, 70, 71-74, 99, 110 issues; Cost factors; Employment design-build-own-operate-transfer issues; Pricing; Regionalization arrangements, 21, 70, 91 committee study charge, 11 Contracting services out, see Outsourcing depreciation, 5, 53, 86 Cost factors, 5, 6, 15, 23-24, 25, 28, 42, 46, economies of scale, 4, 11, 20, 23, 46, 51, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60, 61, 62, 77, 78, 68, 81-85, 88, 100, see also 79, 80, 85-88, 92, 96, 112, 125, 133 Regionalization see also Capital investment; Funding; economies of scope, 23, 85 Pricing; Risk assessment and extent of privatization, 11, 14-17, 20, 21, sharing 23, 34, 40, 67, 76 contract preparation and bidding, 27, interest rates, 12, 27-28 44, 47, 64, 102 market forces, 6-7, 11, 14-17, 20, 21, 23, design-build-and-operate contracting, 34, 40, 41, 51, 56, 67, 112-113 45, 72-73 professional education, 46 economies of scale, 4, 11, 20, 23, 46, 51, Education and training, see Professional 68, 81-85, 88, 100; see also education Regionalization Employment issues, 4, 5, 7, 8, 44, 61, 77, 81- economies of scope, 23, 85 82, 101 lease financing, 74-75 labor/management relations, 57, 61, 79, outsourcing, 64, 65, 66, 68-69 101, 133-134 performance benchmarking, 59, 92 leadership/education, 45-46, 55, 65, 80, political factors, 41, 42 113 public-private partnerships, 45, 72-75 outsourcing, 65, 66, 67 regionalization, 89, 90-91 political issues, 56-57, 103-104, 125-126 wastewater treatment, 12, 37, 48, 49 regional, 108 The Cost of Clean Water, 54 worker productivity, 58
INDEX 141 England and Wales, see United Kingdom Safe Drinking Water Act, 47, 129 Enron Corporation, 25 small and medium-sized utilities, 51-52, Environmental issues, 5, 6, 10, 12-13, 42, 79, 53, 130 96, 104-106, 107-108, 133 state-level, 6, 28, 36, 53 see also Health issues; Standards technological innovations, Clean Water cost factors, 45 Act, 35-36 funding, 47, 48, 129 watersheds, 6, 8, 11, 25, 26, 82, 89, 91, 93, 104, 105, 106, 111-112 G Environmental Protection Agency, 2-3, 36- 37, 42, 47, 57, 84-85, 93, 102, 105, Geographic issues, see Community-level 128-130 issues; Regionalization; Rural areas; State government see also Clean Water Act; Safe Drinking Water Act Government role, see Community-level capital investment, 18, 129-130 issues; Federal government; Funding; International committee study funding, 11 consumer confidence reports, 43, 128- perspectives; Legislation; Local 129 government; Political issues; Regulatory issues; Standards; historical perspectives, 35 outsourcing, 63, 65, 66, 67 State-level issues public-private partnerships, 70-71, 78 Government Standards Board, 86 Great Britain, see United Kingdom Executive Order 12803, 52-53 F H Federal government, 44-45, 50, 93 Health issues, 6, 10, 25, 26, 35-36, 42, 54, 93, see also Environmental Protection 124-125 see also Standards Agency; Legislation funding, 3, 45, 54, 129 cost factors, 45 interest-rate subsidies, 27-28 disaster response, 27, 32, 49, 57 terrorism, viii, 43 Internal Revenue Service, 44-45, 64 taxation, 6, 8, 12, 27-28, 44-45, 51, 52-53, historical perspectives, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33- 101 34, 35-36, 42 public-private partnerships, 72 Financial incentives, 2, 11, 44, 49, 50, 53, 59, 62, 77, 87, 91, 97, 99, 129 Historical perspectives, vii-viii, 1, 2-3, 10, Foreign countries, see International 14, 15, 20, 24, 29-40, 44, 53, 70, 122, 123-126 perspectives Franchising arrangements, 11, 90 capital investment, 33, 38, 125, 126 Full-service contract operation and design-build-own-operate-transfer arrangements, 21 management, 11-12 Funding, 3, 6, 12, 14, 18-19, 35-36, 38, 45, funding, 6 53, 54, 79 health issues, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33-34, 35-36, 42 see also Capital investment committee study, 11 international perspectives, 29-30, 38-40, commingling, 26-27 122, 123-126 Philadelphia Suburban Company, 20 design-build-and-operate contracting, 45 pricing (rates), 37, 39, 112 environmental issues, general, 47, 48, small utilities and regionalization, 33, 50-51, 123-124 129 lease financing, 74 standards, 32-35, 38, 41
142 INDEX technological innovations, 29, 30, 33, 34, Litigation, 13, 49, 105 35, 48 Local government, 2, 14, 20, 58, 77, 93, 95, urban areas, 29, 30, 31-33, 35, 38, 39, 48 100, 101-104, 110, 124-125 wastewater treatment, 10, 35-37, 41, 42, see also Community-level issues; 49 Regionalization; Urban areas I M Incentives, see Financial incentives Maintenance and repair, see Operations, Indianapolis Water Company, 24 maintenance and repair Infrastructure, 18, 20, 39, 41, 53, 60, 81-85, Masons Water Yearbook, 23 100, 132, 133 Meters, 1, 61 see also Capital investment; Construction of facilities; Operations, maintenance and N repair Insurance, 12, 75, 133 National Association of Water Companies, Interest rates, 12, 27-28 3, 15, 77 Nonprofit organizations, 38 Internal Revenue Service, 44-45, 64 International Organization for Standardization, 65-66 International perspectives, viii, 7, 13, 23 O see also Terrorism Ondeo, 64 economies of scope, 85 Operations, maintenance and repair, vii, foreign ownership, 41, 46, 64, 85 viii, 1, 8, 76, 132 historical, 29-30, 38-40, 122, 123-126 see also Outsourcing outsourcing, 64, 65-66, 68 lease financing, 75 performance benchmarking, 59 Outsourcing, 11-12, 20-21, 24, 39, 58, 62-69, political issues, 23, 39, 121 95, 110 pricing (rates), viii, 23, 39, 92, 124 see also Technical assistance standards, 65-66 capital investment, 66, 67 terrorism, viii, 43 cost factors, 64, 65, 66, 68-69 United Kingdom, 23, 38, 44, 59, 92, 121- employment issues, 65, 66, 67 127 Environmental Protection Agency urban areas, 23, 38, 39, 121-126 guidelines, 63, 65, 66, 67 Irrigation, see Agriculture international perspectives, 64, 65-66, 68 political issues, 64, 65 service efficiencies, 65, 66 L small and medium-sized utilities, 67-69 urban areas, 63, 64, 69 Labor/management relations, 57, 61, 79, 101, 133-134 Lease financing, 27, 74-75 Legislation, 42, 43, 47, 62. 98 P see also Regulatory issues; Standards Partnerships, public-private, 11, 24, 49-50, Clean Water Act, 19, 35-36, 37, 45, 48 54, 56, 58, 69-75 historical perspectives, 30, 32, 52 see also Technical assistance Safe Drinking Water Act, 3, 8, 19, 35, 37, cost factors, 45, 72-75 47, 51-52, 68, 89, 91, 105, 128-130 design-build-operate arrangements, 11- small utilities and regionalization, 50-51 12, 20-21, 45, 47, 70, 71-74 Water Act (United Kingdom), 123-124 tax law, 45
INDEX 143 Design-build-own-operate-transfer cost factors, general, 89, 90-91 arrangements, 21, 70 economies of scale, 4, 11, 20, 23, 46, 51, Environmental Protection Agency 68, 81-85, 88, 100, see also guidelines, 70-71, 78 Regionalization Philadelphia Suburban Company, 20 economies of scope, 23, 85 Phoenix Water Service Department, 60-61 employment issues, 108 Political issues, 1-2, 5, 10, 13, 18-19, 25-26, historical perspectives, 33, 50-51, 123-124 42-45, 47, 51, 56-57, 78-79, 87, political factors, 49, 90-91 103-104, 110 regulatory issues, 48 see also Cultural values technological innovation, 50-51 committee study charge, 11 Regulatory issues, vii, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 22, 24, competitive bidding, 26 26, 46-48, 88, 91-99, 133 cost, 41, 42 see also Environmental Protection employment, 56-57, 103-104, 125-126 Agency; Risk assessment and international perspectives, 23, 39, 121 sharing; Standards; Taxation outsourcing, 64, 65 competition, deregulation, 15, 45, 121-126 pricing, 26, 56, 57, 59, 87 historical perspectives, 32-33, 37-38, public disclosure/participation, 26, 56, 121-126 57, 59 lease financing, 74 regionalization and consolidation, 49, local pricing controls, 20, 101, 102 90-91 models of water service provision, 58, risk sharing, 49 60-61, 74, 77, 78-79, 92 Pricing (rates), 5, 8, 10, 12, 18, 21, 24, 25, 46, organizational factors, 58 51, 54, 62, 76, 83, 86-88, 92, 94, 112 private regulatory measures, 44 see also Cost factors regionalization and small utilities, 50 ability to pay, 57, 102 state regulation of pricing (rates), 11, 14, benchmarking, 59 18, 37, 83, 47-48, 87-88, 91, 92, 94- consumer attitudes, 42, 43 96, 102 historical perspectives, 37, 39, 112 Repair, see Operations, maintenance and international perspectives, viii, 23, 39, repair 92, 124 Risk assessment and sharing, 11-12, 22, 41, lease financing, 75 47, 49-50, 54, 77-78, 131, 134 local regulation, 20, 101, 102 bank guarantees, 12, 75 meters, 1, 61 insurance, 12, 75, 133 outsourcing, 64 international perspectives, 23 political issues, 26, 56, 57, 59, 87 litigation, 13, 49, 105 state regulation, 11, 14, 18, 37, 83, 47-48, urban areas, 49, 78 87-88, 91, 92, 94-96, 102 Rural areas, 67-69, 85 Professional education, 45-46, 55, 65, 113 Public Citizen group, 24 Public health, see Health issues S Public Health Service, 32-33 Safe Drinking Water Act, 3, 8, 19, 35, 37, 47, 51-52, 68, 89, 91, 105, 128-130 R Seattle Public Utilities Treatment Plant, 49, 131-134 Rates, see Pricing (rates) Securities, see Stocks and shares Regionalization, 4, 11, 46, 60, 84-85, 88-91, Service efficiencies, 20, 50, 57, 58, 69, 79, 86, 100, 106-109, 110, 121 101-102, 124, 131 see also Small and medium-sized outsourcing, 65, 66 utilities; State-level issues Severn-Trent Environmental Services, 11 capital investment, 50-51, 53, 90-91
144 INDEX Small and medium-sized utilities, viii, 7-8, exemptions, 6, 12, 27-28, 44-45, 51, 52- 13, 14, 21-22, 46, 78, 111 53, 101 see also Regionalization Internal Revenue Service, 44-45, 64 capital investment and regionalization, lease financing, 74, 75 50-51, 53 outsourcing, 63 funding, 51-52, 53, 130 Technical assistance, 12, 47, 50, 89, 102-103, outsourcing, 67-69 110 risk sharing, 49 see also Outsourcing standards, 3-4, 28 Technological innovations, vii,, 1, 8, 4, 13, technological innovation, 50-51 22-23, 41, 46, 48-49, 89, 111 wastewater treatment, 7-8, 50 Clean Water Act funding, 35-36 Standards, vii, viii, 2-3, 5, 7, 8, 19, 42, 47-48, computer technology, 46, 48, 49 57, 84-85, 92, 101-102, 105 historical perspectives, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, see also Environmental Protection 48 Agency; Regulatory issues international firms, viii arsenic, 3, 47-48 professional education, 45-46 asset management, 86 small utilities and regionalization, 50-51 cost factors, 42, 43 water treatment, 19, 30, 33, 34, 35-36. Clean Water Act, 19, 35-36, 37, 45, 48 48-49 foreign-owned firms, 46 Telecommunications, 13, 15, 23, 90, 92 historical perspectives, 32-35, 38, 41 Terrorism, viii, 43 management, general, 26 Troubled Waters, 124 outsourcing, 64, 65-66 performance benchmarks, 4, 47, 55, 59, 92, 101, 132-133 U risk sharing, 49 Safe Water Drinking Act, 3, 8, 19, 35, 37, Unions, see Labor/management relations United Kingdom, 23, 38, 44, 59, 92, 121-127 47, 51-52, 68, 89, 91, 105, 128-130 small utilities and regionalization, 50-51 United Water, 64 state-level, 47, 69, 91 Urban areas, vii, 1, 10, 13, 14, 17, 24, 54-55, 60-61, 62, 77, 82-83, 85, 106-107, State-level issues, 18, 38, 46, 96-88, 105, 113, 130 131-134 agricultural uses vs urban uses of water, agricultural uses and, 107-109 competitive bids, 26 107-109 capital costs, 19, 53 historical perspectives, 29, 30, 31-33, 35, funding, 6, 28, 36, 53 38, 39, 48 international perspectives 23, 38, 39, organizational structure, legislation, 58- 59, 97-99 121-126 rates and charges, regulation, 11, 14, 18, long-term water contracts, communities with, 22 37, 83, 47-48, 87-88, 91, 92, 94-96, 102 organizational structure, 58-59 regionalization and small utilities, 50 outsourcing, 63, 64, 69 Philadelphia Suburban Company, 20 standards, water quality, 47, 69, 91 tax-exempt financing, 53 public officials, 44 Stocks and shares, 25, 32, 37, 66, 110 public-private partnerships, 70-73 risk assessment/sharing, 49, 78 T W Taxation, 8, 77, 88 bonds, 6, 12, 27-28, 51, 52-53 Wales, see England and Wales
INDEX 145 Wastewater treatment, 1, 2, 12, 15 technological innovations, 19, 30, 33, 34, chemicals, 19, 30, 33, 34, 35-36, 48-49 35-36, 48-49 arsenic, 3, 47-48 Water Act (United Kingdom), 123-124 committee study charge, 11 Water and Wastewater Infrastructure cost factors, 12, 37, 48, 49 Authorities, 53, 54 design-build-own-operate-transfer Water Environmental Federation, 44 arrangements, 21 Water Infrastructure Network, 53, 54, 85 federal grants, 20, 50 Watersheds, 6, 8, 11, 25, 26, 82, 89, 91, 93, historical perspectives, 10, 35-37, 41, 42, 104, 105, 106, 111-112 49 Workforce issues, see Employment issues; number of publicly owned, 12, 14 Professional education outsourcing, 63, 69 small and medium-sized utilities, 7-8, 50
