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Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (2001)

Chapter: The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body

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Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Page 573
Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Page 574
Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Page 575
Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 576
Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 577
Suggested Citation:"The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 569 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY The Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Structure and Water Noise Caused by Roughness of the Body Lijin Gao and Lian-di Zhou (China Ship Scientific Research Center, P.O. 116, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214082, China) ABSTRACT It is well known that eddies shed from rough surface is a main source of water noise. In this paper, the water noise caused by the roughness of the surface of the foil (NACA0020) is numerically and experimentally studied. In the numerical simulation, a mathematical roughness, which comes from the no-slip condition of vortex method, is introduced. The numerical results indicate that the vortex's shedding could be avoided under some mathematical roughness. It corresponds to forward multi-layer in dynamic phenomena. The experiment tried to find how to realize the mathematical roughness in physics. The experiment results showed that certain riblets or slots on the surface could be related to different kinds of mathematical roughness. KEY WORDS: mathematical roughness, FMM, forward multi-layer, drop off, breakdown INTRODUCTION The quieter submarine is very important nowadays. So how to decrease the noise of the submarine becomes more and more important. As engine and other noises have been reduced in these days, the internal noise levels of many speeding submarines are significantly affected by the water noise. The main sources of water noise are as follows: 1) pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layer; 2) turbulence-excited wall vibrations; 3) eddies generated by surface roughness; 4) eddies shed at tail fins. Drag and water noise all consume energy, so how to reduce drag and lower water noise are the same thing in the essence of consuming energy. Surface roughness has been used to reduce the drag for many years. But few people make relation of surface roughness with water noise. Now there exists a new way to reduce drag and lower water noise, which arranges slots and riblets on the surface of the body. Study of viscous drag reduction using riblets has been a field of significant research during the last decade. Drag reduction of as much as 4–8% has been measured in a variety of simple two-dimensional flows at low speed, see e.g. Coustols & Savill (1992), Choi (1989), or Sundaram (1992). Riblets with symmetric V grooves (height equal to spacing) with adhesive-backed film manufactured by the 3M Company have been widely used in most early work that has revealed enormous consistency in the degree of drag reduction observed as well as many aspects of flow structure. Coustols (1989 & 1991) reported his results of drag reduction of 2.7% on LC100D airfoil and 6% on an ONERA D swept airfoil model at α=0deg respectively. Caram & Ahmed (1992) studied the near and intermediate wake region of a NACA0012 airfoil covered with 3M riblets at α=0deg. Total drag reduction determined from the wake survey indicated a the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 570 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY maximum of 13.3%. Recent measurements by Viswanath & Mukund (1995) on a supercritical airfoil covered with 3M riblets have showed skin friction drag reduction of 6–12% (in the α range of −0.5–1deg) at transonic Mach number. But all the above studies are focused on testing and drag reduction, there is little efforts on theory and lowering water noise. In this paper, how to lower the water noise level by surface roughness is investigated. The concept of mathematical roughness is introduced, which deduced from the no-slip condition of vortex method. The results show that mathematical roughness could keep in the vortex's shedding, and it can be considered as forward multi-layer in dynamic phenomena (Gao Lijin & Zhou Liandi 2000). But how to realize the mathematical roughness in physics is a challenge. The experiment results show that certain riblet or slot on the surface has some relation with the mathematical roughness. In this paper, the influence of the roughness is investigated. An adaptive numerical scheme, based on vortex method, is used to solve a time-dependent full Navier-Stokes equation. The analyses of flow field data and sound field data indicate that there are some strong relations among the vortical motions and structures associated with the surface roughness. The change of surface roughness might be a new way to lower water noise. NUMERICAL METHOD Fast vortex method The flow was governed by unsteady two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which can be expressed in the vorticity transformation as: (1) where u(x, t) was the velocity, ω was the vorticity, v denoted the kinematics viscosity, Ub was the velocity of the was the infinite velocity, D was the domain of the flow and ∂D denoted the boundary of the domain. Using the body, definition of the vorticity and the continuity ( ∇ · u=0), it could be shown that u is related to ω by the following Poisson equation: (2) The velocity-vorticity formulation helped in eliminating the pressure from the unknowns of the equations. However, for bounded domain it introduced additional constrains in the kinematics of the flow field and required the transformation of the velocity boundary conditions to vorticity forms. In this paper, equation (1) was discreted in a Lagrangian frame using particle (vortex) methods. The following formulation was used: (3) where, xa was vorticity-carrying fluid elements. In vortex method, the vorticity field was considered as a discrete sum of the individual vorticity fields of the particles, having core radius ε, strength Γ(t) and an individual distribution of vorticity η(x, t), so: (4) Here η(x, t) was defined as a Dirac-Delta function in a board sense on the nonstandard analytical space, the integral of this function over the full space must be 1. In vortex method, at last the following equation would be solved: (5) the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 571 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Here, U0 was the solution of the homogeneous equation with the no-through boundary condition; K(Z)=Z/|Z|2; G(x, t) was the Green's function kernel in an unbounded domain; H(xa, t) was the influence function of the body surface; K1(x, t) and G1(x, t) were the convolutions of K and G with η. In vortex method, the no-slip boundary condition accounted for the generation of vorticity on the surface of the body. The surface of the body acted as a source of vorticity and the task was to relate this vorticity flux on the surface of the body to the no-slip condition. In the present formulation, equation (5) were not integrated simultaneously but instead of a fractional step algorithm was employed. We solved successively for the convective and the viscous part of the equations. At each sub-step the relevant kinematic (no-through) and dynamic (no-slip) boundary conditions were enforced. The more information about vortex method could be seen in Chorin's (1989) and Koumoutsakos's (1994, 1995, 1996). The straight forward method of computing the right-hand side of (5) required O(N2) operations for N vortex elements. If N was very large, it must be a time-consuming procedure. This was the N-body problem, which was how to calculate the interactions among the N discrete points in a system. It was very important in the fields of molectroics, celestial mechanics and so on. Traditionally, it required O(N2) calculation operations, Barnts-Hut introduced the concept of tree and reduced the computation to the order of O(NlogN). Now the FMM (fast multi-pole method) method was introduced in this paper, and it reduced the work to O(N). The vortex method based on the FMM was the main frame of our scheme, called fast vortex method. Note that the number of particles N was a function of time. As the particles adapt to resolve the vorticity field that was guaranteed around the surface of the body was subsequently convected and diffused. New computation elements were added as needed. Mathematical roughness The charge of the roughness was enforced in the second sub-step of the fractional step. In this paper, the effect of the flow structure, vortex structure near the surface of the body and the water noise are observed when the roughness on the surface of the body was changed. After the enforcement of the no-through boundary condition, a tangential vortex sheet on the surface of the body could be observed, and the strength was γ(s). The mathematical roughness was introduced by the following formula: (6) here, ∂ ω/∂n was the normal vorticity flux on the surface the body; δt was the time step of the fractional method; α(s) was the function which embodied the influence of the roughness. The function α(s) could be continuous function, constant, discrete points and so on. In general, different values of α(s) expressed different roughness of the surface of the body. It was briefly described below: 0: Slip boundary condition; 0~1: Partial-slip boundary condition; 1: Standard no-slip boundary condition; >1: Backward multi-layer slip boundary condition; <0: Forward multi-layer slip boundary condition; Hydroacoustic theory When the Mach Number M=u/C0≪1, the Powell equation could be used to predict the water noise: (7) It was a typical hyperbolic equation. Water noise in far field could be gotten. EXPERIMENT The experiment was carried on in water tunnel (Fig. 1), the model is a NACA0020 airfoil with a chord 131mm. Two- dimensional LDV was used to measure the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 572 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY the velocity, BK8103 and BK8105 were used to measure the pressure fluctuation to get the water noise. Fig. 1: Equipment of the Experiment In order to investigate the influence of the roughness of the surface and how to realize the mathematical roughness in physics, two models were considered. One model had normal surface, the other had rough surface on which some little cylinders of 2–3mm diameter and 1–2mm height were distributed orderly. The rough surface model could be shown in the Fig. 2: Fig. 2: Model of Roughness Surface RESULTS To investigate the influence of roughness, four cases were calculated under the same Reynolds number about 105. In the experiment, horizontal velocities were measured by LDV at several velocity sections. The horizontal velocities were given in this paper at these same sections. The numerical and experimental horizontal velocities were compared in Fig. 3- Fig. 6. In these figures, (a) described the numerical velocity field, (b) described the experimental velocity field. Fig. 3: Velocity field compared at 00 attack angle (full wing with normal roughness) the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 4: Velocity field compared at 00 attack angle (full wing with relative roughness)

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 573 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Fig. 5: Velocity field compared at 150 attack angle (full wing with normal roughness) Fig. 6: Velocity field compared at 150 attack angle (full wing with relative roughness) In Fig. 3, a 00 attack angle foil with normal roughness (no-slip boundary condition) was investigated. The results show that the computed velocity field agrees with the experimental ones. In Fig. 4, a 00 attack angle foil with relative roughness, which was used in experiment, was investigated. The mathematical roughness of α(s)=1.5 corresponded to the relative roughness in the experiment. The boundary layer thickened because of the relative roughness under 00 attack angle. In Fig. 5, a 150 attack angle foil with normal roughness (no-slip boundary condition) was investigated. The results show that the computed velocity field agrees with the experimental results. In Fig. 6, a 150 attack angle foil with relative roughness, which was used in the experiment, was investigated. The mathematics roughness of α(s)=1.5 corresponds to the relative roughness in the experiment. The results indicated that the seperation of the flow was strengthened and the seperated position moved ahead. It means that the positive mathematical roughness (backward multi-layer slip boundary condition) made the breakdown of vortex appear early. But the numerical flow field did not agree with the experiment well. There were some problems in the experiment. Fig. 7–Fig. 10 describe the vortex structure in four different cases. In these figures, (a) and (b) describe the unsteady vortex structure of same case. the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 7: Vorticity contours at 00 attack angle with α(s)=1.0

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 574 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Fig. 8: Vorticity contours at 00 attack angle with α(s)=1.5 Fig. 9: Vorticity contours at 150 attack angle with α(s)=1.0 Fig. 10: Vorticity contours at 150 attack angle with α(s)=1.5 In Fig. 7 and Fig. 9, a Karman vortex structure was observed under normal roughness under 00 and 150 attack angle repectively. In Fig. 8, it shows that the vortex structure was decreased under mathematical roughness of α(s)=1.5 at 00 attack angle. In Fig 10, the mathematical roughness of α(s)=1.5 made the vortex strengthen and the breakdown of vortex appear early. Fig. 11 describes the numerical water noise under 150 attack angle in different mathematical roughness. The positive mathematical roughness increases the water noise. the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 575 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Fig. 11: Water noise under 150 attack angle CONCLUSION The numerical and experimental results show that the introduced mathematical roughness can be corresponded by the real physical roughness and could be used as useful tool in investigation of reducing noise. The positive mathematical roughness makes the water noise enhanced, and a negative mathematical roughness might reduce the water noise (Gao Lijin & Zhou Liandi 2000). How to realize the negative mathematical roughness in physics will be further studied. REFERENCE E.Coustols & A.M.Savill, ‘Turbulent Skin Friction Drag Reduction by Active and Passive Means', Special Course on Skin Friction Drag Reduction, AGARD Rept. 786, London, pp. 8.1–8.80, March 1992 K.S.Choi, ‘Near Wall Structures of a Turbulent Boundary Layer with Riblets', Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 208, pp. 417–458, 1989 S.Sundaram & P.R.Viswanath, ‘Study on Turbulent Drag Reduction Using Riblets on a Flat Plate', National Aeronautical Lab., NAL Rept. PDEA 9209, Bangalore, India, Nov. 1992 E.Coustols, ‘Control of Turbulence by Internal and External Manipulators', Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Drag Reduction, A.M. Savil ed., Applied Scientific Research, Vol. 46, No. 3, Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, 1989 E.Coustols, ‘Performance of Internal Manipulators in Subsonic Three Dimensional Flows', Recent Developments in Turbulence Managements, K.S.Choi ed., Vol. 6, Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA, pp. 43–64, 1991 J.M.Caram & A.Ahmed, ‘Development of Wake of an Airfoil with Riblets', AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 12, pp. 2817–2818, 1992 E.Coustols & V.Schmitt, ‘Synthesis of Experimental Riblet Studies in Transonic Conditions', Turbulence Control by Passive Means, edited by E.Coustols, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 123–140, 1990 P.R.Viswanath & R.Mukund, ‘Turbulent Drag Reduction Using Riblets on Supercritical Airfoil at Transonic Speeds', AIAA Journal, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 945–947, 1995 Gao Lijin & Zhou Liandi, ‘the Numerical Study of the Influence on the Flow Structure caused by Roughness of the Cylinder', Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, to be published Gao Lijin & Zhou Liandi, ‘The Numerical Study of Water Noise Caused by Roughness', 4th International Conference on Hydrodynamics, Yakahama, Japan, Sep. 2000 A.J.Chorin, ‘Computational Fluid Mechanics Selected Papers', Academic Press Inc., 1989 Ding Li & Allen T.Chwang, ‘Time domain analysis of ship-generated waves in harbor using a fast hierarchical method', ISOPE'97, Hawaii, 1997 Gao Lijin & Zhou Lian-di, ‘Numerical Study of the Mechanism of Water Noise Generation using the Fast Vortex Method', ICHD'98, 1998 L.Greengard & V.Rokhlin, ‘A fast algorithm for particle simulations', Journal of Computational Physics 73, pp. 325–348, 1987 P.Koumoutsakos, A.Leonard, F.Pepin, ‘Boundary Condition for Viscous Vortex Methods', Journal of the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 576 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Computational Physics (1994a), Vol. 113, pp. 52–61, 1994 P.Koumoutsakos & A.Leonard, ‘High-resolution simulations of the flow around an impulsively started cylinder using vortex method', J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 296, pp. 1–38, 1995 P.Koumoutsakos & D.Shiels, ‘Simulations of the viscous flow normal to an impulsively started and uniformly accelerated flat plate', J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 328, pp. 177–227, 1996 A.Powell, ‘Theory of Vortex Sound', J. Acoustic. Soc. Am. 36, pp. 177–195, 1969 the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 577 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY Dr. Ulderico “Paolo” Bulgarelli Institute Nazionale per Studied Esperienze di Architettura Navale Via di Vallerano 139 00128 Rome Italy Tel: +39–6–50299–270/222 Fax: +39–6–5070619 E-mail: Surfer@rios3.insean.it upbulgu@rios6.insean.it Prof. Luis Perez-Rojas Escuela Tecuica Superior de Ingenieros Navales Avda Arco de la Victoria S/N 28040 Madrid SPAIN Tel: +3491–3367154 Fax: +3491–5442149 E-mail: lperezr@etsin.upm.es Prof. Toshio Suzuki Osaka University Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Eng. 2–1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka 565–0871, Japan Tel: +8168797579 Fax: +8168797594 E-mail: Suzuki@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp the authoritative version for attribution.

THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND WATER NOISE CAUSED BY ROUGHNESS OF THE 578 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line BODY DISCUSSION Luis Perez Rojas Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales I really congratulate to the authors for this interesting paper that is dealing with a topic, the roughness, that need a very deep study as it was stated in 22nd. ITTC (1). Nevertheless, I would like to indicate some comment and questions. The roughness is represented in this paper by the function α(s) and its action is expressed in the boundary condition, equation (6) of the paper. Do the authors think that this expression is enough for representing the effect of roughness changing the velocity and turbulence distribution near the body surface as it was stated by Patel (2)?. Do you think that this model is capable of describing the three roughness regimes, namely, hydrodynamically smooth, transitional and full- rough surfaces?. The figure 3 of the paper represents the standard no-slip boundary condition, both figures (a) and (b) seems not verify this condition. Are the measurements done in the experimental work only outside the boundary layer?. In order to evaluate the validation of the numerical calculation with the experimental work, the uncertainty assessment must be done as it is indicated by the Resistance Committee of the ITTC (1), based in the AIAA Standard (3). In this aspect, has been done any uncertainty analysis not only in the experimental data but also in the numerical results?. In the conclusion of the paper, the positive mathematical roughness is related with an increasing water noise what can conduct to a decreasing water noise through a negative mathematical roughness. Can it be considered that this negative mathematical roughness is related to smoother surfaces than what is defined by the authors as normal roughness?. REFERENCES. 1. ITTC, “Report of the Resistance Committee”, Proceedings of the 22nd. International Towing Tank Conference, Seoul, Korea & Shanghai, China, 1999, pp. 174–181. 2. Patel, V.C. “Flow at High Reynolds Number and over Rough Surfaces—Achilles Heel of CFD”. ASME J. Fluid Engineering, Vol. 102, 1998. 3. AIAA, “Assessment of Wind, Tunnel Data Uncertainty”. AIAA S-071–1995. AUTHOR'S REPLY Thanks for Professor Luis Perez Rojas's comments. 1. Yes, the equation (6) can be used to represent the effect of roughness as Patel stated. By using proper vortex layers near wall, the model can describe difference surface roughness regimes. As Patel's definition, different y + represent different surface roughness, which determine the strength of the vortex layer near wall. So we can get the following conclusion that, hydrodynamically smooth regime: transitional and full-rough surfaces: 2. One-dimensional LDV was used to measure the horizontal velocity, which could not get the velocity in the boundary layer. We only compared the velocity at the points where the experimental velocities were achieved. 3. Because of the time, we haven't made uncertainty analysis about our numerical method. However we will do this work latter. 4. The negative mathematical roughness is not related to smoother surfaces than normal rough surface. The smoother rough surfaces correspond to 0<α(s)<1. The negative mathematical roughness will add extra energy to the flow field. It may correspond to blowing or suction surfaces or any other energy-adding surfaces. But the corresponding relationship and the realization of these surfaces should be studied further. the authoritative version for attribution.

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"Vive la Revolution!" was the theme of the Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics held in Val de Reuil, France, from September 17-22, 2000 as more than 140 experts in ship design, construction, and operation came together to exchange naval research developments. The forum encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers, and the occasion provides an opportunity for direct communication between international peers.

This book includes sixty-three papers presented at the symposium which was organized jointly by the Office of Naval Research, the National Research Council (Naval Studies Board), and the Bassin d'Essais des Carènes. This book includes the ten topical areas discussed at the symposium: wave-induced motions and loads, hydrodynamics in ship design, propulsor hydrodynamics and hydroacoustics, CFD validation, viscous ship hydrodynamics, cavitation and bubbly flow, wave hydrodynamics, wake dynamics, shallow water hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics in the naval context.

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