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Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (2001)

Chapter: Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull

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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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Suggested Citation:"Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
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lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 927 Study on the Prediction of Flow Characteristics Around a Ship Hull K.-S.Min, J.Choi, D.Yum, K.Chung, B.Chang, S.Chung, B.Han (Hyundai Heavy Industries, Korea) ABSTRACT A long term R & D Program on the prediction of flow characteristics around a ship hull has been established with the aim of preparing a sufficiently accurate computational method for practical applications. This program is composed of 3- stage studies. The 1st stage study on the investigation of the state-of-art of CFD technology has been carried out. For this purpose, 4 CFD codes were selected. Using the selected codes, numerical computations have been performed for 5 different ships in 4 different ship types together with the experimental measurements. The comparisons between the experimental results and the results of computation show that present CFD technology needs to be further improved for practical applications. INTRODUCTION In order to improve the hydrodynamic performance of a ship, it is necessary to have the knowledge on the flow characteristics around a ship hull and to utilize the knowledge in design. Two methods are available to predict the flow characteristics—one is the experimental method, that is, model test, and the other is the computational method so called computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The experimental method is to measure the items related to the flow characteristics by model tests. This traditional method has long been used and has one definite advantage that comparatively accurate results could be obtained. In general, however, this method needs longer time and higher cost. Furthermore, there are some items which could not be measured by model tests. Those are disadvantages of the experimental method. The computational method is to calculate the characteristics using nowaday's highly developed computers and CFD codes. This method not only is economical in time and cost, but also could estimate some characteristics which are not possible to be measured by model tests. Those are advantages of this method. In general, however, the computational method does not have sufficient accuracy and reliability yet for the practical applications. This is the fatal disadvantage of the computational method. In order to improve the CFD technology for the prediction of flow characteristics around a ship hull, related studies have been actively carried out in the world and International CFD Workshops have been held three times (Larssen 1980, Larssen et al. 1991, Kodama 1994). Following the worldwide trend and necessity, Hyundai Maritime Research Institute (HMRI) has established the long term R & D Program on this subject and has carried out the study. The ultimate goal of the research program is to prepare a sufficiently accurate prediction method for the practical applications and to efficiently utilize the method for the actual design and performance analysis. This program is composed of 3 stage studies as follows: - the 1st stage study: Investigation of the state-of-art of CFD technology - the 2nd stage study: Improvement of CFD technology to the level of practical application - the 3rd stage study: Study for the actual utilization This paper deals with the 1st stage study of HMRI's long term R & D program and includes the following contents: - Selection of CFD codes - Calculation of flow characteristics - Measurement of flow characteristics - Comparison between test results and the results of calculation - Evaluation Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is in the validation of present CFD technology. After the full evaluation of the 1st stage study, the future direction of the CFD study shall be established. For the sake of universal validity in the result of the study, 5 different ships in 4 different ship type have been selected as the object ships such as very large crude oil carrier and large-size bulk carrier as the the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 928 full slow-speed ship type, LPG carrier as the full medium-speed ship type, large-size container carrier as the fine medium- speed ship type and naval ship as the fine high-speed ship type. Those ships were actually built and delivered in 1990's. For the computational analysis, total 4 CFD codes were selected, that is 3 well-known commercial codes and HMRI code. The three commercial codes are STAR-CD, FLUENT and SHIPFLOW. Initially, CFDSHIP_IOWA code was included. However computation by CFDSHIP_IOWA code has not been progressed satisfactorily, and it was decided not to include in this paper. Enormous amount of computations and measurements have been carried out. Due to the limited space, however, only the brief summary shall be presented and discussed in this paper. NUMERICAL METHODS The details and formulations of the numerical methodologies for CFD are well known and extensively documented in many literatures. Hence, only main features of the methodologies will be described in this paper. First of all, the dual coordinate systems have been adopted as shown in Fig. 1. The global coordinate system (x, y, z) is defined to represent the flow patterns around hull as positive x in the flow direction, positive y starboard, and positive z upward where the origin is at the bow and undisturbed free surface; while the local coordinate system (x′, y′, z′) to enhance the usefulness of calculated wake patterns in the propeller designs where the origin is at the center of propeller. The physical quantities in the paper are nondimensionalized by ship length between perpendiculars (LPP), ship speed (UO), and fluid density (ρ). Fig. 1 Coordinate System Viscous flow The numerical procedure presented in this paper deals with incompressible flows. The basic equations that govern the flow are to describe the instantaneous conservation of mass and momentum. The time-dependent conservation equations can be expressed in tensor notation as: (1) (2) where Ui P, Re, are the velocity, piezometric pressure, Reynolds No., and Reynolds stress respectively. In order to predict turbulent flows via the equations, it becomes necessary to make closure assumptions about the Reynolds stress, because the equations do not constitute a closed set. The turbulence models and process of expressing the Reynolds stresses in terms of the known quantities can be categorized into Reynolds stress model (RSM) and eddy viscosity model (EVM). In RSM, the partial differential equations for the Reynolds stresses are formulated and solved. The RSM includes the effect of some important factors, such as the streamline curvature and the body force etc, on the characteristics of the turbulence, but requires additional computation to solve the partial differential equations for the each components of the stress. Furthermore it is still necessary to model some of terms in their equations. Alternatively algebraic stress model (ASM) using the algebraic equations instead of the partial differential equations, on the assumption that convective and diffusion terms in RSM is linearly dependent on the turbulence kinetic energy k, can be applied to several engineering fields. In the EVM, based on the Boussinesq's hypothesis, the Reynolds stresses are represented as mean velocity gradients. The EVM are classed into zero, one, and two equation models according to the number of partial differential equations. The most widely used model in engineering applications is the k-ε model in conjunction with the wall function instead of the fine meshes near the wall surfaces. In solving flow patterns around 3-dimensional bodies, it is convenient to use the boundary fitted Coordinate system. the authoritative version for attribution. The partial differential equation to transform the physical domain into the computational domain must be solved, governing equations also be transformed. This transformation can be divided into two ways: one is that both geometrical and physical variables are transformed. The other is that only geometrical variables are transformed. From the

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 929 viewpoints of numerical procedures, the partial transformation is simpler, but invokes numerical errors when the discrepancy between the flow stream and physical coordinate is large. To solve the governing equations, the flow domain is subdivided into a finite number of cells and these equations are changed into algebraic form via the discretization process such as Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), Finite Analytic Method. (FAM), Finite Element Methods (FEM) and so forth. However, the governing equations are nonlinear and coupled forms of the continuity and momentum equations. And, hence it is necessary to use an iterative procedure: SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations), Artificial compressibility Methods, and PISO (Pressure Implicit with Splitting Operator) etc. The SIMPLE is one of the most widely used procedures, but is less economical than the more recent PISO, especially in unsteady problems, because with SIMPLE the iteration is required at each time step. Before solving the equations, the grid inside flow domain must be generated. The grid pattern can be categorized into structured and unstructured grids. The structured grids do not require special attention to define the connectivity between cells because there is one-to-one correspondence between adjacent faces of neighboring cells. The unstructured grids allow mesh mismatch on the interface between adjacent cells and/or blocks, thus locally enhancing the numerical resolutions where required. Potential flow The flow is assumed steady, irrotational and incompressible. The potential of the disturbed velocities ( ) is defined by equation (3) and will satisfy the Laplace equation (4): (3) (4) On the hull boundary the normal velocity must be zero, and on the free surface boundary a similar relation holds. This kinematic condition may be written as: (5) where h(x, y) is equation for the wavy surface. A dynamic free surface condition may be obtained from the continuity of the stresses across the free surface. This condition degenerates to the simple statements that the pressure must be atmospheric at the surface, and without the generality this pressure may be set zero. Neglecting surface tension and applying the Bernoulii equation the dynamic free surface boundary condition may be written: (6) Finally, the velocity is undisturbed at infinite: (7) These free surface boundary conditions are nonlinear and they have to be applied at an initially unknown surface. Iteration procedure, using the solution on linearized boundary conditions, are generally adopted. SELECTION OF CODES For the sake of universal validity of this study, total 4 codes were selected, that is 3 well known commercial code (STAR-CD, FLUENT, SHIPFLOW) and HMRI code. The characteristics of each code has been summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Characteristics of CFD Codes Characteristics HMRI STAR-CD FLUENT SHIP FLOW Governing equation NS NS NS Zonal Turbulence model KE MKE MKE KE Near wall WF WF WF WF Spatial discretization FVM FVM FVM FAM Grid system S US US S Variable layout SG NG NG SG Velocity-pressure coupling SIMPLE PISO SIMPLE SIMPLER NS: Full NS Zonal: Potential/Integral/Full NS KE: Standard k-ε WF: Wall function S: Structured the authoritative version for attribution. SG: Staggered MKE: Modified k-ε US: Unstructured NG: Non-staggered

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 930 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The model tests were conducted at the deep-water Towing Tank of HMRI. The size of the tank is 210x14x6 m in length, width, and depth, respectively, with maximum carriage speed of 11m/s. The contents of the model tests, measuring items, and data acquisition conditions to investigate the flow characteristics around a ship are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Model Tests and Data Acquisition Conditions Tests Measuring items Sampling rate Measuring time (sec) Resistance Resistance 30 40 Local velocity Pressure 50 5 Wave Hull - - Local 100 2 Global - 40 Hull pressure Pressure 20 15 Flow line Flow line - - All the tests, except the resistance test, were carried out at the fixed model condition with zero sinkage and trim, and were conducted at the design speed. During the measurements of wave elevation and local velocity, the model was moved into the port by 300 mm for the gauges to be accessible. Test description During the resistance test the model was provided with no appendages and free in vertical motion except Destroyer model ship. In the case of Destroyer model ship, the resistance tests were performed at the conditions with appendages and without appendages. The towing point was located at LCB and KB. For the global wave elevation measurements, the longitudinal cut method was utilized. Four wave gauges of capacitance type with 50 mm interval were tied up in one unit, so that four lines of wave elevation data were obtained in a single run. This holder was moved along a truss attached at the sidewall of the tank. Triggering signal is provided by an optical switch at 4.62 m ahead of F.P. to identify the location. For the local wave elevation measurements, the probe of servo-needle type was attached at a traversing mechanism and inclined by 45° to be accessible. To measure the wave elevation along the hull surface, three persons read the wave profile and the average was taken. For the local velocity measurements, a rake with five 5-hole Pitot tubes was used. The 5-hole Pitot tube had spherical tip with 6 mm in diameter and the angle between axes of center hole and side holes was 30°. Each tube was connected to a pressure transducer. The kinematic calibration range of the Pitot tubes was ±30° of pitch and yaw angle. If the flow angle to be measured was out of the calibration range, the data was discarded. The measurements were carried out across the centerplane to confirm the symmetry of flow. The vertical holes to the hull surface with 3 mm in diameter were pierced for the measurements of the hull pressure. The holes were on the keel line and on the station 2 and station 1 with 20 mm spacing. The flow lines on the hull were visualized using paint. The paint was an appropriate mixture of dye, oil paint, wax, and thinner. The optimum mixing rate will be obtained from the try-and-error. Uncertainty analysis The uncertainty analysis for the resistance test was performed by the recommendation of the 22nd ITTC resistance committee. For the other tests, the bias and precision errors of the gauges; and precision errors of the measurements were investigated. The accuracy of the model geometry (L, B, d) is (1, 1, 1) mm. The bias and precision errors of the gauges are listed in Table 3. The residual flow of the tank is 0.001 m/s. In case of the wave elevation measurements of the hull surface, the main error source comes from the human eye. The accuracy is within ±1.5 mm. The average value of the standard deviations of the measurements for the local wave elevation and the hull pressure are 0.2 mm and 9.764 N/m2, respectively. Table 3 Error Sources of Instrumentations Instrumentation Bias limit Precision index Velocity (m/s) 0.001 0.0015 Dynamometer (N) 0.1 - Thermometer (°C) 0.24 0.16 Wave probe (mm) 0.3 0.7 Traverse (mm) 0.1 1 Pressure transducer (psi) 0.00625 0.0057 SELECTION OF THE OBJECT SHIPS the authoritative version for attribution. The object ships selected for measurements and numerical analyses comprise 300,00 TDW VLCC, 170,000 TDW bulk carrier, 6,300 m3 LPG carrier, 4,200 TEU container carrier and 5,000 tonne destroyer. These five ships have representative hull forms of full slow-speed, full medium-speed, fine medium-speed and fine high-speed ship, respectively. Fig. 2 shows the body plans and side profiles of the ships. Table 4 and Table 5 show the principal

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lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 932 Fig. 2 Body Plans and Side Profiles RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The selected CFD codes and the flow characteristics to be calculated or measured have been summarized in Table 5. Computations and measurements have been conducted according to Table 5 for each of 5 different ships, and a vast amount of information for the flow characteristics have been prepared. Among them, the following characteristics shall be presented selectively: - resistance - profile wave elevation - local resistance - velocity distribution - limiting streamline - pressure distribution - wake (at the propeller plane) Table 5 CFD Codes and Characteristic to Be Calculated or Measured Characteristics H C F S M ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Resistance Viscous ○ ○ Wave X X X ○ ○ Overall X X X ○ ○ Wave Elevation Profile X X X ○ ○ Local X X X ○ ○ Global X X X ○ Local resistance X X X X ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Limiting streamline ○ ○ ○ ○ Velocity distribution ∆ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Pressure distribution ○ ○ ○ ○ Boundary layer X ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Wake In Table 5, the symbols of H, C, F, S, and M represent HMRI, STAR-CD, FLUENT, SHIPFLOW codes, and model test, respectively the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 933 Resistance characteristics Resistance and self-propulsion tests were conducted according to the ITTC Standard Procedure. Form factors were determined using the resistance values measured at the low speed region. Resistance itself has been nondimensionalized to resistance coefficients. Therefore, the total resistance coefficient for the model ship (CTM) can be represented by the sum of viscous resistance coefficient (CVM) and wave resistance coefficient as shown in equation (8). (8) In equation (8), k and CFM represent form factor and frictional resistance coefficient, respectively. In computational analysis, viscous resistance could be considered to be composed of two stress components which are perpendicular and tangential to the ship hull, respectively. When two stress coefficients perpendicular to and tangential to the hull are denoted by CVP and CVF, viscous resistance coefficient can be obtained as follows: (9) In equation (9), cvpx and cvfx are the perpendicular stress coefficient and the tangential stress coefficient acting on the unit section of the hull, and can be expressed as follows: (10) (11) The resistance coefficients obtained in this way have been summarized in Table 6. Table 7 shows the comparison of resistance characteristics between test result and computed result. As shown in Tables 7 and 8, there are considerable difference between computed and measured results. Futhermore, the results of computation are not consistent. Particularly, the computed results of wave resistance by SHIPFLOW code differ from the test result very much. Even if the contribution of wave resistance to total resistance at design speed is generally less that 2% for full slow-speed ships, the reason of this discrepency should be investigated and improved. For practical purpose, any prediction method should have at least ±3%, or preferably ±2% accuracy and precision. Table 6 Comparisons of Resistance Characteristics between Model Tests and Numerical Calculations Kind of Ship Method CVM CW CTM 300,000 TDW VLCC M 100.00 100.0 100.0 H 95.34 - - C 98.93 - - F 105.03 - - S 93.23 1126.19 104.40 170,000 TDW bulk carrier M 100.00 100.00 100.00 H 99.17 - - C 115.41 - - F 78.08 - - S 89.99 776.60 98.52 6,300 m3 LPG carrier M 100.00 100.00 100.00 H 83.97 - - C 95.44 - - F 103.99 - - S 90.80 134.91 108.46 4,200 TEU container carrier M 100.00 100.00 1000.00 H 107.93 - - C 98.65 - - F 109.87 - - S 103.39 343.33 120.99 5,000 tonne destroyer (without appendages) M 100.00 100.00 100.00 H 145.96 - - C 96.71 - - F 100.72 - - S 100.66 93.67 97.64 the authoritative version for attribution.

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lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 935 Wave profile Fig. 3 shows the comparison of wave profile between measured result and computed result by SHIPFLOW code. As shown in Fig. 3, two results agree well except in the forward part and the aft part. As well known, however, even the linearized potential theory predicts wave profile very well. For the regions apart from the hull, particularly in the wake region, the computed result shows the exaggerated wave elevation for all kinds of ship. Fig. 3 Comparison of Profile Wave Elevation Fig. 4 Longitudinal Distribution of Local Viscous Resistance Components by HMRI Code Local resistance Fig. 4 shows the local resistance coefficients predicted by HMRI code. Since it was not possible to be calculated by other codes, comparisons could not be made. However, it could be deduced that the component due to perpendicular to ship hull is dominent in the foreward and aft parts while the component due to friction is dominent in the middle region. the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 936 Velocity distribution Fig. 5 shows the axial velocity distribution for 300,000 TDW VLCC at the longitudinal position of station 1(x=0.95). Due to rapid change in hull shape, there exists low speed region in aft part. This region could be well measured by experiment. In general, however, the computations do not show this region clearly. Particularly, the compution by HMRI code shows comparatively thicker boundary layer thickness and slower velocity gradient. Fig. 5 Axial Velocity Contours of 300,000 TDW VLCC at the Station 1 (x=0.95) the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 937 Limiting streamline Fig. 6 shows the measured and the computed limiting streamlines for 6,300 m3 LPG carrier. It is clearly shown in Fig. 6 that the measured streamlines are directed downward in the forward part and upward in the aft part. However, the angle of computed streamlines with respect to free-surface is not as steep as that of measured in the forward part. In the aft part, the computed stremlines are concentrated to the propeller shaft region rather than direced upward (particularly, those from HMRI and SHIPFLOW codes). Furthermore, the computations by STAR-CD and FLUENT codes show flow separation in the wide region of aft part. The results from SHIPFLOW code also show this phenomenon weakly. However, this separation phenomenon has not been shown in the results of paint test. The method of paint test is not sufficient to validate the separation and further study is necessary. 3 Fig. 6 Limiting Streamlines for 6,300 m LPG Carrier the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 938 Pressure distribution Pressure measurements on the hull suface have not been carried out yet, except on the keel line. However, computations have been performed for all CFD codes. Fig. 7 shows the comparison of pressure distribution on the keel line for 3 selected ships and Fig. 8 shows the computed pressure contours on the hull for 170,000 TDW bulk carrier. In general, the characteristics of pressure distribution is in accordance with the direction of the limiting streamlines. It is shown in Fig. 8 that rapid pressure changes occur in the forward and aft parts where hull shape changes rapidly and that the rate of pressure change is greater in the forward region than in the aft region. Fig. 7 Pressure Contours on the Hull for 170,000 TDW Bulk Carrier the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 939 Fig. 8 Pressure Distribution on the Keel Line Wake (at the propeller plane) Fig. 9 and 10 show the axial velocity contours (wake) and velocity vectors on the propeller plane for 170,000 TDW bulk carrier and 4,2000 TEU container carrier. It is not easy to make a definite comparison between the measured and the computed results with these figures. Therefore, the radial distribution of mean axial velocity, that is, the circumferentially averaged radial distribution of axial velocity has been prepared, because this information is used in the actual propeller design. It has been found that there are rather big differences between the test results and the computed results which could not be accepted in the practical purpose. the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 9 Axial Velocity Contours and Velocity Vectors on the Propeller Plane for 170,000 TDW Bulk Carrier

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line STUDY ON THE PREDICTION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A SHIP HULL 940 Fig. 10 Axial Velocity Contours and Velocity Vectors on the Propeller Plane for 4,200 TEU Container Carrier CONCLUSIONS The flow characteristics around a ship hull were investigated through the numerical and experimental methods. For the numerical analysis, four CFD codes (STAR-CD, FLUENT, SHIPFLOW and HMRI) were used. These numerical results were compared with those of model tests. The object 5 ships were actually built in 1990's. In general, the comparison between numerical analyses and model tests showed rather large discrepancies and lack of consistency both quantitatively and qualitatively. Further improvements in the accuracy and the precision of the codes are necessary in order to be used for the practical applications in the prediction of flow characteristics and hull form design. And it is also necessary to know the flow characteristics in the full scale of a ship by the numerical and experimental methods. Among the four selected codes, only SHIPFLOW can treat the free surface effect using the potential flow theory based on the Rankine panel method. Large differences between analyses and model tests were especially shown for wave pattern around the stern of a ship. The effects of the free surface to the flow characteristics around a ship will be more clearly concluded later after further analyses using the free-surface viscous code based on RANS equations. As was mentioned in the Chapter of Introduction, the 2nd and the 3rd stage studies will be carried out based on the results of present study. REFERENCES Choi, J.E., Seo, H.W., Han, B.W., ‘Experimental Study on the Flow around a Full Slow-Speed Ship', Proc. of JAKOM'99, 4th Japan-Korea Joint Workshop on Ship & Marine Hydrodynamics, Fukuoka, 1999. Kim, W.J., Kim, D.H., Van, S.H., “Calculation of Turbulent Flows around VLCC Hull Forms with Stern Frameline Modification”, Proc. of the 7th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Nantes, 1999. Larsson, L. (editor), “SSPA-ITTC Workshop on Ship Boundary Layers”, SSPA Publication No. 90, 1980. the authoritative version for attribution. Larsson, L., Patel, V.C., and Dyne, G., “Ship Viscous Flow—Proceedings of 1990 SSPA-CTH-IIHR Workshop”, Flowtech International AB, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1991. Kodama, Y. (editor), “Proceedings of CFD Workshop Tokyo 1994”, Tokyo, Japan, 1994. Van, S.H., Kim, W.J., Kim, D.H., Lee, C.J., “Experimental Study on the Flow Characteristics around VLCC with Different Stern Shape”, Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Hydrodynamics (ICHD), Seoul, 1998. Van, S.H., Kim, W.J., Yim, G.T., Kim, D.H., Lee, C.J., “Experimental Investigation of the Flow Characteristics around Practical Hull Forms”, Proc. of 3rd Osaka Colloquium on Advanced CFD Applications to Ship Flow and Hull Form Design, Osaka, 1998

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"Vive la Revolution!" was the theme of the Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics held in Val de Reuil, France, from September 17-22, 2000 as more than 140 experts in ship design, construction, and operation came together to exchange naval research developments. The forum encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers, and the occasion provides an opportunity for direct communication between international peers.

This book includes sixty-three papers presented at the symposium which was organized jointly by the Office of Naval Research, the National Research Council (Naval Studies Board), and the Bassin d'Essais des Carènes. This book includes the ten topical areas discussed at the symposium: wave-induced motions and loads, hydrodynamics in ship design, propulsor hydrodynamics and hydroacoustics, CFD validation, viscous ship hydrodynamics, cavitation and bubbly flow, wave hydrodynamics, wake dynamics, shallow water hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics in the naval context.

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