National Academies Press: OpenBook

Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (2001)

Chapter: Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results

« Previous: A Design Tool for High Speed Ferries Washes
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 968
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 969
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 970
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 971
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 972
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 973
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 974
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 975
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 976
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 977
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 978
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 979
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 980
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 981
Suggested Citation:"Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 982

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 968 Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water—Experimental and Numerical Results X.-N.Chen, A.Gronarz, S.List (Versuchsanstalt für Binnenschiffbau e.V. Duisburg) N.Stuntz (Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg) ABSTRACT In this paper the results of the investigation of the flow around the models of two ships in shallow water without propeller, rudder and appendices are presented. The intention is—based on reliable experimental data—to compare computational results from different methods, obtained on different grids, and see how these methods perform. The experimental measurements comprise the velocity field at several stations, the free surface deformation, the hull pressure distribution and (not presented in this contribution) the bottom pressure. Three different computational methods were applied: A standard RANSE-solver on two different grids (one block-structured hexahedral, one unstructured tetrahedral), a RANSE-solver using a fictitious compressibility and thus a flux-difference-splitting technique and a potential theoretic method devised for the transcritical regime (solitons!), where the hull is described merely by its cross-sectional area. INTRODUCTION In this paper the special characteristics of the flow around ships sailing in shallow water are demonstrated for two hull forms. Though there is no well defined limit for the water depth h dividing shallow from deep water, the behaviour of waves is well known to depend on the depth h. The behaviour of vessels sailing in shallow water may be characterized by one cinematical parameter, the dimensionless number Fnh, the depth Froude number, defined as: with V the speed of the ship and g the gravitational acceleration. Fnh clearly rules the wave resistance of the ship, by representing the ratio of V to the so called critical velocity leading thus to a division of the whole velocity range into a subcritical and a supercritical region depending on Fnh being smaller or larger than 1, in similarity with what happens at high velocities in air, where the velocity of sound is the critical velocity, separating the subsonic from the supersonic range. The velocity range of V with values of 0.9<Fnh<1.1 is termed the transcritical range. So the rather pronounced change in the magnitude of the wave resistance is characterized by a single number, while the situation for the viscous resistance is different, as there is no critical velocity and therefore no number similar to Fnh. From values of Fnh~0.65 the wave resistance increases steeply for increasing velocity V becoming higher than the wave resistance on deep water at the same velocity. The wave resistance has a local maximum in the transcritical region where although the speed of the ship being kept constant, no steady flow regime may be attained, while so called solitons detach from the hull running ahead of the ship. If the vessel is forced into the supercritical range, the wave resistance becomes lower than the one which would be obtained at the same speed in deep water. Another key parameter for the influence of the water depth on the resistance is the depth to draft ratio h/T. For h/T<4 there appear first changes even in the viscous resistance for velocities corresponding to values of Fnh<0.5 due to a different distribution of the flow around the hull. The VBD, Versuchsanstalt für Binnenschiffbau Duisburg, European Development Centre for Inland and Coastal Navigation, has since its foundation in 1953 been dedicated to the investigation of the shallow water effects on the behaviour of ships. This implies also the interaction of the ship with bottom and banks of the waterways, canals as well as rivers. Besides these activities on ship hydrodynamics, the ship as part of transport chains in integrated logistics solutions the authoritative version for attribution. is investigated in the departments of Transport Economics and Transport Engineering of the VBD. For the hydrodynamic investigation, be it for the industry or in the frame of projects for research funding institutions, the VBD is equipped with excellent facilities, a shallow water towing tank (where water depth may easily be varied, current may be simulated and waves may be generated) being the central system. The department of computational

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 969 fluid dynamics (CFD) backs the department of experimental fluid dynamics (EFD). Fig. 1: Lines Plan—Shallow river vessel (Ship A) Fig. 2: Lines Plan—Inland waterway ship (Ship B) The two selected examples of ship types are typical for the investigative performance of the VBD in both fields EFD and CFD. In both cases the emphasis is on the sailing on shallow water, and as the topic here is flow around the ship, no allusion will be made to trim, sinkage or resistance values obtained. MODELS INVESTIGATED Shallow river vessel The model investigated (Fig. 1) is a typical inland waterway ship for extreme shallow water. The stern is, as can be seen from the lines plan, designed to allow the installation of a special flat thruster system (Schottel Pump Jet), flush with the hull surface. Its scale was 1:12. The model was fitted with 120 pressure taps at 12 different stations. In this paper we will refer to it as Ship A. The main particulars are: Length betw. perp. [m] 82.0 Lpp Beam [m] 9.5 B Draft [m] 1.5 T [m3] Displacement 1054 Inland waterway ship This is a single screw ship with the typical form of inland water vessels. As can be seen from Fig. 2 it has a characteristic tunneled stern, designed to ensure good water supply to the propeller. In these ships the propellers have rather small diameters and are highly loaded. Though only results for the scale 1:12.08 are presented, a series of geosim models was investigated with the scales 1:12.08, 1:14, 1:17.28 and 1:21.54. In this paper we will refer to it as Ship B. The main particulars are: Length betw. perp. [m] 110.00 Lpp Beam [m] 11.45 B Draft [m] 3.00 T [m3] Displacement 3312 EXPERIMENTS The coordinate system used is righthanded: x-axis oriented in direction of ship motion, y-axis at right angles pointing to starboard, z-axis orthogonally upward, the origin is at the intersection of aft perpendicular with base-line. Ship A The wave pattern on the water surface was recorded by a series of wave probes located at appropriate y-positions and standard pressure sensors were used to obtain the hull-pressure distribution for the cases the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 970 h/T Fn Fnh Rn 3.95*106 1.2 0.078 0.529 4.94*106 2.0 0.098 0.512 The velocity field was only measured at h/T=2.0 with a 3-component Laser-Doppler-Velocimetry (LDV) system, specifically designed to be used in shallow water tests. Ship B Here we will deal only with the model at the scale 1:12.08, comparing some results obtained in the shallow-water towing-tank with computational results. Results are presented for the h/T values h/T Fn Fnh Rn 1.19*107 1.5 0.138 0.685 1.44*107 3.0 0.180 0.681 Deformation of the free surface and hull pressure were determined as in Ship A, while for the survey of the velocity field (5 sections in the stern region) a spherical 5-hole pressure probe was used. CFD-METHODS APPLIED RANSE-Solver CFX-5 from AEA Technology (Methods 1 & 2) This solver applies the finite volume-element method. Several turbulence models of the scalar eddy-viscosity type or a Reynolds-stress model may be chosen. Here the choice between blockstructured hexahedral (Method 1) as well as completely unstructured grids with tetrahedral meshes (Method 2) is an appealing feature. A mesh refinement in (eventually nested) regions is easily performed for the unstructured grid. For the detailed characteristics and features available consult the specification sheet provided by AEA Technology (Grotjans & Menter, 1998; N.N., 1999). RANSE-Solver based on the principle of artificial compressibility (Method 3) This is a finite volume method using a structured grid. Introducing an artificial compressibility a coupling of the so obtained continuity equation to the momentum equations is achieved, allowing an efficient Roe flux-difference-splitting technique. The method includes the computation of the free water surface considered as the boundary between water and air and described by a so called level set function satisfying an additional equation (derived from the boundary condition) solved together with the above mentioned equations. The turbulence model is the standard k-ε model (Stuntz, 1999). For the three RANSE-methods the following boundary conditions have been used: • Bottom and wall: no slip, moving boundary (u=−Va), velocity normal to boundary is zero • Ship: no slip, stationary wall, velocity normal and tangential to boundary is zero • Water surface, center plane: symmetry, velocity normal to boundary is zero, viscous forces parallel to boundary are zero, Method 3: boundary condition according to free surface flow • Inlet: velocity Va normal to inlet, turbulence intensity=0.05, turbulent to molecular viscosity ratio=10 • Outlet: constant pressure, Method 3: non reflecting boundary condition (free surface flow) Shallow water potential-theoretic transcritical treatment (Method 4) Applying shallow-water-wave theory and a far-field/near-field treatment with appropriate matching, an ingenious potential theoretic method was developed by Chen and Sharma (1994) and reimproved by Chen (1999) yielding a detailed description of the deformation of the free surface. An equation of a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili type for a depth averaged potential is derived for the far field and an improved slender body theory for the near field. Though the method was developed originally to cope with the instationary case of the transcritical regime (including the solitons), it is applicable over a wide range of Fnh numbers. The numerical solution is obtained by applying a finite difference method. The topography of the waterway bottom may vary in direction perpendicular to the direction of ship motion and the hull is represented merely by its cross-sectional area distribution and the local beam of the water line. EFD RESULTS Ship A The pressure distribution on the hull is shown in dimensional form by colours and isolines on the hull surface. The location of the pressure taps is shown (red dots), Figs. 6 and 9. The results (Gronarz et al, the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 971 Fig. 5: Computational grid (Method 2), h/T=2.0 Fig. 6: Hull pressure distribution. Experimental results h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 7: Hull pressure distribution. Computational results Fig. 9: Hull pressure distribution. Experimental results at (Method 1) h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 h/T=1.2, Fn=0.078, Fnh=0.529, Rn=3.95*106 Fig. 8: Hull pressure distribution. Computational results Fig. 10: Hull pressure distribution. Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 (Method 1) h/T=1.2, Fn=0.078, Fnh=0.529, Rn=3.95*106 the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 972 Fig. 11: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1). LDV-measurements at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 12: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 13: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 14: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0). LDV-measurements at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 15: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 16: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 The colour of the velocity vectors of the computational results for Ship A indicates the absolute value of the velocities, with warm for high and cold for low speed.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 973 Fig. 17: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=−0.1). LDV-measurements at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 18: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=−0.1). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 19: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=−0.1). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 20: Velocity distribution (stern region). LDV-measurements at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 Fig. 21: Water surface deformation. Experimental results at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512, Rn=4.94*106 the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 22: Water surface deformation. Computational results (Method 4) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.098, Fnh=0.512

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 974 Ship B Overview of figure numbers showing results x/Lpp EFD CFD-Method h/T Exp. 1 2 3 4 hull presssure 1.5 23 24 25 surface deformation 1.5 29 30 31 51 51 53 velocity distribution 1.5 −.1098 33 34 35 velocity distribution 1.5 .0274 36 37 38 45 velocity distribution 1.5 .0640 39 40 41 46 velocity distribution 1.5 .1006 42 43 44 47 streamlines 48 49 surface deformation 3 52 52 (Remark: The calculations with Method 3 have been carried out at h/T=2.0 instead of 1.5) The computational grid for the Methods 1 and 2 (Fig. 26 and 27 on the next page) extended in x-direction from 1.5 Lpp in front to 0.5 Lpp behind the ship, from the water plane to the bottom and from the center plane to a channel width of 4.9 m (half breadth of the VBD towing tank). The calculations with Method 3 used a structured grid (Fig. 28 on the next page) which extends in x-direction from 0.82 Lpp in front to 1.82 Lpp behind the ship, from the water plane to the bottom and from the center plane to the channel wall. The structured grid used consisted of 160 elements in longitudinal, 50 in transverse and 33 in vertical direction. The volume meshes for calculations carried out with the 3 RANSE-methods had the extensions Method Vertices Elements h/T 1 (Hex) 1.5 843.867 780.606 2 (Tet) 1.5 217.618 986.935 3 (Compr) 2.0 279.174 264.000 The resolution used for the calculations with Method 4 was 60 sections for the model, 420 cuts in front and 840 behind the ship. The tank width (9.81 m) was divided into 61 intervals. Fig. 23: Hull pressure distribution. Experimental results at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 24: Hull pressure distribution. Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 25: Hull pressure distribution. Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.546, Rn=1.19*107

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 975 Fig. 26: Computational grid (Method 1, hexahedral, blockstructured), h/T=1.5 Fig. 27: Computational grid (Method 2, tetrahedral), h/T=1.5 Fig. 28: Computational grid (Method 3, structured, hexahedral), h/T=2.0 Fig. 29: Water surface deformation ζ. Experimental results at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 30: Water surface deformation ζ. Computational results (Method 4) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685 Fig. 31: Water surface deformation ζ. Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.5458, Rn=1.19*107 the authoritative version for attribution. Fig. 32: Selected Sections for the measurement and computational of the velocity distribution

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 976 Fig. 33: Velocity distribution (behind stern, x/Lpp=−0.1098). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 34: Velocity distribution (behind stern, x/Lpp=−0.1098). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 37: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Fig. 35: Velocity distribution (behind stern, x/Lpp= Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, −0.1098). Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Experimental results (5-hole-pressure probe) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 38: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Experimental results (5-hole-pressure probe) at h/T=1.5, Fig. 36: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 977 Fig. 39: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.064). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 40: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.064). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 43: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1006). Fig. 41: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.064). Computational results (Method 2) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Experimental results (5-hole-pressure probe) at h/T=1.5, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 42: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1006). Fig. 44: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.1006). Computational results (Method 1) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Experimental results (5-hole-pressure probe) at h/T=1.5, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 978 Fig. 45: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.546, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 46: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.064). Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.546, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 47: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.546, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 48: Streamline visualisation by ribbons. Computational results (Method 2) h/T=1.5, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.685, Rn=1.19*107 Fig. 49: Streamline visualisation by ribbons. the authoritative version for attribution. Computational results (Method 3) at h/T=2.0, Fn=0.138, Fnh=0.546, Rn=1.19*107

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 979 Fig. 50: Dependence from the water depth: Velocity distribution (stern section x/Lpp=0.0274). Computational results (Method 1) at Fn=0.0426, Rn=3.64*106 Fig. 51: Comparison of measured (solid line) and Fig. 52: Comparison of measured (solid line) and computed (dashed line, Method 4) wave cuts for different computed (dashed line, Method 4) wave cuts for different y/h at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.1406, Fnh=0.6302, Rn=1.097*107 y/h at h/T=3.0, Fn=0.1803, Fnh=0.6805, Rn=1.440*107 the authoritative version for attribution.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 980 Fig. 53: Computed 3-D-wave pattern showing reflection on tank walls (Method 4) at h/T=1.5, Fn=0.1406, Fnh=0.6302, [Domain comprising the full tank width, vertical scale exaggerated 8 times] Fig. 54: Computed 3-D-wave pattern showing detaching solitons (Method 4) at h/T=4, Fn=0.353, Fnh=1.012, [Domain comprising the full tank width, vertical scale exaggerated 8 times] COMPARISON OF RESULTS The correspondence between hull pressure distributions obtained by the different computational methods and between computation and experiment is disappointing (Figs. 6–8 and 9–10 and 23–25). This applies to both hull forms and to any of the h/T ratios presented. The computed distributions show a broader range of variability than the experimental distributions suggesting that the (three-dimensional and probably rather thick) boundary layer in the stern region has a certain equalizing effect and is probably not well reproduced in the computation. A pressure variation across the layer (contrary to the assumption for thin boundary layers) strongly dependent on the location on the hull is possibly present too but not reproduced in the computation. For Ship B in addition the experimental values as shown by the color distribution are misleading, as pressure taps were not located precisely on the sharp edges bordering the tunnels but on the sides of these edges avoiding thus likely cusps in the real pressure distribution, the interpolating postprocessing routine producing rather a smoothed distribution. Advancing to the distribution of the velocity as a vector field we are nevertheless faced with a better correspondence. For Ship A (velocity measured by LDV at the h/T ratio 2) this is fair at the section x/Lpp=0.1 while at the section x/Lpp=0.0 there seems to be a suspicious deviation from symmetry in the experimental values as displayed by the arrows representing the velocity vectors in the plane y=0. For Ship B (velocity measured by five-hole pressure probe at h/T=1.5) the computed distributions of the velocity obtained by Methods 1 and 2 in the four selected transverse planes (Fig. 32) show the characteristic vortex well known from the experiment, though its location appears slightly altered, the correspondence being somewhat better for small x/Lpp (Figs. 33–35, Figs. 36–38, Figs, 39–41 and Figs. 42–44). Due to difficulties in the generation of the structured grid for the Method 3 here an h/T ratio of 2 and not of 1.5 was chosen. The results are displayed in the Figs. 45–47. The change of velocity field with decreasing water depth presented in Fig. 50 (computational results only) gives a good impression of the so called shallow water effect. It can be seen, that the vortex core is displaced outward with decreasing water depth and the influence of the hull pressure field influences the bottom pressure more and more. The deformation of the free surface is not well reproduced by the computational methods, neither for Ship A, where only results from the potential theoretic Method 4 (Fig. 22) may be compared with the experimental results (Fig. 21), nor for Ship B, where results from Method 3 (Fig. 31) and from Method 4 (Fig. 30) should match the experimental pattern (Fig. 29). The comparison of wave cuts for Ship B shown in Fig. 51 (h/T=1.5) and Fig. 52 (h/T=3) gives an impression of the authoritative version for attribution. the quality attained by Method 4. The 3-D wave pattern shown in Fig. 53 demonstrates the ability to reproduce wave reflections from the side walls, while in Fig. 54 the generation of solitary waves detaching from the bow at a speed near the critical Froude number has been computed.

lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 981 CONCLUSION As a towing tank institution the VBD has a paramount interest in deliver reliable data to its customers. This applies nowadays as well to CFD results as it has been always expected for the EFD results. Independence of the computational grid used is one of the first achievements to be reached. We see, that for us, there remains some work to be done. Realistic results of the flow around ships in shallow water will only be obtained if the local surface deformation and the squat are appropriately worked out. In addition to model scales full scale cases should be computed too. In the future the influence of the turbulence model applied has to be clarified. So far the numerical treatment corresponds to the situation in the standard resistance test. The dependence of the flow around the ship on different canal widths will have to be one of the next steps. In the future the appropriately simplified simulation of the propulsor will be integrated into the computational treatment as well as rudder and appendages thus corresponding to the situation in the self-propelled-test. This will finally lead us to more thorough investigations of the instationary flow and the manouevring of ships in restricted water. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the dedicated work of all the members of the VBD engaged with those projects which lead to the results (EFD and CFD) presented in this paper. Prof. E.Müller and Dr. J.Kux contributed by their guidance in the preparation and formulation of this contribution. Thanks go to the institutions from the state Nordrhein-Westfalen and the Federal Republic Germany which funded the research projects involved. REFERENCES Chen, X.-N. (1999): Hydrodynamics of Wave-Making in Shallow Water, Dissertation, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Stuttgart Chen, X.-N. and Sharma, S.D. (1994): Nonlinear theory of asymmetric motion of a slender ship in a shallow channel. 20th Symp. on Naval Hydrodynamics (ONR), Santa Barbara, California, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Gronarz, A., Grollius, W., Rieck, K. and Pagel, W. (1995): Experimentelle und theoretisch-numerische Strömungsuntersuchungen an Binnenschiffen. VBD-report no. 1366 Bet, F., Stuntz, N., Hänel, D. and Sharma, S.D. (1999): Numerical Simulation of Ship Flow in Restricted Water. 7th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Nantes Grotjans and Menter (1998): Wall Functions for General Application CFD Codes, ECCOMAS 98, Fourth European Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Athen N.N. (1999): Using CFX-5 for Unix & Windows NT, User manual from AEA Technologies, Harwell, UK the authoritative version for attribution.

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. FLOW AROUND SHIPS SAILING IN SHALLOW WATER—EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS 982

Next: Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model »
Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $550.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

"Vive la Revolution!" was the theme of the Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics held in Val de Reuil, France, from September 17-22, 2000 as more than 140 experts in ship design, construction, and operation came together to exchange naval research developments. The forum encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers, and the occasion provides an opportunity for direct communication between international peers.

This book includes sixty-three papers presented at the symposium which was organized jointly by the Office of Naval Research, the National Research Council (Naval Studies Board), and the Bassin d'Essais des Carènes. This book includes the ten topical areas discussed at the symposium: wave-induced motions and loads, hydrodynamics in ship design, propulsor hydrodynamics and hydroacoustics, CFD validation, viscous ship hydrodynamics, cavitation and bubbly flow, wave hydrodynamics, wake dynamics, shallow water hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics in the naval context.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!