National Academies Press: OpenBook

Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics (2001)

Chapter: Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model

« Previous: Flow Around Ships Sailing in Shallow Water - Experimental and Numerical Results
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 983
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 984
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 985
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 986
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 987
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 988
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 989
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 990
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 991
Suggested Citation:"Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model." National Research Council. 2001. Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10189.
×
Page 992

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 983 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL Ship Stability Study in the Coastal Region: New Coastal Wave Model Coupled with a Dynamic Stability Model R.-Q.Lin, W.Thomas (Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, USA) ABSTRACT Dynamic Stability assessments of Navy ships can readily be performed for deep ocean regions. Recent emphasis on joint operations in littoral regions has identified the need to include the effects of coastal wave dynamics in the stability assessments because the waves are significantly different from deep ocean waves. In coastal regions, the major source function, nonlinear wave-wave interactions significantly increase as water depth decreases, significantly reducing the fetch limit, causing the wind generated waves to grow faster and steeper than in the deep ocean. Coast region wave dynamics are further complicated by the very low frequency waves, such as, edge waves, bottom topographic waves, as well as solitons etc. Wave-current interactions become very important in littoral regions, and it can generate coastal- trapped waves and seamount trapped waves. Waves in coastal regions can grow faster and steeper than in the deep ocean. This raises the possibility that dynamic capsize is more likely in coastal waters in comparison to deep-water. In this paper we will conduct a comparative assessment between deep ocean capsize predictions and coastal waters capsize predictions. Wave predictions using the New Coastal Wave Model (Lin et al) will be coupled with the FREDYN dynamic stability model (De Kat et al) in the capsize assessment of a frigate-type vessel. The New Coastal Wave Model won the competition in both accuracy and efficiency in the international conference “Base Enhancement Wave Prediction” in 1998. I. INTRODUCTION One of the most critical factors for dynamic stability assessments of navy ships in the coastal region is the correct estimation of the environment including wind, waves, currents, and storm surge events. Hull form geometry, load configuration, heading and speed determine a ship's dynamic stability performance. In this study, we will use a naval frigate to highlight differences in dynamic capsize behavior during the transition from the deep ocean to the coastal region in the same wind environment. This naval frigate is displayed in Figure 1. Figure 1. Isometric sketch of Naval Frigate. A growth of the surface wave is based on the wind, wave breaking, wave-wave interactions, and wave-current interactions. The last two mechanisms are especially important in shallow water. The nonlinear wave-wave interactions in shallow water are order of magnitude greater than those in deep water (Lin and Perrie, 1999). Wave amplitudes can substantially increased when the high frequency waves downshift to the lower frequency though the wave-wave interactions. Therefore, the wind-waves grow faster and steeper in shallow water than those in deep water. In addition, wave-current interactions increase with increases, where is current velocity and is group velocity. Current velocity, usually increases with water depth decreases due to the continuity, but group velocity decreases with water depth as Therefore, the wave-current interactions are far more important in shallow water than those in deep water. Often the coastal trapped waves can be observed when the water is shallow and the water depth varies rapidly (Lin and Huang, 1996). Therefore, the presence of larger and steeper waves in the littoral regions, can expose a ship to a higher level of capsize risk in comparison to deep water. Furthermore, even in deep ocean, if the bottom topography rapidly varies, and the free wave frequency is similar to the forced fre the authoritative version for attribution.

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 984 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL quency, resonant seamount trapped waves may also cause a ship to capsize. In this study, we couple the New Coastal Wave Model (Lin and Huang, 1996a and b, Lin and Perrie, 1997; Lin and Perrie, 1999) with time domain dynamic stability simulations to predict the implications of rapid changes in bottom topography in two scenarios: 1) Gulf of St. Lawrence (east coast of Canada); 2) Fieberling Guyot in the eastern North Pacific Ocean (32°25' N, 127°47' W). Unlike the State-of-Art Wave Model (WAM, SWAM) which uses parameterization to account for the wave-current and wave-wave interactions, the New Coastal Wave Model is physics based on the first principle, which is suitable for both deep ocean and shallow water. FREDYN is a time domain quasi-nonlinear dynamic stability model that can simulate the capsize and broaching of intact and damage ships. Dynamic stability assessments of surface ships usually rely on the standard equilibrium deep sea spectra, such as JONSWAP, Pierson-Moskowitz, Neumann, Fisher and Roll, Darbyshire gravity wave spectra, etc. All these spectra formulations are proportional to w−5, where w is intrinsic frequency. These formulations were based on the unit analysis of Phillips (1958). Later Zakharov and Filonenko (1966) applied a conformal transformation to obtain the Kolmogorov solution and demonstrated that the equilibrium of deep sea spectra are proportional to uw−4, where u is wind speed. These were confirmed with observations (e.g. Toba, 1973; Donelan et al., 1985; as well as Phillips, 1985). However, variations of the equilibrium range spectrum of wind generated waves in finite water are much complicated. The equilibrium energy spectra are proportional to the range of w−4 to w−1. In this study, the ship stability analysis will be tested by the later spectra formulations. II. A COUPLED SURFACE WAVE MODEL AND SHIP DYNAMIC STABILITY MODEL A. Surface Wave Model: New Coastal wave model (Lin and Huang, 1996b) is based on the action conservation equation, which truly calculates the wave-current interactions. The action conservation equation follows: is (1) where A is action density, λ is longitude, is latitude, θ wave propagated direction angle, ω is intrinsic frequency, t is time, Sin, Sds, and Snl are wind input function, wave dispersion, and nonlinear wave-wave interactions, respectively. The terms in left-hand side of the Equation (1) are based on the nonlinear kinematics (Lin and Huang, 1996b). This is because the normalized wave steepness, is large even when the wave steepness (ak) is small for Kh≪1, and where a is wave amplitude, K is wave number, and h is water depth. The characteristic propagation velocities in Equation (1) are: (2) The terms in the right-hand side of the Equation (1) are source functions. Sin and Sds are based on Perrie and Lin (1997) The formulation of Snl is based on Lin and Perrie (1997) and integration method of Snl is based on Lin and Perrie (1999). The Snl is most accurate and efficient for both deep and shallow water (Jensen et al, 1998) for the existence models. However, the formulation is still based on the weak-nonlinear theory (aK<0.3 and kh> 0.3). Lin and Kuang (2000) apply the Pseudo-spectrum method in order to obtain the Snl, which will be suitable for finite amplitude (strong nonlinear wave-wave interactions). But it is still in a very primitive stage and not used in this study. B. FREDYN Ship Dynamic Stability Model FREDYN is a dynamic stability simulation program which has been developed by the Cooperative Research Navies (CRNAV) Dynamic Stability working group. CRNAV members include the navies of Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States as well as the United States Coast Guard and Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). [deKat 98] A formal quality assurance effort has been included in the development of FREDYN ensuring that it remains in compliance with NSWCCD ISO 9001 standards. FREDYN models a vessel as a free running intact or damaged vessel under the control of an autopilot. the authoritative version for attribution.

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 985 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL The hull form is modeled from the keel to the edge of the main deck and the motions are solved in the time domain for six degrees of freedom. The model consists of a nonlinear strip theory approach, where linear and non-linear potential flow forces are added to maneuvering and viscous drag forces. The architecture of FREDYN is based on the De Kat and Pauling model and in essence, superimposes the relevant force contributions in the equations of motion as follows [deKat and deKat]: INERTIAL FORCE=FROUDE-KRYLOV FORCES +WAVE DIFFRACTION FORCES +WAVE RADIATION FORCES +VISCOUS FORCES +HULL RESISTANCE FORCES +PROPELLER FORCES +RUDDER AND SKEG FORCES +WIND FORCES +FORCES DUE TO INTERNAL LIQUID OR DAMAGE FLUID The Froude-Krylov forces are evaluated up to the instantaneous free surface and include hydrostatic effects. Linear theory is used in the time domain to estimate the diffraction and radiation forces where a correction is made to the convolution integrals to account for large amplitude motions. Viscous effects comprise roll damping due to hull and bilge keels, wave-induced drag due to orbital velocities, and calm water-maneuvering forces. Viscous drag due to cross flow velocities is estimated empirically, using section-dependent drag coefficients derived from segmented model test results. Propeller and rudder interaction is also modeled, including the effect of orbital velocities. FREDYN has the capability of simulating the motion behavior of an intact or damaged monohull vessel in extreme waves and wind. The ship motions, including capsizing, broaching, and surfriding events, can be displayed in real time animation on the screen of a Pentium III computer. III. CAPSIZE PREDICTIONS: Capsize assessment methodologies often focus on dynamic capsize predictions in deepwater. The need to incorporate hazard scenarios in capsize assessments has recently been identified by [Alman et al. 1999]. A logical extension to capsize assessment is littoral regions. As previously stated, we will investigate two scenarios representing two coastal cases: 1) Gulf of St Lawrence (east coast of Canada); 2) Guyot in the eastern North Pacific Ocean com pared with the deep water case. A. Case I: Saint Lawrence Gulf The first scenario involves the transit of a naval frigate in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence southeastward from the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River Island to the Atlantic Ocean at a speed of 15 knots. In this limited-fetch region, 40-knot winds have been blowing from the North east over the past 48 hours. The bottom topography for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence is displayed in Figure 2.. In this figure, the yellow color is land, and the contour lines in ocean are at 100 meters intervals. Near Îles de la Madeleine is a shallow water area, where the 400-meter water depth from 400 meters rapidly decreases to less than 100 meters, from north of Îles de la Madeleine. A semi diurnal tidal current (period is 12 hours) dominates this region. Figure 3 shows the observed current distribution in the highest tidal current case (Bedford Oceanography Institute of Canada). The wind driving current (NE) is greater than the tidal current (E-W, 0.2 meters), but the tidal current and its associated water depth variation still significantly effect the wave height and wave periods. The tidal current contributions are about 30% of the total forcing (Lin et al, 2000). Figure 4 illustrates significant wave heights, simulated by New Coastal Wave Model (Lin et al, 1996a, b, 1997, and 1999). The maximum wave height is 11.8 m, which occurs along the north boundary of Îles de la Madeleine, and the contour line is 2 meters. The wave period distribution (New Coastal Wave Model by Lin et al) is displayed in Figure 5. The maximum wave period of 16.5 second appears along the north boundary of Îles de la Madeleine, and the contour line is 2 second. However, the most probable period is about 12 second. For the same wind conditions, the wave height is about 8.7 meters and the wave period is about 12 second in deep water. These phenomenon along the north boundary of Îles de la Madeleine is called coastal trapped wave (Lin et al, 2000). The fate of the imaginary naval frigate is outlined in the track in Figure 6. In the deepwater area, at Location “A”, waves are coming predominantly from 30 degrees forward of the port beam with roll angles approaching 40 degrees. the authoritative version for attribution. Heading control is challenging, with occasional broaching, yet the ship is able to handle the situation. (See Figure 7.) As the ship enters the coastal trapped wave area, steep 11.8-meter waves are encountered from the port

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 986 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL Figure 2. Bottom topography of St Lawrence River and Gulf in Canada. Contour line is 100 meters. Intended transit route of ship included. Figure 3. St Lawrence River and Gulf current distribution Figure 5. New coastal model wave period distribution for in the highest current case. (Bedford Oceanography St. Lawrence River and Gulf. (Lin, 2000) Institute of Canada) Figure 4. New coastal wave model significant wave Figure 6. Track of naval frigate with capsize location. height for St. Lawrence River and Gulf. (Lin, 2000) the authoritative version for attribution.

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 987 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL beam. The ship capsizes after the passage of a steep 12-meter wave. (See Figure 8.) Figure 8. Capsize in region of trapped coastal waves. Figure 7. Naval frigate motion prediction at Location “A”. B. Case II: Pacific Ocean Seamount In the eastern North Pacific Ocean stands a seamount, which extends above the 5000-meter depth ocean floor. (See Figure 9.) The Fieberling Guyot is 4500 meters in height and 40 km in width with the top 500 meters below the surface. To the typical navigator aboard ship, the nearly 500 meter clearance between the underside of a ship and the top of the seamount would provide no basis for safety concerns, as the ship would not be exposed a grounding hazard. There would be no hesitation in driving a ship right over the seamount if it was on the ship's transit route. Haidvogal et al (1991) pointed out that due to the free wave frequency of Fieberling Guyot is equivalent to the forced frequency, significant seamount trapped waves occur. The free wave frequency depends on the Burger Number, where N is buoyancy force, ( ρ is density of the water), W is width of the seamount, h is the height of the seamount, and fc is the Coriolis force. The forced frequency is tidal current in this case. The up welling and down welling are more than 5 times greater than the far field. In this scenario, a 20 m/s wind blows from the west for 48 hours continuously. The surface current distribution surrounding Fieberling Guyot is displayed in the vector diagram to the left of the corresponding time series plot of current on top of the seamount. (See Figure 10.) The tidal current is 0.2 m/s in far field, but the current is 1.05 meters on top of the seamount. Figure 10 is predicted by the Coastal Current Model (Haidvogal et al, 1991). Figure 11 shows the significant wave height distribution in this area (New Coastal Wave Model, Lin et al.), with contour lines of 0.5 meters. The significant wave height in far field (deep water) is about 9.05 meters and on top of the Fieberling Guyot is about 11.48 meters. The far field energy density spectrum is displayed in Figure 12. The wave energy sharply increases on top of the seamount, as displayed in Figure 13. The peak amplitude of the energy the authoritative version for attribution.

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. MODEL Figure 9. Bottom topography of Fieberling Guyot. Figure 10. Surface currents present at the top of the seamount. SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 988

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 989 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL density spectrum on the top of the seamount is 1.7 times of those in the far field (New Coastal Wave Model by Lin et al.). In the FREDYN simulation, the frigate approaches the seamount from the northwest at a speed of 15 knots. (See Figure 14.) The frigate experiences roll amplitudes has high as 45 degrees with several broaching events, producing yaw amplitudes as high as 15 degrees. (See Figure 15.). As the frigate transits over the seamount, in stern quartering seas, the presence of larger, (11.48 meter) and steeper waves induce a capsize due to loss of stability on the wave crest, as shown in Figure 16. IV. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid changes in bottom contours can significantly influence wave fields, as illustrated in the two scenarios described in this paper. Even when the water is fairly deep, changes in water depth, coupled with surface currents and wind interactions can produce waves locally which can be substantially larger and steeper, increasing the likelihood of capsize for some ships. Because in the coastal region the current significantly increases, the wave-current interactions become very important. The coast trapped waves and seamount trapped waves often occur and can cause ships to capsize. Furthermore, the nonlinear wave-wave interactions are order of magnitude increase with water depth decreases. A wave growth needs a much less fetch in shallow water than those do in deep water. V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work is supported by grants from the Office of Naval Research under ILIR program though the David Taylor Model Basin, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division. Figure 11. Coast wave model height prediction at the Figure 12. Deep water farfield wave spectra. Fieberling Guyot. the authoritative version for attribution.

About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. MODEL seamount. Figure 13. Energy spectrum at the top of the seamount. Figure 14. Track of naval frigate with capsize at the seamount. approaching seamount. Figure 15. Motion predictions for naval SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY frigate Figure 16. Capsize ofr naval frigate passing over the 990

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 991 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL VI. REFERENCES Alman, P.R., Minnick, P.V., Sheinberg, R.Thomas III, W.L., “Dynamic Capsize Vulnerability: Reducing the Hidden Operational Risk”, SNAME Transactions, 1999, Vol. 107. In Print. Donelan, M.A., Hamilton, J. and Hui, W.H., “Directional Spectra of Wind-generated Waves”. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. Vol. 315, 1985, pp. 509– 562. De Kat, J.O., R.Brouwer, K., A.McTaggart, W.L. Thomas, “Intact Ship Survivability in Extreme Waves: New Criteria from a Research and Navy Perspective”. Fifth International Conference on Stability of Ships and Lin, R.-Q. and W.Perrie, “A New Coastal Wave Model, Part III. Nonlinear Wave-wave Interaction.” J. of Physical Oceano., Vol. 27, 1997, pp. 1813– 1826. Lin, R.-Q. and W.Perrie, “Wave-wave Interactions in Finite Depth Water”. J. of Geophy. Res., Vol. 104, No C5, 1999, pp. 11193–11213. Lin, R.-Q., W.Perrie, and B.Bash, “Sea State Forecasting in the St. Lawrence River and Gluf: Preliminary Operational Implementation.” Technical Report of Bedford Oceanography Institute. 2000, In press. Lin, R.-Q. and W.Kuang, “A Pesudo-spectrum Wave Model.” To be submitted J. of Physical Ocean. Perrie, W. and R.-Q.Lin, “Relating Nonlinear Energy Cascades to Wind Input and Wave Breaking Dissipation”. Nonlinear Ocean Wave, Advances in Fluid Mechanics. Computational Mechanics Publications. 1997, pp. 61–88. Phillips, O.M., “The Equilibrium Range in the Spectrum of Wind-generated Waves.” J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 4, 1958, pp. 426–434. Phillips, O.M., “Spectral and Statistical Properties of the Equilibrium Range in Wind-Generated Gravity Waves.” J. of Fluid Mech., Vol. 156, 1985, pp. 505–531. Toba, Y., “Local Balance in Air-Sea Boundary processes. III. On the Spectrum of Wind-Wave.” J. of Oceano. Soc. Japan. Vol. 29, 1973, 209–220. Zakharov, V.E. and Filonenko, N.N., “The Energy Spectrum for Stochastic Oscillation of a Fluid's Surface”. Doklady Akad. Nauk, 170, 1968, pp. 1292–1295. the authoritative version for attribution.

SHIP STABILITY STUDY IN THE COASTAL REGION: NEW COASTAL WAVE MODEL COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC STABILITY 992 lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line MODEL DISCUSSION J.de Kat Maritime Research Institute I would like to commend the authors for presenting a paper that for the first time couples a wind-wave-current model to a large amplitude, time domain simulation tool for capsize assessment purposes. As the authors point out correctly, wave conditions can become more onerous in shallow water or in the presence of current. The way the data are presented e.g. in figures 11, 12 and 13 provides a comparison of the statistical wave properties, including spectral densities. To assess the difference in probabilities of occurrence of critical waves between the deep water and shallow water case, it would be of interest to compare the joint probability density functions of wave height and period of the individual waves. From such plots it should become apparent to what extent waves with critical length and steepness are more likely to occur in non-deep water conditions. In the case of the seamount the increased surface (tidal) current velocity has a significant influence on wave steepening effects. This effect should be highest when the current opposes the wind and wave direction; presumably for this study the tidal current runs in east-west direction at that location, although it is not quite clear from figure 10. If the current were to run at an oblique angle with respect to the incoming wave system, this would result in short-crested waves above the seamount. The program FREDYN does not account for wave-current interaction and uses the principle of linear superposition of wave components in deep water conditions. Would the authors recommend further enhancement to the simulation model to account for shallow water or certain nonlinear wave effects? Lastly, the predicted capsizes shown are associated with one wave realization for each case; have the authors performed simulations in different wave realization conditions for the same critical sea state, which also resulted in capsize events? AUTHOR'S REPLY Thank you for your comments. The replies are following: 1) The traditional critical conditions for the non-deep water is tanh kh<1, where k is wave number, h is water depth. However, in this study, we introduce a new concept of non-deep water conditions: the resonant internal waves transfer substantial energy from the bottom to the sea surface and surface waves are strongly affected by this bottom energy. The forcing depends on the bottom topography, buoyancy force (water density varies with water depth), Coriolis force, as well as external forcing, such as tidal current. The traditional non-deep water limit is significantly reduced under the new concept of the non-deep conditions. For example, the Fieberling Guyot seamount trapped waves are affected by the bottom, which is 500 meters below the sea surface. 2) In the case of the seamount, the increasing internal waves have a significant influence on wave steepening, as well as the surface tidal current. Therefore, the effect should be highest when the tide is highest and the tidal current is equal zero in far field, but on the top of the seamount, there are significant currents, which is due to the resonant internal wave effects as showed in Figure 10a. The current on top of the seamount in Fig. 10a almost propagated in the same direction of the swell, so we should not observed short-crested waves. 3) The current usually significant increasing with water depth decreasing. This is due to the continuity principles, as well as nonlinear wave-current interactions. Sometimes, the wave-current may cause the current significant increasing, for example, the seamount trapped wave case in this study, especially during the storm surges. The huge current may direct effect the ship motion, so if we can consider the direct current effects in Fredyn, the simulations may be more accurate. 4) Yes, we used different wave realization conditions for the same critical sea state, which also results in capsize events. the authoritative version for attribution.

Next: Waves and Forces Caused by Oscillation of a Floating Body Determined through a Unified Nonlinear Shallow-Water Theory »
Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $550.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

"Vive la Revolution!" was the theme of the Twenty-Third Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics held in Val de Reuil, France, from September 17-22, 2000 as more than 140 experts in ship design, construction, and operation came together to exchange naval research developments. The forum encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers, and the occasion provides an opportunity for direct communication between international peers.

This book includes sixty-three papers presented at the symposium which was organized jointly by the Office of Naval Research, the National Research Council (Naval Studies Board), and the Bassin d'Essais des Carènes. This book includes the ten topical areas discussed at the symposium: wave-induced motions and loads, hydrodynamics in ship design, propulsor hydrodynamics and hydroacoustics, CFD validation, viscous ship hydrodynamics, cavitation and bubbly flow, wave hydrodynamics, wake dynamics, shallow water hydrodynamics, and fluid dynamics in the naval context.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!