Index
A
Accessibility
assessment factors, 110-111
measurement, 92-96
ACS. See American Community Survey
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 109
American Community Survey (ACS), 138-139, 155
Areal interpolation, 90
Areal weighting, 90
Attachment to place, 65
Aurora Partnership, 108
Authority constraints, 61-62
Autocorrelation, spatial, 91
Availability, of data, 48
B
BEA. See Bureau of Economic Analysis
BLM. See Bureau of Land Management
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bruntland Commission, 23
BTS. See Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Built environments, structure, institutions, and agency in, 64-65
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 138, 156
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 138, 157
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 78, 80, 144, 149, 164
Bureau of the Census, 82, 138, 153-155, 164
American Community Survey, 138-139, 155
decennial Census, 138, 141, 154
Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, 163
Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), 1, 138, 157-158
C
California, Smart Investment plan in, 24
Capability constraints, 18, 61
Capacity constraints, 18
Census 2000, 146.
See also Bureau of the Census
Chicago, Illinois, early transportation studies in, 104
City of Richmond, British Columbia, Pedestrian Friendly Streets, 39
Community
as three integrated spheres, 34
as three interconnected spheres, 33
as three separate spheres, 33
as a web of relations among spheres, 35
community demonstration projects, NSDI, 164-165
objectives and associated indicators, 43
Competitive connections, economic trade and, 72
Complementary connections, economic trade and, 72
Connectedness, 55-74
between places, 71-74
Constraints, 18
authority, 61
capability, 61
coupling, 61
Control zones, 91
Cost, of state and local government data, 143
Cross-organization decision making, 14
Crosscutting measures of livability
ecological footprint, 27
mutual interdependence of livability dimensions, 6
D
Data
access to data and analytical tools, 146-148
analysis tools, 131-150
availability, 137-148
collected by communities and smaller-level governments, 146
data needed by communities, 1-5
data sharing among federal agencies, 8-9
federal data for local decision making, 133
federal government data, 138-143
private data, 145-146
reliability constraints, 48
state and local government data, 143-146
Decision-support process, 103-127
changes in the transportation planning process, 107-112
current transportation planning process, 106
decision process framework, 112-113
decisions resolving conflicting ideas, 113-114
information needs of decision makers, 122-125
long-range planning, 106-107
project planning, 107
promoting cross-organizational planning, 14
regional basis for decision making, 114-119
role of public involvement in decision process, 119-120
Decision-support tools, 120-122
basic information handling support, 121
decision analysis support, 121
designing for the diverse stakeholders, 8
group reasoning support, 121
micro, decision strategy phases, 122
Dependence
spatial, 91
temporal, 91
Design Center for American Urban Landscape, 134-135
Livable Community tool, 136
Detroit, Michigan, early transportation studies in, 104
Digital Aerial Images, 135
Digital Line Graph (DLG) hydrography data , 165
Digital Orthophotos, 135
Disenfranchisement, 51
DLG. See Digital Line Graph hydrography data
DOC. See U.S. Department of Commerce
Dodge-Polk, 145
DOI. See U.S. Department of the Interior
DOL. See U.S. Department of Labor
DOT. See U.S. Department of Transportation
E
Eastern Planning Initiative (EPI), 40-42
Ecological fallacy, 88
Ecological footprint, 27
Ecological framework methodology, 116-118
Economic trade
and competitive connections, 72
and complementary connections, 72
Eisenhower Interstate Highway System, 104
Employee Statistics 202 (ES202 ), 143-144, 149
EnviroMapper, 160
Environmental accidents, 49
Environmental quality of life, 6
with changes in the transportation planning process, 111
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 135
Envision Utah, 28-30
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPI. See Eastern Planning Initiative
Errors, in measurement, 47
ESRI. See Environmental Systems Research Institute
European Sustainability Index Project, 32
Expectation-maximation algorithm, 90
Exurban expansion, 25
F
Fannie Mae Location Efficient Mortgage, 38
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 135
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC), 78, 141, 153, 164
Federal government data, 7, 138-143
lack of appreciation for sources of, 133
limited availability of, 141
missing, 142
obtaining reliable, 133
organization of federal statistical system, 133
paradox of state and local government data, 144-145
provision programs, 153-165
restricted access to, 142
scales of, 140
timeliness of, 141-142
uncoordinated, 142-143
understanding, 133
using for local decision making, 133
Federal Highways Administration (FHWA), 107, 109, 111, 116, 118, 142
Federal Railroads Administration, 142
Federal statistical system, organization of, 133
Federal Transit Administration (FTA), 107, 111
MapStats, 163
Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, 163
FEMA. See Federal Emergency Management Agency
FGDC. See Federal Geographic Data Committee
FHWA. See Federal Highways Administration
FirstGov, 164
Fort Collins, Colorado, geographic units in, 82-83
Freedom of Information Act, 142
“Freeway revolts,” 5
FTA. See Federal Transit Administration
FWS. See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
G
GASB. See Government Accounting Standards Board
Gateway to Global Change Information, 163
GDP. See Gross Domestic Product
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), 36
Geographic boundaries, arbitrary, 82-83
Geographic Information System (GIS) data, 8, 12-13, 51, 62, 78, 80-81, 88-89, 107, 125, 135-136
Maps Overlay and Statistical System, 80
Geographic units, arbitrary, 83-92
ecological fallacy, 88
incompatible data units, 90-91
multiple areal unit problem, 84-88
Geography Network, 146-147
GIS. See Geographic Information System
Global Change Information, 163
Globalization, 64
“Golden triad,” 32-34
Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB), 124-125
Government roles in transportation planning, 8-9
GPI. See Genuine Progress Indicator
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, 78-81
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 6, 35, 49
Group reasoning support, 121
H
Heterogeneity, spatial, 91-92
Home, importance in identifying place, 60
Horizontal characteristics of place, 56
HUD. See U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
I
Incompatible data units, 90-91
Indicators of livability, 3-4, 34-52
appropriate scale of analysis, 44-46
associated with community objectives, 43
data availability and reliability
constraints, 48
historical lessons about selecting, 45-46
in practice, 43-52
interpretation of, 48-50
new-generation, 37
politics of use, 51-52
single sphere versus crosscutting measures, 47-48
selection, 45-46
social, economic, and environmental, 49
statistical measurement errors, 47
traditional place-based, 36
weighted, 50-51
Individualistic fallacy, 88
Inferential statistics, spatial-temporal data and, 91-92
Information handling, 121
Information needs of decision makers, 122-125
Institutions, in natural, built, and social environments, 64-65
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), 160
Interagency sources
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 78, 141, 153, 164
National Hydrography Dataset, 162, 165
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 78, 139, 141, 164
U.S. Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators, 165
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 105, 109, 116
Intermodal Transportation Database (ITDB), 157-158
Transportation Data Links option, 158
communication via, 18
Interpolation, areal, 90
Interstate Highway System, 5, 104
IRIS. See Integrated Risk Information System
ISTEA. See Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
ITDB. See Intermodal Transportation Database
L
Lackawanna Watershed, Pennsylvania, flood mitigation and environmental management in, 165
Large scale, 140
“Legibility,” 69-71
LEM. See Location Efficient Mortgage
Limited availability, of federal government data, 141
Linkages between places, 71
common experience of political places, 73
economic trade and competitive connections, 72
economic trade and complementary connections, 72
movement of capital, 72-73
personal travel, 72
concept of, 23-27
the economy, 32-34
the environment, 32-34
environment and quality of life, 111
“golden triad,” 32-34
measurement and analysis of, 77-97
mobility and access for people and goods, 110
new generation indicators, 37
social well-being, 32-34
system performance and preservation, 110-111
why livability matters, 23-32
Livability Communities Initiative, 24, 34
Livability planning and scale, 7
“Lived-in” territories, 70
Local government. See State and local government data
Location Efficient Mortgage (LEM), 38
Long-range planning, 106-107
M
Major investment study (MIS), 111
Maps Overlay and Statistical System, 80
MapStats, 163
MAUP. See Modifiable area unit problem
Measurement errors, 47
Measurement of accessibility, 92-96
space-time accessibility, 93-96
space-time prism, 94
Measurement of livability, 77-97
developing place-based indicators, 81-92
single sphere versus crosscutting, 47-48
Measurement, time of, 89-90
Metadata, 148
Metamodels, 148
MetroGIS, 135
Metropolitan planning organizations (MPO), 14, 107, 114, 132
Miami-Dade, Florida, 79th Street corridor revitalization in, 24
Minnesota’s North Metro I-35W Corridor Coalition, 134-137
Minority communities, 26
MIS. See Major investment study
Mississippi Delta, 116-118
Mobility in the transportation planning process, 110
Modifiable area unit problem (MAUP), 84-85
Moline, Illinois, Renew Moline, 27
Movement
authority constraints, 61-62
capability constraints, 61
coupling constraints, 61
in and out, 67-68
in time and space, 60-62
of capital, 72-73
through places, 19
space-time paths, 61
MPO. See Metropolitan planning organizations
Multiplicity of places and scales, 59
N
National Atlas, 161-162
National Cooperative Soil Survey Program (NRCS), 158-159
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 14, 105, 107
National Geodetic Survey, 164
National Geographic, 147
National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), 162, 165, 176
National Partnership for Reinventing Government, 141, 164
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), 78, 139, 141, 164
Community Demonstration Projects, 164-165
executive order, 142
National Water Information System (NWIS), 162
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), 139, 161
“Natural Amenities” Index, 35
Natural environments
role of, 16-17
structure, institutions, and agency in, 64-65
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 141, 158-159, 164
Natural Resources Defense Council, 38
NCSS. See National Cooperative Soil Survey Program (NRCS)
NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act
Networks, nodes in, 57-60
Nodes, in place networks, 59-60
North Metro I-35W Corridor Coalition, 134-137
NSDI. See National Spatial Data Infrastructure
O
Occupancy at different scales, 18
Office of Management and Budget, 133
“OneDOT” program, 142
P
Pace of place change, 17
“Paralysis by analysis,” 51
Partnerships with state and local governments, 8-9
Path dependence, 17
Pedestrian Friendly Streets, 39
People and place, 55-67
interactions between, 18-19
moving through places, 19
natural, built, and social environments, 63-65
place and community, 18-19, 66-67
place as territory and place as people, 55-57
places as groups of nodes in networks, 57-60
political places, 62-63
reading and using places, 18
rural places, 65-66
sense of place, 18
occupancy at different scales, 18
time geography and movement in time and space, 60-62
time-geography and place-scale definition, 18
attachment to, 65
and boundaries, 17-18
connections between places, 71-74
defining, 16
as groups of nodes in networks, 57-60
horizontal and vertical characteristics of, 56
kinds of linkages between, 71
and livability at multiple scales, 19
pace of change in, 17
reading and using, 18
role of structure, institutions, and agency in, 17
role of the natural environment in, 16-17
and scale, 16
and space connections between places, 71-74
spatial dependence, 16
as territory, 55-57
and time, 67-71
Place-based indicators, 81-92
arbitrary geographic boundaries, 82-83
arbitrary geographic units, 83-92
Political jurisdictions, 62-63
common experience of, 73
Population
choice, 69
movement, 67-68
Position-aware technologies, 89
Potential path area, 94
Potential path space, 94
Potential path tree, 95
Private data, 145-146
Project planning, 107
Public data, useful for decision making, 8
Public involvement in decision process,
role of, 119-120
Q
Quality, of state and local government data, 144
Quality Growth Efficiency Tools (QGET), 29
Quality Growth Strategy, 29-30
“Quality of life,” 23-24
Query Mapper, 160
QuickFacts, 155
R
“Reading” places, 18
Refusal, of state and local government data, 143-144
Regional decision making, 84, 114-119
actors in transportation decision making, 115-119
ecological framework methodology, 116-118
the Mississippi Delta, 116-118
Regional Economic Information System (REIS), 156
Regional identity, 73-74
Reliability
of data, 48
of federal data, 133
Remediation, 36
Remote sensing, 91
Restricted access, to federal government data, 142
Rio Earth Summit, 31
Rural places, 65-66
S
Santa Monica, California, “sustainable cities” program, 27
Scales
of analysis, 44-46
of federal government data, 140
of livability assessment, 4-5
Seattle, Washington, Sustainable Seattle, 39
Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, 163
Small scale, 140
“Social capital,” 18
Social Indicators Movement, 23
Soil Survey Geographic database (NRCS), 159
Space connections between places, 71-74
kinds of linkages between places, 71
regional identity, 73-74
Space-time
accessibility, 93-96
paths, 61
prism, 94
Spatial autocorrelation, 91
Spatial heterogeneity, 91-92
Spatial-temporal data, and inferential statistics, 91-92
Species endangerment, 31
Standards, for state and local government data, 144
State and local government data, 143-145
cost, 143
federal paradox, 144-145
inability, 144
lack of standards, 144
no data, 144
quality, 144
refusal, 143-144
standards, 144
State Departments of Transportation, 14
Statistics
inferential, spatial-temporal data and, 91-92
and measurement errors, 47
Structures and institutions, 64-65
Suburban expansion, 25
Sustainability, 23
local agenda 21 projects, 31
measures of, 24
System performance and preservation to assess livability impacts, 110-111
T
TEA-21. See Transportation and Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century
Technological developments, 12
Technologies, position-aware, 89
Temporal dependence, 91
time of measurement, 89-90
spatial-temporal data and inferential statistics, 91-92
Thomas Jefferson District Planning Council, 39
Thomas Jefferson Sustainability Council, 39
Eastern Planning Initiative
Tiebout Model, 114-115
Time and place, 67-71
changing populations changing minds over time, 69
changing populations moving in and out over time, 67-68
legal interactions between time and place, 69-71
Time geography
authority constraints, 61-62
capability constraints, 61
coupling constraints, 61
and movement in time and space, 60-62
and place-scale definition, 18
space-time paths, 61
Timeliness, of federal government data, 141-142
Transportation and Equity Act for the
Twenty-First Century (TEA-21), 109, 118
Transportation planning, 139, 164
actors in decision making, 115-119
assessing impacts on livability, 110-111
changes in process, 107-112
current process employed, 106
environment and quality of life, 111
government roles in, 8-9
Travel, personal, 72
Tucson, Arizona, pedestrian-oriented,
mixed-use development in, 27
U
Uncoordinated data, 142-143
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 35, 158-159
“Natural Amenities” Index, 35
Natural Resources Conservation Service, 141, 158-159,164
U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC), 154-156
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 156-157
Research Maps, 156
Urban Research Monitor, 157
USER database, 157
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), 157
U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), 161-162
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 1, 14, 118, 142, 149, 157-158, 164
Intermodal Transportation Database, 157-158
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 39, 116, 118, 159-160
Envirofacts database, 160
Information Resources Center, 159
Integrated Risk Information System, 160
Window to My Environment, 160
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 161
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), 139, 161
U.S. Forest Service (USFS), 176
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 141-142, 161-162
Digital Aerial Images, 135
Digital Line Graph hydrography data, 165
Hydrology Division, 162
National Atlas, 161-162
National Water Information System, 162
U.S. Global Charge Research Program (USGCRP), 163
U.S. Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators (SDI Group), 165
U.S. White House Task Force on Livable Communities, 24, 27, 34
V
Vertical characteristics of place, 56
W
Weighted indicators, 50-51
Weighting, areal, 90
Western Governors’ Association, 144, 149
Wilderness Society, The, 80
Window to My Environment, 160
Z
Zoning, 5
