National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix D: Biographical Sketches
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

INDEX

Abilities, 42–44

Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS), 137, 178, 182

Acuity. See Visual acuity

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act

Administrative law judges, 330

Administrative review process, 330

Adults, 31–34

disability decision flow for, 32

who cannot perform standard tests of visual function, 203

Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) scoring, 81–82

ADVS. See Activities of Daily Vision Scale

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 16–17

Aid to the Blind, 11

Alley running, 227

Allowance rate, 330

Ambulatory mobility effects of vision function, 153–161

adaptation to changing light levels, 159–160

binocular vision, 160

contrast sensitivity, 158–159

in controlled environments, 157

direct measures of O&M performance , 156–157

glare sensitivity, 160

recommendations, 161

theories of O&M, 154–155

travel needs of blind and partially sighted individuals, 155–156

in uncontrolled environments, 157–158

visual acuity, 158

visual fields, 159

visuocognitive factors, 160–161

AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration

American Medical Association (AMA), 64, 67, 81, 179

Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: Vision, 41, 67

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 40

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Angle of resolution. See Minimum angle of resolution

Anomaloscopes, 96, 98

Appeals Council, 330–331

Assessment, 199–230.

See also Evaluation; Tests

of disability, 3–4

of job analysis databases, 128

Assessment of the disability determination process for visual impairment, 11–50

characterizing the visual requirements of work, 12

context of social security, 29–40

new ways of estimating visual disability, 12

prevalence and significance of visual impairments, 15–29

procedures for determining disability, 31–35

social model of disability, 40–49

testing capacity to work, 11

updating current criteria, 12–15

visual demands of everyday tasks, 11

Automated static perimetry, 6, 120, 221–224

Bailey-Lovie chart, 65, 212–214

BAT. See Brightness Acuity Tester

Beneficiaries, 331

Berkeley Glare Test, 110

Best-corrected acuity, 36

Binocular function testing, 6, 46, 100–103

evaluation, 102–103

need to evaluate acuity, 60

recommendations, 103

summation test, 100

Binocularity, 8–9, 103, 122

effect on reading, 149

and O&M, 160, 165–166

Blind individuals, travel needs of, 155–156

Blindness, 36

legal, 74

Braille, 133

Brightness Acuity Tester (BAT), 110


Central visual acuity, 36–37, 69n

Central visual efficiency, 112–113

Cerebral visual impairment, 219

Chart design

need to standardize, 58–59

in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 60–61

Chart luminance, 5, 58–59, 63, 107

Children and visual impairments, 23–25, 34–35

disability decision flow, 34

infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, 25

limitations of the data, 24

numbers served under IDEA by disability and age group, 26– 27

school-age children, 24

SSA visually impaired and statutorily blind beneficiaries by age, 28

Chronic impairments, 282–284, 312–321

Claimants, 331

CLEK. See Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Colenbrander Chart, 138

Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study, 181, 183

Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Kerataconus (CLEK) study, 181

Color deficits, effect on reading, 149

Color vision testing, 8–9, 46, 95–99, 122

evaluation, 96–99

and O&M, 166

recommendations, 99

Committee on Disability Determination for Individuals with Visual Impairments, 11

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Committee on Vision, 5, 13–14, 58, 61, 63, 66, 70, 77, 119, 183

Comprehension, in measuring reading, 136–137

Concepts and terms, 41–45, 281–285

abilities, 42–44

aspects of vision loss, 43

disabilities, 42–44

diseases, disorders, and injuries, 42–43

functional capacity, 43, 45

handicap, 43–44

impairment, 42–44

Concurrent claims, 331

Conditions for testing, need to specify, 59

Continuing disability review, 331

Contrast sensitivity, 46, 225–230

disability criteria for, 118

in evaluation of reading, 148–149

and O&M, 158–159, 164

in visual efficiency testing, 114

Contrast sensitivity in infants and children, 225–230

assessment in infants, 225–226

assessment in preschool-age children, 226–227

assessment in school-age children, 227–229

assessment in those who cannot perform standard tests, 229

issues needing further study, 230

recommendations, 229

Contrast sensitivity testing, 7–8, 83–95, 121–122, 229

evaluation, 83–92

incorporating into the SSA disability determination process, 94

issues needing further study, 93, 95

recommendations, 93–94

Controlled environments, O&M in, 157

Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test, 175

Critical print size, in measuring reading, 134–135

Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity (CRYO-ROP) study, 207, 209, 212–213, 228

Current Population Survey, 284

DDS. See Disability Determination Services

Deaf-blind children, 24

Department of Education, 25

Office of Special Education Programs, 23

Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 276

Department of Labor (DOL), 23, 186, 188, 191, 194–195

Occupational Information Network system, 188

DI. See Disability Insurance; Social Security Disability Insurance

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 33

Diplopia, 101

Disability, 42–44, 331–332

Disability criteria, 35–39, 117–118

central visual acuity, 36–37

contrast sensitivity, 118

loss of visual efficiency, 37–39

measurement of visual acuity, 118

measurement of visual fields, 118

statutory blindness, 36

visual efficiency, 118

visual fields, 37

Disability decision flow, 32, 34

Disability Determination Services (DDS), 332

Disability examiners, 332

Disability Insurance (DI), 1–10, 331

assessing disability, 3–4

recommendations, 5–10

testing infants and children, 4–5

tests of visual functions, 2

visual task performance, 3

Diseases, 42

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Disorders, 42

Distractors, 104

Division of Disability Program Information and Studies, 28n

DOL. See Department of Labor

Down syndrome, 207

Driving mobility, 161–168

aspects of vision function affecting, 161–166

binocularity, 165–166

color vision, 166

contrast sensitivity, 164

direct measures of driving ability, 166–168

dynamic visual acuity, 166

glare sensitivity, 166

recommendations, 168

visual acuity, 163

visual fields, 163–164

visual search and attention, 164–165

Duration, 332.

See also Sequential evaluation process

Dvorine test, 96

Dynamic visual acuity, and O&M, 166

Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 61–62, 209–210, 212–214

Eccentricity, visual field, 69

Economic variables, 284–285

Employment and economic consequences of visual impairment, 275–321

Employment income, 287–304

Endurance, in measuring reading, 136

Equals listing, 332.

See also Sequential evaluation process

Equivalent viewing distances (EVDs), 170

ESP (elicited sequential presentation) method, 132

ETDRS (Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study) “Chart 1” acuity chart, 62, 65

Evaluation of binocular function testing, 102–103

potential value as a practical measure, 102

quantifying performance, 102– 103

why the measure might be useful, 102

Evaluation of color vision testing, 96–99

potential value as a practical measure, 97

quality of information available, 99

quantifying performance, 97–98

relation to other measures, 99

why the measure might be useful, 96–97

Evaluation of contrast sensitivity testing, 83–92, 147–148

and mobility, 87–88

Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test, 8, 84

potential value as a practical measure, 89

quality of information available, 92

quantifying performance, 89–91

and reading, 86–87

relation to other measures, 91–92

and social participation and tool use/manipulation, 88

why the measure might be useful, 83–88

Evaluation of reading testing, 143– 150

allowing magnifiers, 145–146

cause of the reading disability, 143–144

ferreting out subject’s manipulation, 146

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

relating reading performance to visual function impairment, 146

scale for reading disability, 144

variability in reading measurements, 144–145

visual functions having little effect on reading, 149–150

Evaluation of visual acuity testing, 53–60, 147

conversion table for visual acuity notations, 54–55

quantifying performance, 58–60

Snellen-type acuity chart, 57

value as a practical measure, 56– 57

why the measurement is useful, 53–56

Evaluation of visual fields testing, 70–80, 147–148

issues needing further study, 82– 83

quality of information available, 79–80

quantifying performance, 74–79

relation to other measures, 79

value as a practical measure, 74

why the measure is useful, 70–74

EVDs. See Equivalent viewing distances

“Extreme” limitation, 35, 200

Eye movements, in measuring reading, 137

EyeCon 5, 110

Farnsworth panel D-15 test, 96, 98

Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hues test, 96, 98

FICA, 30

Field of vision. See Visual fields

Fixation and following, 205

Forced-choice preferential looking (FPL), 206–208

Foveal vision, 71


Glare and light/dark adaptation testing, 106–111

adaptation to rapidly changing light conditions, 108–109

glare disability, 109–110

recommendations, 8, 111

vision at low light levels, 106–107

Glare disability, 109–110

Glare sensitivity, and O&M, 160, 166

Glasgow acuity cards, 210–211

Goldmann perimetry, 76, 81, 220–221

Goldmann-Weekers Adaptometer, 108

GRE test, 136

Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: Vision, 41, 67


H-R-R test, 96

Handicaps, 43–44

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) evaluation, 128, 179–185

instruments, 4, 180–181

recommendations, 184–185

use in the disability determination process, 183– 184

vision-specific HRQOL instruments, 181–183

visual task performance testing, 198

Health screening questions, 280–281

Hearing office, 332

HHSAI. See Household size-adjusted income

Homonymous hemianopsia, 71

HOTV test

BVAT crowded, 210

letter chart, 210–211

Household size-adjusted income (HHSAI), 305

HRQOL. See Health-related quality of life

Humphrey Automatic Refractor, 110

Humphrey Field Analyzer, 78–81, 121, 223

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

IADL. See Instrumental activities of daily living

ICF. See International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

ICD-9. See International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision

ICIDH. See International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap

IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Impairment, 17n, 42–44

Impairment of Central Visual Acuity, 58–59

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 23–27

Infants, 25, 200–201

Information sources and standards, 48–49

public forum, 49

standards for evidence, 48–49

InnoMed true vision analyzer (TVA), 110

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) tasks, 175, 177

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), 40n, 282

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), 41

International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (ICIDH), 41, 42n, 44n

Interocular difference in vision, effect on reading, 149

Intraventricular hemorrhage, 219

Ishihara test, 96

Isopters, 75


Job analysis using labor databases, 4, 186–193

Department of Labor, 188

importance of vision to job performance, 192–193

importance to the job of aspects of vision, 191

Position Analysis Questionnaire, 187

Job performance abilities, testing of visual functions as a predictor of, 127–128


Landolt rings, 52, 61

Lang stereo test, 102

Lea symbols chart, 210–211, 214, 227

Light levels, adaptation to changing, 108–109, 159–160

Literacy rates, 130

Log constrast sensitivity score, 8, 63, 65, 83–95, 114

LogMAR values, 65, 113, 141, 211– 213


MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability, 175

Macular region, 69.

See also Age-related macular degeneration

MAR. See Minimum angle of resolution

“Marked” limitation, 35, 200

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 210

McCormick, Ernest, 187

Mean defect (MD) methods, 120–121

Mean deviation (MD) methods, 78, 114

Medical experts (MEs), 123, 333

Medical listing, 333

Medical Outcomes Study Form-36 (SF-36), 181

Meets listing, 333.

See also Sequential evaluation process

MEs. See Medical experts

Miller Nadler test, 110

Minimum angle of resolution (MAR), 52–53.

See also logMAR values

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test, 175

MNREAD Reading Acuity Chart, 138–139

Mobility

evaluation and, 87–88

visual task performance testing, 197

Multiple disabilities, children with, 24

Nagel anomaloscope, 96

Nagi framework, 281

National Academy of Sciences, 322, 329

National Adult Literacy Survey, 143

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 276

National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study (NEILS), 25

National Eye Institute, 210

National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ), 137, 172, 178, 184

National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey, 48

National Health Interview on Disability, 302–303, 309

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 17, 21, 23, 48, 276– 321

Coding Manual, 283

National Institute for Literacy, 143

National Institutes of Health

Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study , 181, 183

Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, 181

NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics

Near visual acuity, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 65–66

NEI VFQ. See National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire

NEILS. See National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study

NHIS. See National Health Interview Survey

Nonsevere impairment, 333.

See also Sequential evaluation process


O&M. See Orientation and mobility

Occupational Information Network system (O*NET), 23, 188

O’Connor Finger and Tweezer Dexterity Test, 175

Octopus perimetry, 78, 81, 121, 222–223

Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, 181

Office of Disability, 12

Division of Disability Program Information and Studies, 28n

Office of Hearings and Appeals. See Appeals Council

Office of Special Education Programs, 23

O*NET. See Occupational Information Network system

Opthimus glare test, 110

Optotypes, 52

Orientation and mobility (O&M), 71–73, 153–168

ambulatory, 153–161

driving, 161–168

Other work, 333.

See also Sequential evaluation process


PAQ. See Position Analysis Questionnaire

Partially sighted individuals, travel needs of, 155–156

Past relevant work, 33

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test, 8, 84, 86–87, 90–93, 122, 226–229

Pepper Visual Skills for Reading test, 138

Performance-based tests, of social participation, 169–172

Perimetry. See also Visual fields testing

Perimetry, in visually at-risk infants, 218–219

Perinatal asphyxia, 219

Peripheral vision field, 69

Periventricular leukomalacia, 219

Photopic lighting, 106

“Physical Residual Functional Capacity Assessment,” 33

Pickford-Nicholson anomaloscope, 96

Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ), 23, 130, 187

usability of, 188–193

Preferred retinal locus, 148

Preschool-age children, 25, 202

Procedures for determining disability, 31–35

adults, 31–34

children, 34–35

criteria for children, 39–40

current disability criteria for vision, 35–39

Program participation, 306–307

Public forum, on visual disability determination methods and issues, 49, 322–329

Purdue Pegboard test, 175

Quantifying visual acuity performance, 58–60

need to evaluate binocular acuity, 60

need to specify conditions for testing, 59

need to specify testing procedures, 60

need to standardize chart design, 58–59

Quantifying visual field performance, 74–79

need for an automated static perimeter, 77–78

need for standardized “deviation from average normal” values, 78–79

plotting of an isopter for visual field determination, 75

Questionnaires, for measuring reading, 137


Randot stereo test, 102–103

Reading, 3, 71, 129–153

clinical tests, 138–141

evaluation, 86–87, 143–150

including in disability determination, 129–131

MNREAD Reading Acuity Chart, 139

range of reading tasks, 131–134

real-world, 142

recommendations, 151–153

standardizing testing procedures, 141–143

stimulus properties and the “reading envelope,” 150–151

Reading measurement, 134–137, 196–197

accuracy, 136

comprehension, 136–137

critical print size, 134–135

endurance, 136

eye movements, 137

questionnaires, 137

reading acuity, 134, 152

reading speed, 135–136, 152

Recognition acuity, 204

Refractive error, 36

Resolution acuity, 204

Retinal disparity, 103

Ross Pediatric Lipid Study, 207

Route memory, 154

RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) method, 132

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

SAT test, 136

School-age children, 24, 202–203

who cannot perform standard tests of visual function, 203

Scoring method, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 65–66

Scotomas, 71, 107, 147

Search capacity, effect on reading, 150

Self-reporting

of social interaction, 172–173

of tasks using tools, 177–178

of visual impairment, 7

of visual problems, 17–20

Sequential evaluation process, 334

SGA. See Substantial gainful activity

Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), 172, 181

SITA. See Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm

SKILL card test, 95, 107

Snellen-type acuity chart, 57, 141

Social interaction, self-reporting of, 172–173

Social model of disability, 40–49

generic concepts and terms applied to vision, 41–45

information sources and standards, 48–49

lines of inquiry, 47–48

vision-specific concepts and terms, 45–46

visual functions, 45–46

Social participation, 73, 168–173

evaluation and, 88

performance-based tests, 169–172

recommendations, 173

self-reporting, 172–173

testing, 3

and visual task performance testing, 198

Social Security Act of 1935, 11, 29– 40

Title II, 12, 25

Title XVI, 12, 25, 199

Social Security Administration (SSA), 1–15

disability criteria, 29–40, 47, 58– 59, 67–68, 92–93, 111–112, 115–127, 196, 199–200, 211, 215

issues needing further study by, 8–10

Office of Disability, 12, 28n

present caseload, 25

statutorily blind beneficiaries, 28

visually impaired claimants, 51

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 12, 20, 22, 30–31

payments under, 282, 292–293, 296–297, 306–307

Social Security tax program, 30

SSA. See Social Security Administration

SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance

SSI. See Supplemental Security Income

Standardizing testing procedures, for reading, 141–143

Standardizing visual acuity measurement, 60–66

chart design, 60–61

ETDRS “Chart 1” acuity chart, 62

near visual acuity, 65–66

observation conditions, 61–63

scoring method, 65–66

testing conditions, 63–65

Static perimetry, 218

Statutory blindness, 36

Stereoacuity, 102

Stereopsis, 101

Stimulus properties, and the “reading envelope,” 150–151

Strabismus, 101

Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 30–31, 334

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 12, 20, 22, 29–31, 34, 334

benefits from, 282, 294–297, 306–307

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA), 223

Talking Signs, 157

Terminology. See Concepts and terms

Testing conditions, in standardizing visual acuity measurement, 63–65

Testing procedures, need to specify, 60

Test-retest reliability, 7, 77, 120

Tests

adequacy of current, 11, 13–14

of capacity to work, 11

of infants and children, 4–5, 10, 214–215

Tests of visual functions, 2, 5–9, 51– 125

binocular function, 100–103

binocularity, 8–9, 103, 122

color vision, 8–9, 95–99, 122

contrast sensitivity, 7–8, 83–95, 121–122, 229

disability criteria, 117–118

glare and light/dark adaptation, 106–111

recommendations, 8–9, 118–125

visual acuity, 5–6, 52–69, 119, 214–215

visual efficiency, 111–117

visual fields, 6–7, 69–83, 120–121, 224

visual search, 8–9, 103–105, 122

Tests of visual task performance, 196–198

HRQOL, 198

mobility, 197

reading, 196–197

social participation, 198

tool use and manipulation, 197

TNO stereo test, 102–103

Toddlers, 25

Tool use and manipulation, 74, 173–178

evaluation of, 88

recommendations, 178

self-reporting of tasks, 177–178

vision and performance tests of tool use, 175–177

visual task performance testing, 197

Travel needs, of blind and partially sighted individuals, 155–156

True vision analyzer (TVA), 110

Tumbling E’s chart, 52, 210

Tunnel vision, 148

TVA. See InnoMed true vision analyzer


Uncontrolled environments, O&M in, 157–158

United Nations, 130

Updating current criteria, 12–15

adequacy of current tests, 11, 13–14

limited range of visual functions tested, 12, 14–15

predicting performance in the workplace, 13

Usual work, 334.

See also Sequential evaluation process


VAQ. See Visual Activities Questionnaire

VAR. See Visual acuity rating

VEP. See Visual evoked potential

VEs. See Vocational experts

VF-14 instrument, 182

Vision

loss of, 43

at low light levels, 106–107

and performance tests of tool use, 175–177

Vistech charts, 89–90, 92, 226–229

VisTech VCT 8000, 110

Visual Activities Questionnaire (VAQ), 182

Visual acuity, 5–6, 46, 66–69, 119

charts for, 5

disability criteria for, 118

in evaluation of reading, 147

and O&M, 158, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Visual acuity in infants and children, 203–216

assessment in infants, 205–210

assessment in preschool-age children, 210–211

assessment in school-age children , 211–213

assessment in those who cannot perform standard tests, 213– 214

fixation and following, 205

forced-choice preferential looking, 206–208

issues needing further study, 215–216

predictive value of results, 208– 210

recommendations, 214–215

visual evoked potential, 205–206

Visual acuity rating (VAR), 53, 65

Visual acuity testing, 52–69

evaluation, 53–60

recommendations, 66–69

standardizing visual acuity measurement, 60–66

Visual demands of everyday tasks, 11

Visual efficiency testing, 111–117

central visual efficiency, 112–113

combining measures, 115

contrast sensitivity, 114

recommendations, 8, 115–116

visual field efficiency, 113–114

Visual evoked potential, 205–206

Visual field efficiency, 113–114

Visual fields, 6–7, 37, 46, 81–82, 120–121, 216–225

disability criteria for, 118

in evaluation of reading, 147–148

and O&M, 159, 163–164

Visual fields in infants and children, 216–225

assessment in infants, 217–219

assessment in preschool-age children, 219–220

assessment in school-age children, 220–224

assessment in those who cannot perform standard tests, 224

automated static perimetry, 221–224

confrontation techniques, 217

Goldmann perimetry, 220–221

issues needing further study, 224–225

perimetry in visually at-risk infants, 218–219

recommendations, 224

static perimetry, 218

white sphere kinetic perimetry, 217–218

Visual fields testing, 69–83.

See also Perimetry

evaluation, 70–80

isopters, 75

mean deviation methods, 78, 114

orientation/mobility, 71–73

reading, 71

recommendations, 81–82

social participation, 73

tool use/manipulation, 74

why the measure is useful, 70–74

Visual functions, 42, 45–46, 117

binocular function, 46

color vision, 46

contrast sensitivity, 46

visual acuity, 46

visual fields, 46

visual search, 46

Visual functions having little effect on reading, 149–150

binocular vision, 149

color deficits, 149

in evaluation of reading, 149–150

interocular difference in vision, 149

search capacity, 150

Visual impairments, prevalence and significance of, 15–29

Visual search and attention, 8–9, 46, 105, 122

and O&M, 164–165

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×

Visual search testing, 103–105

evaluation, 104–105

recommendations, 105

Visual span, 148

Visual task performance, 3, 10, 126– 198

challenges of evaluation, 127– 128

health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 179–185

orientation and mobility (O&M), 153–168

reading tests, 3, 129–153

recommendations for tests, 3, 196–198

social participation testing, 3, 168–173

test battery, 3

tool use and manipulation, 173– 178

work skills and visual functioning, 185–195

Visuocognitive factors in O&M, 160–161

Vocational considerations, 33, 334

Vocational experts (VEs), 334

Weber contrast ratio, 85n

White size III Goldmann target, 6, 77, 120

White sphere kinetic perimetry, 217–218

Work

other, 333

past relevant, 33

Work skills and visual functioning, 185–195

job analysis using labor databases, 186–193

recommendations, 193–195

Workplace

predicting performance in, 13

visual limitations in, 20–23

Worst distance acuity, 6, 119

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 343
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 344
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 345
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 346
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 347
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 348
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 349
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 350
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 351
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 352
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 353
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10320.
×
Page 354
Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $67.00 Buy Ebook | $54.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

When children and adults apply for disability benefits and claim that a visual impairment has limited their ability to function, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) is required to determine their eligibility. To ensure that these determinations are made fairly and consistently, SSA has developed criteria for eligibility and a process for assessing each claimant against the criteria. Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits examines SSA's methods of determining disability for people with visual impairments, recommends changes that could be made now to improve the process and the outcomes, and identifies research needed to develop improved methods for the future. The report assesses tests of visual function, including visual acuity and visual fields whether visual impairments could be measured directly through visual task performance or other means of assessing disability. These other means include job analysis databases, which include information on the importance of vision to job tasks or skills, and measures of health-related quality of life, which take a person-centered approach to assessing visual function testing of infants and children, which differs in important ways from standard adult tests.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!