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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME I

THE HISTORY, SCOPE, AND NATURE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1975

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME I

THE HISTORY, SCOPE, AND NATURE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

WASHINGTON, D.C.

1975

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

NOTICE

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)

The content of this Supplementary Report is part of the basis for the Summary Report of the NAS Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering. In contrast to the Summary Report, however, the views expressed here are those of the various contributors and do not necessarily represent a consensus of COSMAT.

Frontispiece: A schematic representation of the materials cycle, portraying its global nature and principal stages.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

PREFACE

The Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) was published in the Spring of 1974. It was based on informational inputs generated by numerous committees, panels, and individuals. That background information has now been organized into this Supplementary Report, Volumes I to IV.

In assembling this extensive resource, a complete editorial function was not attempted. Thus, occasional redundancies and overlaps as well as some unevenness in style and coverage will be noted. There will also be found views, and perhaps contradictions, that did not make their way into the Summary Report, inasmuch as the latter reflects a consensus of COSMAT. Nevertheless, we believe that it will prove useful to the science and engineering communities, as well as to others concerned with the broader implications of technology, to have available the rich store of information that was collected by COSMAT.

We have organized the present Supplementary Report as follows:

Volume I—The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering, containing Chapters 1, 2, and 3, is concerned mainly with tracing the history and evolution of materials technology, and of materials science and engineering in particular; also with describing the dimensions of the present role of materials in society; and with a study of the way in which materials science and engineering operates as a multidisciplinary field.

Volume II—The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research begins, in Chapter 4, with a discussion of how materials research is related to various national goals or “areas of impact.” In Chapter 5, the results of a comprehensive survey of materials research priorities are presented, both for applied research related to these areas of impact and for basic research. Chapter 6 provides a description of several of the more prominent materials research opportunities, again both basic and applied.

Volume III—The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (Chapter 7) describes the industrial, governmental, academic, and professional activities in materials science and engineering in the U.S. In the industrial section, emphasis is given to illustrative descriptions of materials technologies and to the roles of materials scientists and engineers in various types of industry. The governmental section describes the ways in which the federal government is involved with the performance and support of materials science and engineering. The academic section contains detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the status and trends in university education and research both in “materials-designated” and “materials-related” departments and in materials research centers. In the professional section,

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

consideration is given to the characteristics and numbers of materials scientists and engineers, as well as to their professional activities and opportunities.

Volume IV—Materials Technology Abroad (Chapter 8) deals with many facets of materials technology, as practiced in other countries. In collecting this information, it was often difficult, or even impossible, to delineate policies and practices specific to the materials field from those pertinent to science and technology in general, In such cases, the broader situation has been reviewed on the assumption that its applicability to the materials sphere is implicit. Volume IV surveys national policies and administrative structures for science and technology, education, R & D, institutions, technology-enhancement programs, technical achievements, and international cooperation. Much of the content revolves around the general theme of technological innovation.

It is surely obvious from the magnitude of this Supplementary Report that COSMAT is enormously indebted to a wide diversity of committees and individual contributors, whose inputs and insights have proved so valuable. The COSMAT Panels, Committees, and Consultants are listed in the Summary Report. They and other individual contributors are also referred to in this Supplementary Report.

COSMAT is deeply grateful to Marguerite Meyer, Beverly Masaitis, and Judy Trimble for their indefatigable efforts in the typing and assembling of these four volumes; theirs was a prodigious task, indeed. We are also most indebted to Amahl Shakhashiri for her careful editing of these volumes.

And once again, COSMAT wishes to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in this undertaking, carried out under the aegis of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences.

Morris Cohen, Chairman

William O.Baker, Vice Chairman

Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering

September 1975

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)

*Morris Cohen (Chairman)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

*William O.Baker (Vice Chairman)

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

Donald J.Blickwede

Bethlehem Steel Corporation

Raymond F.Boyer

Dow Chemical Company

*Paul F.Chenea

General Motors Corporation

Preston E.Cloud

University of California, Santa Barbara

*Daniel C.Drucker

University of Illinois

Julius J.Harwood

Ford Motor Company

I.Grant Hedrick

Grumman Aerospace Corporation

Walter R.Hibbard, Jr.

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation

*John D.Hoffman

National Bureau of Standards

Melvin Kranzberg

Georgia Institute of Technology

*Hans H.Landsberg

Resources for the Future, Inc.

Humboldt W.Leverenz

RCA Laboratories, Inc.

Donald J.Lyman

University of Utah

Roger S.Porter

University of Massachusetts

Rustum Roy

Pennsylvania State University

*Roland W.Schmitt

General Electric Company

Abe Silverstein

Republic Steel Corporation

Lawrence H.Van Vlack

The University of Michigan

Ex Officio Members

*Harvey Brooks (as former Chairman, Committee on Science and Public Policy, NAS)

Harvard University

*N.Bruce Hannay (as Chairman, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

*Ernst Weber (as Chairman, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)

National Academy of Sciences

*  

Members of the Executive Board

Survey Directors

Alan G.Chynoweth

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

S.Victor Radcliffe

Case Western Reserve University

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

Supplementary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering

Volume I

The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering

 

Chapter 1;

Materials and Society

 

Chapter 2:

The Contemporary Materials Scene

 

Chapter 3;

Materials Science and Engineering as a Multidiscipline

Volume II

The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research

 

Chapter 4;

National Objectives and the Role of Materials Science and Engineering

 

Chapter 5:

Priorities in Materials Research

 

Chapter 6:

Opportunities in Materials Research

Volume III

The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering

 

Chapter 7:

Industrial, Governmental, Academic, and Professional Activities in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume IV

Materials Technology Abroad

 

Chapter 8:

Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

LIST OF FIGURES FOR VOLUME I

Figure Number

Page Number

CHAPTER 1. MATERIALS AND SOCIETY

CHAPTER 2. THE CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS SCENE

2.1

 

Steel Mill Products, Physical Output, Actual and Deflated Average Unit Costs and Cost Proportions, 1899–1939.

 

76

2.2

 

Supply-Demand Relationship for Copper in 1969

 

78

2.3

 

Factors Involved in the Flow of Materials

 

82

2.4

 

Materials Utilization Shows Social and Technical Pressures on the Materials Scientist and Engineer

 

91

2.5

 

Research and Development Spending in the United States, 1953–72

 

100

2.6

 

Conduct of Federal Research and Development

 

101

2.7

 

Trends in Federal Basic and Applied Research

 

102

2.8

 

Direct Government Funding for Materials Research and Development

 

103

2.9

 

Percentage of Register Respondents in MSE vs. MSE Cutoff Score

 

126

CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AS A MULTIDISCIPLINE

3.1

 

Change with Time of Coupling Between Science and Engineering in the Materials Field

 

185

3.2

 

Example of Systems Engineering Applied to MSE Taken from OECD Report on “Problems and Prospects of Fundamental Research in Selected Scientific Fields—Materials.”

 

189

3.3

 

Key Integrated-Circuit Developments, 1958–1971

 

247

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

LIST OF TABLES FOR VOLUME I

Table Number

Page Number

CHAPTER 1. MATERIALS AND SOCIETY

CHAPTER 2. THE CONTEMPORARY MATERIALS SCENE

2.1

 

Consumption of Selected Basic Materials in the U.S.

 

70

2.2

 

Distribution of National Income of the United States by Industry Category, 1965

 

71

2.3

 

Distribution of National Income of the United States within Selected Industry Categories, 1965

 

73

2.4

 

Selected Industry Components of the Gross National Product, 1971

 

74

2.5

 

U.S. Trade Balances in Illustrative Product Categories

 

94

2.6

 

Estimates of Manpower in Principal Disciplinary Sectors of Materials Science and Engineering

 

97

2.7

 

Distribution of Materials Scientists and Engineers by Category of Activity

 

99

2.8

 

Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Class of Materials

 

104

2.9

 

Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Research Activity

 

104

2.10

 

Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Performing Organization

 

104

2.11

 

Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Supporting Agency

 

105

2.12

 

Distribution of Federal Materials R&D Effort by Agency and Material for FY 1967 and 1971

 

106

2.13

 

Direct Federal Funding of Materials Research and Development by Agency, Type of Research, and Performer for FY 1971

 

108

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

2.14

 

Direct Federal Funding of Materials Research and Development by Agency and Field of Materials for FY 1971

 

109

2.15

 

Distribution by Field of Science of Federal R&D Support to Universities for FY 1970

 

113

2.16

 

Distribution of Federal Agency Support for “Metallurgy and Materials” R&D at Universities for FY 1970

 

115

2.17

 

Proportion of Federal Agency Materials R&D Funds Allocated to Universities for FY 1970

 

116

2.18

 

Comparison of Federal Materials R&D Support at Universities Between “Materials Departments” and “Other Departments” for FY 1970

 

117

2.19

 

Industrial Research and Development (Includes federally-funded industrial R&D)

 

118

2.20

 

Industrial Research and Development as Percent of Sales

 

119

2.21

 

Federally-Financed Industrial Research and Development

 

120

2.22

 

Company-Funded Industrial Research and Development

 

121

2.23

 

Comparison of Materials Engineers with All Engineers

 

128

2.24

 

Society Membership

 

129

2.25

 

Percentage of Ph.D.’s Among Materials Engineers by Product Group

 

131

2.26

 

Principal Functions of Materials Engineering

 

132

2.27

 

Materials Engineers Receiving Government Support

 

133

2.28

 

Product or Service Related to Employment

 

135

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

2.29

 

Leading Employment Specialties of MaterialsEngineers (%)

 

136

2.30

 

Leading Employment Specialties of Materials Engineers (Ph.D., %)

 

136

2.31

 

Some “Agreed” Areas of Technology and Science (MSE = 75) in Materials Engineering

 

137

2.32

 

Characteristics of Materials Engineers in Sixteen “Agreed” Areas of Technology and Science in Materials Engineering

 

138

2.33

 

Numbers of Materials Scientists, By Discipline

 

140

2.34

 

Leading Major Subjects of Highest Degree Among Materials Scientists

 

140

2.35

 

Leading Professional Identifications of Materials Scientists

 

141

2.36

 

Number of Materials Scientists with Selected Professional Identification

 

143

2.37

 

Criteria for Inclusion in the Science Register

 

144

2.38

 

Employment of Materials Scientists by Institution and Work Activity, 1968

 

146

2.39

 

Median Basic Annual Salary of Materials Scientists by Age and Type of Employer, 1968

 

147

2.40

 

Number of Materials Scientists in Specialty Areas from 1964 to 1970

 

148

2.41

 

Estimated Total Number of Materials Scientists and Engineers in the United States

 

150

2A.1

 

Specialty Areas in the 1969 National Engineers Register with MSE Score Greater Than 45

 

151

2A.2

 

Specialty Areas in the 1968 National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel with MSE Score Greater Than 45

 

154

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×

CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AS A MULTIDISCIPLINE

3.1

 

Some Achievements in Materials Science and Engineering

 

173

3.2

 

Comparative Characteristics and Attributes of Some Disciplines Involved in MSE

 

204

3.3

 

Federal Funds for Total Research in Metallurgy and Materials Engineering in FY 1966 through 1971 (Est.)

 

215

3.4

 

Typical Reentry Environment Parameters for Reentry Vehicles Entering the Earth’s Atmosphere

 

224

Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R20
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R21
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1975. Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume I, The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10436.
×
Page R22
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