Index
A
Acceleration, 47, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 177, 273-274, 311, 312, 319, 323
see also Peak ground acceleration
free-field, 70-71
strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-322
Accelerator mass spectrometry, 223, 356
Acoustic measures, 197, 217, 357, 358
Active faults, general, 15, 18, 21, 46, 128, 132, 205, 225, 240, 317, 353, 382
see also specific faults
geological record, 1, 40, 216, 224
hazard analysis, 108, 123, 151, 152, 153, 267-268, 370
seafloor, 357
thermal factors, 53
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397
see also specific countries
Aftershocks, 12, 44, 50-51, 258, 269-273, 289
portable arrays, 191, 193, 373
Alaska, 6, 42, 44-45, 50, 114, 117, 135-136, 222, 228, 266
Aleutian Islands, 40, 42, 44, 50, 56, 121, 136
Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Act (California), 153
American Society of Civil Engineers, 71, 113, 153
Annualized earthquake losses, 2, 5, 150, 163
Applied Technology Council, 73, 153
Archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22
Aseismic deformation, 209, 215, 275, 316, 383
Attenuation, 33, 43, 74, 80, 112, 177, 302, 306, 309-310, 313-314, 364, 376
imaging, 193
strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-319, 373
tsunamis, 119
Australia, 86(n.22), 147, 159, 161
B
Basement rock, 45, 128, 135, 141-142, 319
Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science, 367
Basic Safety Earthquake, 169
see also Sediments and sedimentary basins
hazard analysis, 112, 151, 371, 375
wave propagation, 193, 194, 302, 311, 375
Bathymetry, 137-140, 217, 224, 357
Berkeley Digital Seismic Network, 185
Blind thrust faults, 84-85(n.9), 128, 129, 208, 225, 226, 228, 356
Borah Peak earthquake, 50, 131-132
Boreholes, 99, (n.112), 113, 189, 209, 215, 226, 239, 240, 283, 353, 365-366, 367, 371, 389-390, 397
Bridges, 15, 82, 87(n.27), 109, 152-153, 304, 309
Brittleness, 46, 108, 256, 300, 385
brittle-ductile boundary, 36, 47, 48, 231-233
crustal deformation, 1, 11, 26, 269
volcano seismology, 198, 199, 201
Broadband instruments, 40, 161, 174(n.101), 176, 179, 180, 185, 187, 190, 191, 198, 305, 351, 354, 358
Building codes, 2, 6, 66-68, 80, 152, 154-159, 163, 309
cost factors, 6
historical perspectives, 66-68, 70-74
International Building Code, 113
performance-based engineering, 155-159
public education, 379-380
soil conditions and, 105(n.162), 113, 155, 307-308
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 66, 71, 73, 79, 113, 322
Buildings, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 28, 54, 62, 66, 82, 122, 149, 155, 157, 159, 190, 352, 371, 373, 377, 397
foundations, 66, 67, 87(n.27), 152, 156
ground shaking, 67-68, 70-71, 73, 152, 157, 158-159
Building Seismic Safety Council, 153
Burridge-Knopoff spring-slider models, 260
C
Calaveras fault (California), 293, 297
California, 2, 6, 67-69, 71-73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 123-129, 193-196, 206, 213, 222, 228, 240, 266, 267, 268
see also Los Angeles, California;
San Andreas fault;
San Francisco, California
Alaskan earthquake, tsunamis, 44-45
engineering, 152-153, 155, 164
Global Positioning System (GPS), 203-205, 210
Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293
hazard analysis, 14, 60, 114, 123-129, 131, 152-153, 363
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392
Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376
Hector Mine earthquake, 13, 50, 128, 206, 211, 213
Imperial fault, 67, 74, 123, 268, 321, 336(n.100, n.104), 339(n.127), 340(n.132)
Landers earthquake, 50, 128, 207, 272, 296, 297
Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304
Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379
Parkfield, 60, 64, 71, 189, 211, 297, 366
subsidence, 114
California Division of Mines and Geology, 318
California Geological Survey, 190
California Integrated Seismic Network, 185
California Strong-Motion Instrument Program, 190
Canada, 186, 190, 212, 229, 355
Cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366
Centroid moment tensor, 182, 184
Characteristic earthquakes, 55, 56, 60, 122, 259, 261, 267, 275, 315-316, 317-318, 322, 359
Chile, 10, 23, 42, 44-45, 49-50, 114, 140, 212
prediction, 62-63
secondary ground failures, 114
Chinnery, Michael, 36
Clustering, 56, 61, 189, 200, 229, 269-274, 315, 316-317, 358, 361-362, 386, 389
Coastal areas, 10, 28, 42, 44-45, 55, 59, 225, 229
see also Tsunamis
dendrochronology, 222
Pacific Northwest, 129-131
Coast and Geodetic Survey, see U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Compensated linear vector dipole, 37
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 197
Compression, 26, 40, 46, 62, 128, 193, 279, 296
waves, 34
Computer applications, 1-2, 262, 263, 364, 373, 375, 391
earthquake dynamics, 257, 259-260, 369
geoinformatics, 353
hazard analysis, general, 149-150
real-time, 8, 161, 162, 175(n.109), 185, 188, 352, 386
seismic cycle, 274
seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379, 388
seismicity patterns, 61-62
strong-motion simulations, 370-371
tsunamis, 120
warning systems, 161-163
Continental drift, 36-38, 40, 90(n.45), 91(n.52), 92(n.57), 93(n.67), 94(n.68-69), 203
Convection, 11, 40, 42, 47, 182, 265
Core (Earth), 32
Corinth fault, 225
Cost factors
see also Funding
earthquake damage, 2-6, 147, 149-151, 155-156, 350, 376, 377, 384
annualized earthquake losses, 2, 6, 150, 157
computer models, 149-150
prediction/risk assessment, 5-6, 147, 149-151
emergency response, 162-163
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 182
remote sensing, 217
research, general, 15-16, 356, 382-383, 391-393
seismic networks, 176, 182, 185, 352, 353, 382
seismic safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157, 163-164
volcano damage, 200
Coulomb criteria, 26, 27, 46, 269-270, 362
Creep, 48, 49, 102(n.131), 123, 128, 189, 267, 275, 277, 278, 280, 390
geodetic measures, 201, 208-209, 211, 212
Creep meters, 339(n.115)
D
Deep-focus earthquakes, 32-35 (passim), 42, 43, 47, 48, 53, 137, 256
rupture dynamics, 298-301, 302, 369
Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 397
Deformation, 1, 11, 17-18(n.15), 23, 26, 36, 263, 265, 359-360
see also Creep;
Brittleness;
Ductility
cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366
crustal, 1, 2, 93(n.63), 108, 110, 176, 201-207 (passim), 212, 222, 263, 265, 351, 386
geodetic measures, 201-209 (passim), 212, 214, 215, 216, 322-323, 354, 369
cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366
tectonic, 23, 45-46, 56, 108, 135, 176-177, 201, 274
Venus, 11
Dendrochronology, 130, 222, 223
Department of Commerce, 395
Department of Defense, 197, 397
Department of Energy, 397
see also EarthScope
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 397
Department of the Interior, 395
Department of Transportation, 397
Department of Veterans Affairs, 397
Developing countries
see also specific countries
economic losses, 6
hazard analysis, 137
Dietz, Robert, 38
Digital elevation models, 217, 356, 389
Ductility
brittle-ductile boundary, 36, 47, 48, 231, 233
mantle, 11
rock deformation, 46-47, 48, 231
Dynamical systems theory, 256, 257, 258
E
Early Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool, 173(n.78)
Earth Change and Hazard Observatory, 205
Earth Science National Laboratory Program, 367
Earthquake Early Alerting Service, 196
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, 153
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Acts, 396-397
Earthquake Prediction: A Proposal for a Ten Year Program of Research, 62
EarthScope, 12, 189, 190, 280, 353, 354, 364, 366, 382
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398
Plate Boundary Observatory, 17-18(n.15), 204, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392
USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374
Eastern United States, 132, 135, 229, 307
see also specific states
strong-motion seismology, 191
Economic factors
see also Cost factors
earthquake damage, 2-6, 14, 147, 149-151, 155-156, 350, 376, 377, 384
annualized earthquake losses, 2, 6, 150, 157
computer programs, 149-150
prediction/risk assessment, 5-6, 147, 149-151
global, 83(n.1)
risk reduction incentives, 163
tsunamis, damage, 119, 292-293
volcano damage, 200
Education, see Professional education;
Public education and outreach
Elasticity, 27-31, 47, 48, 49, 89(n.39), 114
Elastic rebound model, 27-31
Elastic waves, 11, 36, 198, 303, 304, 308, 375
Electromagnetic measurements, 103(n.143), 105(n.156), 217, 276
prediction, 64
Emergency response, 8-11, 83, 159-163
see also Prediction;
Warning systems
cost factors, 162-163
evacuation, 10, 62, 161, 200, 386
hazard analysis, 123
rapid dissemination of information, 2, 8-9, 83
seismic hazard maps, 122
seismic information systems, 8-10, 191, 378-379, 388
seismic networks, 185, 189-190
volcanoes, 200
Engineering, 8, 15, 28, 152-160 (passim), 163, 164-165, 262, 392-393, 397
see also Bridges;
Building codes;
Buildings;
Safety issues
ground shaking, 15, 65-68, 70, 71-74, 155, 157-159, 377-378
historical perspectives, 28, 65-84
performance-based, 155-159
public information, 13, 379-380
retrofitting, 6, 13, 16(n.2), 54, 147, 152-153, 155, 163, 164
seismic hazard maps and, 122-123, 318
spectral analysis, 70-71
strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-319, 371
Environmental Protection Agency, 397
Epicenters
aftershocks, 270
public education, 12-13
seismometry, 32
Equations
earthquake magnitude, 33, 34, 35, 49-50
fault mechanics, 26-27
hazard analysis, 315
rupture dynamics, 282-283, 291
state-dependent seismicity, 270-271
wave propagation, 303, 304, 309
Evacuation, 10, 62, 161, 200, 386
Ewing, Maurice, 38
Explosions, 84(n.4), 193, 196, 200, 318, 354, 397
see also Volcanism
nuclear, 11, 34, 88-89(n.34), 178, 197
F
Faulting and fault systems, 11, 12, 15, 185, 256, 257, 259, 263, 264-282, 361-367, 373, 375, 386-389
see also Frictional processes;
Prediction;
Rupture dynamics;
Seismology;
Slippage, faults;
Stick-slip faults;
Strike-slip faults;
Thrust faults;
specific faults
chaos, 261-262
fault-zone geology, 216-217
geodetic measures, 201, 209-212, 214, 216, 351-358, 359-360, 364, 389
hazard analysis, 315-317
historical perspectives, general, 23-31, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53-54, 385
kinematics, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266-268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375
laboratory studies, 11-12, 48, 64, 230-234
fault-friction processes, 214, 216, 262, 277, 279, 282, 365, 389-390
modeling, 257, 259-262, 263-264, 265, 274-278, 362-364, 367, 387, 390
rupture dynamics, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369, 375
neotectonics, 224-226
paleoseismology, 227, 228, 229
petrology, 237-238
portable-array studies, 191, 193, 388-389
reverse faults, 40, 42, 53, 128, 225, 248(n.70), 314, 324
seafloor spreading, 39, 40, 42, 43, 142, 144, 217
seismic hazard maps, 122
time factors, 12, 30, 58, 177, 193, 264-265, 266-268, 269-275, 322, 376
tsunamis, 119-120
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 118, 149, 164, 396
National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-397
performance-based engineering, 156, 158
Federal government, 16, 154, 164
see also specific departments and agencies;
terms beginning “National…”
Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks, 180-182
Field Act (California), 67
Fires, 2, 8, 21, 28, 84(n.3), 105(n.157), 149, 165(n.2)
Fold structures, 128, 224, 229, 356, 375, 389
see also Tsunamis
Forecasting, see Prediction
Fracture mechanics, 281-282, 291-292
see also Rupture dynamics
historical perspectives, 30, 47
modeling, 262
Frictional processes, 262-263, 265, 277-278, 281
see also Shear stress
equations, 232-233
historical perspectives, 26, 46, 47-49, 86(n.18)
laboratory studies, 11-12, 48, 156, 230-233, 268, 279-280
rupture dynamics, 301
Funding, 382-383, 391-393, 395-397
see also Cost factors
Advanced National Seismic System, 352
EarthScope, 354
prediction, 58
seismic networks, 176, 182, 185
G
General Services Administration, 397
Geochronology, 222-224
Geodesy, 11, 14, 201-216, 322-323, 351, 353, 357-358, 389
see also Global Positioning System
earthquake prediction, 64, 387
historical perspectives, 25, 26, 36, 42, 44, 51, 64, 176
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398
postseismic effects, 201, 202, 205, 212
seismic hazard maps, 122
slippage, faults, 201, 209-211, 212, 214, 216, 351
strain, 202, 211-213, 214-216, 356, 357
strainmeters, 17-18 (n.15), 42, 64, 93(n.62/n.63), 176, 201, 209, 212, 215, 216, 231, 283, 353, 354, 368
Geodynamics, 53
Geological Survey, see U.S. Geological Survey
Geology, general, 176, 216-229, 276
see also Basin effects;
Faulting and fault systems;
Paleoseismology;
Tectonics
active faults, geological record, 1, 216, 351
geochronology, 222-224
neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357
remote sensing, 216-222
rupture processes, 368
Global Fault Mapping Project, 390
Global Positioning System (GPS), 131, 134, 151, 176-177, 201-215 (passim), 217, 322-323, 353, 354, 356, 358, 362, 376, 386, 389, 398
Plate Boundary Observatory, 17-18(n.15), 204-205, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), 137, 139, 360-361, 390
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390
Global Strain Rate Map Project, 361, 390
Greece, 220
Ground shaking, 1, 2, 8, 15, 23, 28, 33, 44, 74, 116, 369-376
see also Acceleration;
Liquefaction;
Strong-motion seismology;
Velocity;
Vibration;
terms beginning “Seis…”
building codes, 67-68, 70-71, 73, 152, 157, 158-159
engineering for, 15, 65-68, 70, 71-74, 152, 155, 157-159, 377-378
hazard analysis, 71-73, 77, 107-108, 110-114, 121-122, 136, 149, 151, 155, 156, 318-322, 323-324
hypocenters, 112
modeling, 318-322, 370, 371, 377
paleoseismology, 227
peak ground acceleration (PGA), 8, 67-68, 71-72, 74-75, 77, 78, 192
hazard analysis, 110, 122, 319, 320
peak ground velocity (PGV), 110, 322
portable arrays, 193
prediction, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377-378, 386, 387, 388;
see also “hazard analysis” supra
rupture dynamics, 282, 292, 293-294, 309
seismic networks, 189-190
warning systems, 161-163
wave propagation and scattering, 110-114, 177, 369-370, 371, 373, 375
pore fluids/pressure, 54, 240, 262, 276, 278, 279, 280, 309, 389
Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, 156
Gutenberg, Beno, 32, 33-35, 56, 257
Gutenberg-Richter relation, 33, 34, 35, 38, 51, 56, 122, 257, 259, 261, 268, 273
H
Hawaii, 10, 119, 136-137, 138, 271
Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293
Hazardous materials, 149, 153, 397
nuclear power plants, 74, 76, 165(n.2), 397
Hazards and hazard analysis, 2, 6, 11, 13, 15, 107-147, 151-152, 185, 193, 256, 262, 314-324, 358, 376-378, 387, 388, 390
see also Prediction;
Risk assessment;
Seismic hazard maps
active faults, general, 108, 151, 152, 153, 267-268
California, 114, 123-129, 152-153, 363
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392
Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376
clustering, 316-317
developing countries, 137
emergency response and, 162-163, 376, 384, 386
engineering, 122-123, 152-159, 376
fault systems, 108, 151-153, 315-317
fires, 2, 8, 21, 28, 105(n.157), 149, 165(n.2)
see also Tsunamis
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), 137, 139, 360-361, 390
ground shaking, 71-73, 77, 107-108, 110-114, 121-122, 136, 149, 151, 155, 156, 318-322, 323-324
historical perspectives, 74-80, 315
landslides, 108, 114, 117-120 (passim), 131, 153
lateral spreading, 108, 114, 116-117
paleoseismology, 130, 131, 137, 147
probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380
site response characterization, 73, 74, 113, 151, 319-321
slippage, faults, 107-108, 123, 140,315-316
strike-slip faults, 108, 123, 144-145, 360
subduction, 129-130, 137, 140-142
tectonics, 108, 137-147 (passim), 182
types of hazards, 107-121;
see specific hazards supra
Hebgen Lake earthquake, 131
Hector Mine earthquake, 13, 50, 128, 206, 211, 213
Historical perspectives, 1, 2, 395
archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22
computer applications, 70
earthquake science, 19-65, 176
economic losses, 4
frictional processes, 26, 46, 47-48, 49, 53, 86(n.18)
hazard analysis, 56, 74-80, 315
paleoseismology, 25
seismology, 23-36, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50-52, 176, 303
slippage, faults, 19, 23-26, 28, 36, 42, 43, 46, 55
tectonics, 23-24, 26, 30-31, 36-47, 53, 55-56, 256,
triangulation, 201-202
wave propagation and scattering, 32, 33-34, 36, 83(n.4)
Hollywood fault, 108
Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe), 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379
I
Idaho, 132
Imperial fault, 67, 74, 102(n.133), 123, 268, 321, 327(n.27), 336(n.100, n.104), 339(n.127), 340(n.142)
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), 176, 180-182, 191
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 180-182, 190, 359, 388, 390
India, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 38, 46, 50, 94, 132
Interdisciplinary approaches, see Multidisciplinary approaches
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 17-18(n.15), 205-208, 215, 322-323, 353, 354, 362, 364, 386, 389, 392, 398
Interferometry, see Very long baseline interferometry
Intermontane Western U.S., 101(n.125), 128, 131-132
see also specific states
International Association of Seismology, 87(n.25)
International Building Code, 113
International Data Center, 197
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 137
International GPS Service for Geodynamics, 359
International Lithosphere Project, 361
International Monitoring System, 196
International Ocean Network Program, 358
International perspectives
see also Developing countries;
specific countries
Global Fault Mapping Project, 390
Global Positioning System (GPS), 131, 134, 151, 176-177, 201-215 (passim), 217, 322-323, 353, 354, 356, 358, 362, 376, 386, 389
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program, 137, 139, 360-361
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 180-182, 190, 359, 388, 390
Global Strain Rate Map Project, 361
International Seismological Centre, 87(n.25), 180, 196
International Seismological Summary, 32, 34
Internet
public information, 13, 165, 381
seismic information systems, 379
Information technology, see Computer applications
Italy, 33
Izmit earthquake, 16(n.2), 211, 213, 269, 360
J
Japan, 32, 36, 114, 141, 213, 214, 266
Global Positioning System (GPS), 203-204, 212
ground motion measurements, 67, 81
Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (Kobe), 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379
Niigata earthquake, 50
Nobi earthquake, 24, 50, 65-66, 97(n.97), 141
strong-motion stations, 191
Tokai seismic gap, 58-59
Tokyo earthquake, 31
warning systems, 161
Jeffreys-Bullen model, 303
Johnson Valley fault, 296
K
Kinematics, faulting, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266-268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375
Kobe earthquake, 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379
Kyoshin Net, 191
L
Laboratory studies, 62, 64, 321, 365, 389-390
fault-friction processes, 214, 262, 268, 277-280, 282, 365, 390
frictional processes, general, 11-12, 48, 230-233
rupture dynamics, 282-283
stick-slip faults, 58, 230, 282
Landers earthquake, 50, 128, 207, 270, 272, 296, 297
Landslides, 2, 16(n.2), 44, 87(n.27), 229
hazards, 108, 114, 117-120 (passim), 131, 153, 370
Land-use policies, 152, 153, 163
Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act, 59
Laser altimetry, 131, 356, 389
Lateral force, 66, 67, 70-71, 73
Lateral spreading, 16(n.2)
Legislation, 134
see also building codes
Alquist-Priolo Special Studies Act (California), 153
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act, 396
Field Act (California), 67
Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act (Japan), 59
NEHRP Reauthorization Act, 396
Riley Act (California), 67
Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (California), 118, 153
Lehmann, Inge, 32
Liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136, 227, 229, 370
Lithosphere, 231, 265, 300, 356-357, 385
see also Faulting and fault systems;
Subduction;
Tectonics
central and eastern U.S., 132, 134
continental, 46, 144, 147, 191, 257
oceanic, 40-43, 46, 47, 137-140, 266, 357-358
stress observations and modeling, 239
tomographic mapping, 182
wave propagation, 309
Lithology, 232, 260, 266, 274, 279, 342-343(n.156)
Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 397
Los Angeles, California, 128, 193
building codes, 67
ground shaking, 71
Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379
seismic networks, 185
tectonic strain, 205
Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, 193
M
Mainshock, 50-51, 62, 97(n.98), 248(n.70-71, 73), 269-270, 272, 273, 289
Mantle, 32, 38, 43, 45, 112, 303
convection, 40, 42, 47, 182, 265
McKenzie, Dan, 42
Mechanics, 47-54
see also Fracture mechanics;
Frictional processes;
Rock mechanics;
Shear stress
damage, 276-277
fault, 35-36, 229-240, 276-282, 362
Melting, 45, 171(n.57), 198, 238, 278, 280, 281, 290, 300, 365, 367, 389
Mexico, 50, 61, 112, 113, 304, 355
warning systems, 161
Microcracking, 62, 64, 96(n.88), 233, 280
Microseismicity, 188, 189, 275, 286, 297, 397
see also specific countries and earthquakes
Missouri, New Madrid earthquakes, 122, 133, 134, 229
Mitigation, 14, 102(n.129), 122, 147, 163, 164
see also Emergency response
Models and modeling, 256, 257, 259-261, 397
see also Equations: Laboratory studies;
Prediction
digital elevation models, 217, 356, 389
earthquake recurrence intervals, 58
elastic rebound model, 27-31
faults and fault zones, 257, 259-262, 263-264, 265, 274-278, 362-364, 367, 387, 390
see also “rupture dynamics” infra
friction and fracture mechanics, 11-12, 214, 230-231
ground motion, 318-322, 370, 371, 377
rupture dynamics, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369
seismic-gap method, 55-60
tsunamis, 121
wave propagation, 302-314, 369
Modified Mercalli Intensity, 77
Moho reflections, 32, 193, 304, 322, 373
Morgan, Jason, 42
Mountains, 318
see also Orogenesis
Wasatch Front, 54-55
Multidisciplinary approaches, 11, 15, 164-165, 189, 256, 366-367, 378, 380, 382-383, 385, 387
N
Nakano, H., 36
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 202-203, 398
see also EarthScope
National Bureau of Standards, 73
National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, 73
National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-398 (passim)
National Earthquake Information Service, 196
National Earthquake Loss Reduction Program, 398
National Hazard Data Center, 397-398
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 164, 396
National Institutes for Building Standards, 149
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 397-398
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 177
National Science Foundation, 382, 393
see also EarthScope
Earth Science National Laboratory Program, 367
Global Seismic Network, 176, 182
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397
National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352
National Strong-Motion Program, 190
NEHRP, see, National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
NEHRP Reauthorization Act, 396
Neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397
New Madrid earthquakes, 122, 133, 134, 229
Newport-Inglewood fault, 123
New Zealand, 114, 171(n.64), 224, 228, 229, 359
Niigata earthquake, 50
Nisqually earthquake, 13, 17(n.12), 18(n.16), 131, 164
Nobi earthquake, 50, 65-66, 97(n.97), 141
Nonlinear behavior, 12, 73, 74, 113, 160, 257, 260, 282, 310, 313, 369, 370, 371
see also Rupture dynamics
tsunamis, 121
North Anatolian fault, 144, 224, 228, 250(n.89), 267, 268, 273, 360
Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379
Nuclear explosions, 11, 34, 88(n.34), 178, 197
Nuclear power plants, 74, 76, 397
O
Ocean Hemisphere Project, 188
Ocean trenches, 32, 38, 40, 44, 45, 56, 137, 140, 144
Office of Science and Technology, 62
Oil fields and wells, 225, 367
Oldham, R.D., 32
Orogenesis, 45-46
Outreach, see Public education and outreach
P
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 164, 190
Pacific Northwest, 129-131, 212, 229, 266
see also Oregon;
Washington State
Paleoseismology, 11, 226-229, 268, 274
dendrochronology, 130, 222, 223
historical perspectives, 25
radiocarbon dating, 130, 223-224, 356
seismic hazard maps, 122
sea level change, 229
Parker, Robert, 42
Parkfield, California, 60, 64, 71, 189, 211, 297, 366
Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 8, 67-68, 71-72, 74-75, 77, 78, 192, 309
seismic hazard maps, 124, 125, 136, 138, 139
Peak ground velocity (PGV), 74, 110, 322
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, 200
Plafker, George, 42
Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), 17-18(n.15), 204-205, 209, 353, 354, 355, 358, 364, 382, 392
Plate tectonics, see Tectonics
Poland, 186
see also Funding
Pore fluids/pressure, 54, 240, 262, 276, 278, 279, 280, 309, 389
Portable arrays, 191, 193, 388-389, 390
Postseismic effects, 102(n.131), 147, 193, 265, 269, 275, 277, 280
frictional processes, 277
geodetic measures, 201, 202, 205, 212
remote sensing, 217
Prediction, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14-15, 151, 214, 256, 257, 262, 274, 315-324, 350, 358-361
see also Hazards and hazard analysis;
Risk assessment;
Seismic hazard maps;
Warning systems
chaos and, 261-262
engineering issues, 8, 155-159
geodetic measures, general, 64, 387
ground shaking, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377-378, 386, 387, 388
historical perspectives, 54-65, 315, 385
intermediate-term, 60-62, 273-274, 314, 361-364, 368, 387
long-term, 54-60, 314, 358, 368, 384, 386-387
Japan, 161
rupture nucleation, 290
seismic-gap method, 55-60, 61, 316
short-term, 62-65, 107, 269-273, 314, 387
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380
Program of Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere, 191, 358
Project Impact, 164
Project NEPTUNE, 357-358
Project Vela Uniform, 40
Public education and outreach, ix,2, 12-14, 163, 164, 165, 379-382, 383, 384-385, 388
see also Warning systems
building codes, 379-380
rapid dissemination of information, 2, 8-9, 83
seismic networks, 185
R
Radiocarbon dating, 130, 223-224, 225, 356
Rapid Array Mobilization Program, 191
Ray theory, 303
Real-time analysis, 8, 147, 155, 161, 162, 163, 174(n.101), 175(n.109), 176, 178, 185, 188, 203, 352, 376, 386
von Rebeur-Paschwitz, Ernst, 31
Regulatory issues, 163, 379-380, 384
see also Building codes;
Land-use policies;
Legislation;
Standards
Reid, Henry Fielding, 30-31, 47, 55, 58, 214
Remote sensing, 12, 216-222, 356, 368, 398
see also Satellite technology
Response spectra, 70, 71, 74, 76, 79, 159, 312, 319, 347(n.201)
Retrofitting, 6, 13, 16(n.2), 54, 147, 152-153, 155, 156, 163, 164
Reverse faults, 40, 42, 53, 128, 225, 248(n.70), 314, 324
Richter (Charles) Scale, 33-35
Riley Act (California), 67
Risk assessment, 11, 147-155, 370
see also Hazards and hazard analysis;
Prediction;
Safety issues
economic losses, 5-6, 147, 149-151
mitigation, 14, 122, 147, 163-164
Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters, 361
Rock deformation, 48, 49, 229-240
cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366
Rock mechanics, 46-47, 176, 229-240, 276, 279, 280, 291-292
cataclastic processes, 26, 238, 276, 278, 366
laboratory studies, 230-234, 279, 280, 281, 365
Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale, 33
Runcorn, S.K., 38
Rupture dynamics, 35-36, 82, 256-257, 282-302, 309, 350, 368
arrest, 295-298
damage mechanics, 276-277
deep-focus earthquakes, 298-301, 369
fault zones, 278-282, 296, 362, 367, 368-369
slippage, faults, 283, 284-298 (passim), 301
frictional processes, 301
geology, general, 368
ground shaking, 282, 292, 293-294, 309
hazards and hazard analysis, 107-110, 111-112, 120, 371, 376, 377
laboratory studies, 282-283
modeling, 177, 282-297 (passim), 300-301, 368-369
portable arrays, 193
temperature factors, 282-283, 300
time factors, 293-294, 301-302
wave propagation, 292, 293-294, 368-369, 375
S
Safety issues, 2-8
see also Building codes;
Emergency response;
Engineering;
Hazards and hazard analysis;
Prediction;
Risk assessment;
Warning systems
cost of safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157
San Andreas fault, 27-31, 36, 42, 53-54, 55-60, 124, 128, 211, 225, 228, 238, 267, 279-280, 297
clustering, 269
dendrochronology, 222
Interferomic Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), 207
paleoseismology, 177
seismic networks, 189, 359, 360
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), 189, 280, 354, 364, 366, 368, 374, 382, 392
San Francisco, California, 28, 44, 50, 66, 304
geodetic measures, 212
Hayward fault, 85(n.15), 123, 128, 293
Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304
San Jacinto fault, 102(n.133), 123
Satellite technology, 202-203, 216-219, 398
see also EarthScope;
Global Positioning System;
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
laser ranging, 202-203
very long baseline interferometry, 202-203
Seafloor spreading, 38-40, 42, 43, 142, 144, 217
Sea level, 229
Secondary ground failures, 114-118
Sediments and sedimentary basins, 28, 45, 82, 112, 128, 130, 193, 196, 227, 293, 318, 370, 371, 389
radiocarbon dating, 223
wave propagation, 302, 304, 307-308, 310, 311, 314, 369-370
Segmentation, faults, 296, 362
Seismic-gap method, 55-60, 316
Seismic hazard analysis, see Hazards and hazard analysis;
Seismic networks
Seismic Hazard Mapping Act (California), 118, 153
Seismic hazard maps, 15, 79-80, 118, 122-127, 136-139, 152, 153, 386
geodetic measures, 122
paleoseismology, 122
peak ground acceleration (PGA), 124, 125, 136, 138, 139
urban areas, general, 126-127, 152, 153, 318, 371
Seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379, 388
Seismicity of the Earth,34-35
Seismic moment, 44, 49-54 (passim), 82, 112, 119, 134, 140, 187, 259, 286, 289, 315, 316
Seismic networks, 40, 41, 103(n.138), 134, 161, 162, 176, 178-190, 193, 197-198, 351-352, 357-360, 369, 370-371, 386, 388
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397
cost factors, 176, 182, 185, 352, 353, 382
emergency response, 185, 189-190
Federation of Digital Seismographic Networks, 180-182
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390
ground shaking, 189-190
International Ocean Network Program, 358
National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352
public information, 185
TERRAscope Network, 185
USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374
World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395
Seismic reflection, 225, 356, 357, 371, 389
Seismic refraction, 112, 356, 357, 371, 389
Seismic tomography, 182, 183, 185, 198, 303-304, 364
Seismology, general, 14-15, 177-201
see also Faulting and fault systems;
Ground shaking;
Prediction;
Strong-motion seismology;
Tectonics;
Wave propagation and scattering
deep-focus earthquakes, 32-35, 42, 43, 47-48, 53, 137, 256
historical perspectives, 23-36, 37, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50-52, 176, 303
nuclear explosions, 11, 34, 88(n.34), 178, 197
volcanism, 198-201
Seismometry, seismograms, and seismographs, 8, 110, 113, 177-201 (passim), 352, 376
see also Seismic networks
epicenters, 32
historical perspectives, 31-36, 40, 49
portable arrays, 191, 193, 388-389, 390
rupture propagation, 292
seismicity catalogs, 196-198, 361-362
travel time, 31-32
ShakeMap, 162
Shear stress, 26, 47, 53, 238, 269, 279
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, 356
Site response characterization, 73, 74, 113, 151, 319-321
Slippage, faults, 15, 64, 128, 225, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264, 267-268, 351, 365
see also Frictional processes;
Shear stress;
Stick-slip faults
afterslip, 341(n.144)
damage mechanics, 276
geodetic measures, 201, 209-211, 212, 214, 216, 351
hazards analysis, 107-108, 123, 140, 315-316
seismic tomography, 185
slip rates, 48, 49, 55, 144, 189, 201, 202, 209-210, 211, 225, 230, 231, 262, 266, 277, 278, 290, 294, 302, 351, 356, 360, 385, 387, 389
Social factors
see also Public education and outreach historical perspectives, 19-21
Soil conditions and types, 320, 324, 375
see also Sediments and sedimentary basins
building codes, 105(n.162), 113, 155, 307-308
liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136, 227, 229, 370
wave propagation, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321
Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, 398
Sonar, 217
Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376
Southern California Seismic Network, 180
Soviet Union, 62
Spirit leveling, 202
Standards
see also Building codes
ground acceleration and, 68
Stick-slip faults, general, 48, 49, 108
laboratory experiments, 58, 230, 282
Strain, 19, 42, 48, 269, 275, 365
crustal, 11, 18(n.17), 51, 53, 55, 64, 134, 201, 205, 211
geodetic measures, 202, 211-213, 214-216, 356, 357;
see also Strainmeters
ground failure, 108
Strainmeters, 17-18 (n.15), 42, 64, 93(n.62/ n.63), 176, 201, 209, 212, 215, 216, 231, 283, 353, 354, 368
Stress, 18(n.17), 26-27, 43-54 (passim), 60, 61, 66, 108, 113, 147, 211, 212, 230-233 (passim), 237, 256, 263, 269-274, 297, 301, 368
see also Shear stress
Strike-slip faults, general, 26, 43, 45, 46, 49, 53, 236
hazard analysis, 108, 123, 144-145, 360
wave propagation, 309
Strong-motion seismology, 190-191, 304, 318-324, 367-368, 370-376, 377, 386, 388, 390-391
attenuation, 190, 318-319, 373
computer simulations, 370-371
engineering, 190, 318-319, 371
seismic information systems, 8-11, 373, 375, 378-379
time history, 308, 321-322, 377
urban areas, general, 191, 352, 370-371
Structural Engineers Association of Northern California, 71, 153
Subduction, 40-43, 45, 48, 387
hazard analysis, 129-130, 137, 140-142
seismic tomography, 182
strong-motion seismology, 191, 318-319
tsunamis, 120
uplift and subsidence, 114
Subsidence, 16(n.2), 38, 108, 114, 229
Sumba earthquake, 50
Suruga Trough, 59
System Probatoire pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT), 216
T
Taiwan, 50, 109, 161, 191, 221
Tectonics, 11, 55-56, 182, 309, 314
see also EarthScope;
Faulting and fault systems;
Geodesy;
Rupture dynamics;
seafloor spreading;
Shear stress;
Slippage, faults;
Subduction
geodetic measures, 201-211 (passim), 212, 214, 216, 354
hazard analysis, 108, 137-147, 182
historical perspectives, 23-24, 26, 30-31, 36-47, 53, 55-56, 256
neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224-226, 356-357
orogenesis, 46
volcanoes, 199-201
USArray, 354
TERRAscope Network, 185
Temperature factors
see also Volcanism
fault and rock mechanics, 47, 230, 233, 237, 238, 239, 277-280, 389
mantle convection, 265
melting, 45, 171(n.57), 198, 238, 278, 280, 281, 290, 300, 365, 367, 389
rupture dynamics, 282-283, 300
Thrust faults, general, 26, 38, 42, 59, 195, 208, 226, 228, 238, 314, 357
blind thrust faults, 84-85(n.9), 128, 129, 208, 225, 226, 228, 356
Time factors
see also Emergency response;
Prediction;
Warning systems
aftershocks, 50-51, 61, 269-272
clustering, 56, 61, 189, 229, 268-274, 315, 316-317, 358, 361-362, 388-389
faulting, 12, 30, 58, 177, 193, 264-265, 266-268, 269-275, 322, 376
ground motion, 71, 110-111, 321-322, 391
strong-motion seismology, 308, 321-322, 377
rupture dynamics, 293-294, 301-302
seismicity catalogs, 196
slip rates, 48, 49, 55, 144, 189, 201, 202, 209-210, 211, 225, 230, 231, 262, 266, 277, 278, 290, 294, 302, 351, 356, 360, 385, 387, 389
tsunamis, 165(n.1)
du Toit, A.L., 38
Tokai seismic gap, 58-59
Tomography, see Seismic tomography
Tree-ring dating, see Dendrochronology
Triangulation, 201-202, 203, 208-209
Tsunamis, 10, 44-45, 119-121, 131, 227, 292-293
see also Boreholes;
Mines
Turkey, 16(n.2), 19, 50, 117, 171(n.64), 191, 224, 359, 360
Izmit earthquake, 16, 211, 213
North Anatolian fault, 144, 224, 228, 250(n.89), 267, 268, 273, 360
Turner, H.H., 32
U
UBC, see Uniform Building Code
Uncertainty
earthquake scaling, 268
hazard estimates, 6, 71, 157, 319
prediction, general, 63, 64, 149, 264
seismometers, 32
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 66, 71, 73, 79, 113, 322
United Nations, 137
Uplift, 23, 42, 46, 60, 108, 114, 130, 131, 227
see also Orogenesis
Urban areas, general, 2, 7, 11, 73, 82-83, 156, 350, 371, 388, 389
see also Buildings;
Emergency response;
specific cities, states and countries
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 191, 352, 371, 373, 379, 391, 396-397
cost of safety measures, 6
economic losses, 3, 4, 5-6, 14, 384
historic perspectives, 11
seismic hazard maps, 126-127, 152, 153, 318, 371
strong-motion seismology, 191, 352, 370-371
USArray, 17-18(n.15), 354, 364, 373, 374
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 79, 91(n.53)
U.S. Geological Survey, 10, 189, 280, 356, 366, 392-393
see also EarthScope
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), 10, 190, 191, 351-352, 353, 362, 371, 373, 379, 382, 391, 396-397
Global Seismic Network (GSN), 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390
hazard analysis, general, 73, 79, 122, 164-165, 317-318, 380
National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2, 64, 73, 80, 113, 122, 156, 163, 164, 165, 350, 380, 382, 384, 395-396
National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352
portable arrays, 191
public education, 381
seismicity catalogs, 196
strong-motion seismology, 190
V
Vela Uniform, 395
compressional wave, 62
ground, 8, 73, 177, 308, 322, 323
peak ground velocity (PGV), 74, 110, 322
rupture dynamics, 291, 292, 309
seismic, 32, 43, 112, 177, 189, 302, 303, 314, 318, 321-322, 364, 371, 377
shear wave, 49, 62, 113, 319, 371
slip, 230, 231, 262, 277-278, 281, 290, 294, 302
Very long baseline interferometry, 202-203
Vibration, 70, 71, 95(n.81), 156, 178, 322
see also Ground shaking
Vibroseis studies, 189, 193, 196, 373
Viscoelastic behavior, 155, 156, 211, 213, 275, 319, 335(n.95), 362
continental lithosphere, 43
damage costs, 200
historical perspectives, 23
ocean lithosphere, 43
tsunamis and, 119
W
Warning systems, 10, 64, 119, 159-163
computer applications, 161-163
historical perspectives, 159, 161
Wasatch Front, 54-55
Washington State, 129, 130-131, 164, 212, 229
dendrochronology, 222
Nisqually earthquake, 13, 17(n.12), 18(n.16), 131, 164
strong-motion seismology, 191
subsidence, 114
Wave propagation and scattering, 10-11, 177-178, 193, 302-314
see also Attenuation;
Seismometry, seismograms, and seismographs
basin effects, 193, 194, 302, 311, 375;
see also “sedimentary basins” infra
elastic waves, 11, 36, 198, 303, 304, 308, 375
ground shaking, 110-114, 177, 369-370, 371, 373, 375
historical perspectives, 19, 28, 32, 33-34, 36, 42
rupture dynamics, 292, 293-294, 368-369, 375
sedimentary basins, 302, 304, 307-308, 310, 311, 314, 369-370
soil conditions, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321
strike-slip faults, 309
Waves, tsunamis, see Tsunamis
World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395
World Wide Web, see Internet
Wyoming, 131