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An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology (2002)

Chapter: Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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C Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACES

atomic clock ensemble in space

AEHF

advanced extremely high frequency

AMO

atomic, molecular, and optical

AMRAAM

advanced medium-range air-to-air missile

BAW

bulk acoustic wave

BEC

Bose-Einstein condensate

C3

command, control, and communications

C3I

command, control, communications, and intelligence

CAD

computer-aided design

CEC

cooperative engagement capability

CPT

coherent population trapping

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DDR&E

Director of Defense Research and Engineering

DOD

Department of Defense

DOE

Department of Energy

DOT

Department of Transportation

EFC

electronic frequency control

FDOA

frequency difference of arrival

FEM

finite element model

GPS

Global Positioning System

Page 73 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IFCS

International Frequency Control Symposium

IFF

identification, friend or foe

ISS

International Space Station

JDAM

joint direct-attack munition

JHU/APL

Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory

JILA

Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics

JPL

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

JSTARS

joint surveillance target attack radar system

JTIDS

joint tactical information distribution system

LITS

linear ion trap standard

LLNL

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LO

local oscillator

LORAN

long-range navigation

MCXO

microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillator

MEMS

microelectromechanical system

MILSTAR

military strategic and tactical relay

MMIC

microwave/millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuit

MOT

magneto-optic trap

NAE

National Academy of Engineering

NAS

National Academy of Sciences

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAVSPASUR

Naval Space Surveillance System

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NPL

National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain)

NRC

National Research Council

NRL

Naval Research Laboratory

NSF

National Science Foundation

OEO

optoelectronic oscillator

ONR

Office of Naval Research

OPNAV

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

OXCO

oven-controlled crystal oscillator

PARCS

primary atomic reference clock in space

ppm

parts per million

PTTI

precision time and time interval

RACE

rubidium atomic clock experiment

R&D

research and development

rms

root mean square

RPV

remotely piloted vehicle

Page 74 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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SABER

situational beacon and reply (system)

SAM

self-assembled monolayer

S&T

science and technology

SAW

surface acoustic wave

SECNAV

Secretary of the Navy

SINCGARS

single-channel ground and airborne radio system

SPAWAR

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command

STAR

special technology area review

TARA

technology area review and assessment

TCXO

temperature-compensated crystal oscillator

TDMA

time division multiple access

TDOA

time difference of arrival

TWSTT

two-way satellite time transfer

UERE

user equivalent range error

USAF

U.S. Air Force

USNO

U.S. Naval Observatory

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

VCO

voltage-controlled oscillator

XO

crystal oscillator

Page 72 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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Page 73 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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Page 74 Cite
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2002. An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10541.
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Knowledge of time is essential to precise knowledge of location, and for this reason the Navy, with its need to navigate on the high seas, has historically played an important role in the development and application of advanced time realization and dissemination technologies. Discoveries coming from basic research funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) lie at the heart of today's highest performance atomic clocks, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) expertise played a role in developing the space-qualified atomic clocks that enable the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) maintains and disseminates the standard of time for all of the Department of Defense (DOD). The Navy has made major investments in most aspects of precision time and time interval (PTTI) science and technology, although specific PTTI-related research has also been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and non-DOD agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Commerce. Navy funding, largely through ONR, has a history of being an early enabler of key new developments. Judicious funding decisions by the Navy—particularly by ONR program officers—have underpinned most of the major advances in PTTI science and technology (S&T) in the last 50 years.

PTTI is important to modern naval needs, and indeed to all the armed Services, for use in both navigation and communications. Precise time synchronization is needed to efficiently determine the start of a code sequence in secure communications, to perform navigation, and to locate the position of signal emitters. Precise frequency control is required in communications for spectrum utilization and frequency-hopped spread-spectrum techniques. There are many examples of essential military operations that depend on PTTI and could benefit from improvements in PTTI technology. These include:

-GPS clocks and autonomous operations,

-Weapon system four-dimensional coordination,

-GPS antijamming,

-Network-centric warfare, and

-Secure military communications.

This report summarizes that reductions in the size, weight, and power requirements and increases in the ruggedness of PTTI devices without sacrificing performance would put more accurate and precise timekeeping in the hands of the warrior, improving capabilities in all of the above operations.

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