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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR ARMY HOMELAND SECURITY

REPORT 1

Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. DAAD19-02-C-0049, TO 2, between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-08701-5

Cover: The Pentagon burning after being struck by a commercial airliner, September 11, 2001. Courtesy of Reza Marvashti, The Free Lance-Star, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
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Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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COMMITTEE ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE

JOHN W. LYONS,

NAE,

Chair,

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Mount Airy, Maryland

GEORGE BUGLIARELLO,

NAE, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York

TIMOTHY COFFEY,

University of Maryland, College Park, with joint appointment at National Defense University, Washington, D.C.

STEPHEN W. DREW,

NAE, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

MITRA DUTTA,

University of Illinois, Chicago

FREDERICK L. FROSTIC,

Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, Virginia

C. WILLIAM GEAR,

NAE, NEC Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey

ARTHUR H. HEUER,

NAE, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

HOWARD S. LEVINE,

Weidlinger Associates, Inc., Los Altos, California

JOSEPH P. MACKIN,

E-OIR Measurements, Inc., Spotsylvania, Virginia

JACK N. MERRITT,

U.S. Army (retired) and Association of the U.S. Army(retired), Arlington, Virginia

THOMAS E. MITCHELL,

Gray Hawk Systems, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia

K. DAVID NOKES,

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

DENNIS J. REIMER,

U.S. Army (retired) and Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, Oklahoma City

EUGENE SEVIN, NAE, Consultant,

Lyndhurst, Ohio

ANNETTE L. SOBEL,

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

MICHAEL F. SPIGELMIRE,

U.S. Army (retired),

Consultant,

Destin, Florida

Liaison, Board on Army Science and Technology

DONALD R. KEITH,

U.S. Army (retired) and Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

National Research Council Staff

MARGARET N. NOVACK, Study Director

JAMES C. MYSKA, Research Associate

TOMEKA N. GILBERT, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JOHN E. MILLER, Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Vice Chair,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

ROBERT L. CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

NAE, Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F. DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California

ROBERT R. EVERETT,

NAE, MITRE Corporation (retired), New Seabury, Massachusetts

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

NAE, Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

HENRY J. HATCH,

NAE, Army Chief of Engineers (retired), Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J. HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

GERALD J. IAFRATE,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

MIRIAM E. JOHN,

California Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore

DONALD R. KEITH,

U.S. Army (retired), Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W. KITCHENS,

IIT Research Institute, Alexandria, Virginia

SHIRLEY A. LIEBMAN,

CECON Group (retired), Holtwood, Pennsylvania

KATHRYN V. LOGAN,

Georgia Institute of Technology (professor emerita), Roswell

STEPHEN C. LUBARD,

S-L Technology, Woodland Hills, California

JOHN W. LYONS,

NAE, U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Mount Airy, Maryland

JOHN H. MOXLEY,

IOM, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (until December 31, 2002)

MILLARD F. ROSE,

Radiance Technologies, Huntsville, Alabama

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Officer

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Research Associate

DEANNA P. SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Preface

This study is being conducted by the Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense of the Board on Army Science and Technology, in the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences of the National Academies. Sponsored by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, the committee will produce a series of reports encompassing possible science and technology in support of the Army’s role in homeland security (HLS). The statement of task for this first report is as follows:

The National Research Council will:

Review relevant literature and activities, such as the National Academies’ emerging Science and Technology Program plan and Research Strategy for Combating Terrorism and their work with the interagency Technical Support Working Group (TSWG), reports from the Gilmore Commission and Hart-Rudman Commission, the DoD Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force (DCT3F) plan, DOD Information Assurance policies and existing military operation and contingency plans to develop an Army context for the enhanced campaign against terrorism.

Determine areas of emphasis for Army S&T in support of counterterrorism (CT) and anti-terrorism (AT). Operational areas the NRC should examine include indications and warning, denial and survivability, recovery and consequence management, and attribution and retaliation.

In the first year, produce a report within nine months from contract award containing findings and recommendations that provide insights for high-payoff technologies.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have forced the nation to consider how to prepare for the defense of the homeland. Terrorism is no longer an item on the evening news, taking place in some distant locale. Terrorism has become a domestic issue. As part of this recognition, the Army requested that the Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST) create a committee to meet over a 3-year period to consider how science and technology might better enable the Army to accomplish its mission in the homeland. It is anticipated that the committee will produce several reports during this period.

COMMITTEE PROCESS

This first report is a broad survey of relevant technologies, written in a relatively short period of time. Because of the scope of the review, the lack of a well-defined operational framework,1 and the time-sensitive nature of the Army’s interest, the committee has determined not to study specific products but rather to consider areas of technologies one level above individual products, processes, or services. In any case it should be noted that it is not the intent of this study to recommend budget actions; the technology assessments are intended to assist the Army in formulating its future technology plans.

The committee began its work by reviewing the literature listed below but found that very little has been said about the Army’s role in HLS and the technology needs in support thereof.

  • The National Strategy for Homeland Security,

  • The Federal Response Plan,

  • The National Academies’ report Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism,

  • The interagency Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) outputs,

  • Reports from the Gilmore Commission and the Hart-Rudman Commission,

  • The Department of Defense (DoD) Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force (DCT3F) plan,

  • DoD information assurance policies, and

  • Existing military operation and contingency plans.

There are other reports, such as the annual report of the Department of Energy’s Chemical/Biological National Security Program (CBNP), that the committee did not review for lack of time but that might provide additional information to the reader.

1  

Operational framework refers to a plan that the Army would use to conduct whatever operation may be necessary in response to a terrorist attack.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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In addition to the literature search, the committee requested a series of briefings from the Army to better understand the Army’s view of the homeland mission. It also heard from representatives of the National Guard Bureau to understand the role of the Army National Guard. A thorough legal briefing on the limitations of the Posse Comitatus Act facilitated this understanding. Lastly, the committee heard from scientists with expertise in a wide range of technologies in an effort to preview emerging types of equipment.

Even as this report was being prepared, doctrine and policy were being developed. The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense’s Northern Command, which are to have the major responsibilities and authorities for homeland security at the national level, are still in the early stages of formation and organization. The actual role that will be played by the Army in homeland security must certainly depend in large measure on the operational assignments Army units will be given in the framework of, or in support of, these overarching organizations. This remains in a state of flux. While, as is indicated in the report, it is anticipated that much of the doctrine will be drawn from existing protocols, the lack of specific doctrine made the study of specific equipment requirements difficult. Therefore the committee assumes certain functional requirements, which are described in Chapter 1.

REPORT ORGANIZATION

The DOD’s Defense Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force (DCT3F), in calling for and reviewing technical proposals in the wake of September 11, used the following taxonomy:

  • Indications and warning,

  • Denial and survivability,

  • Recovery and consequence management, and

  • Attribution and retaliation.

The study sponsor chose to make this taxonomy the basis for the committee’s tasking document,2 so the report is organized around these operational areas.

2  

In other documents, the Pentagon has used a different taxonomy but to the same end. For example, the Joint Warfighting Science and Technology Plan uses the following groupings of operational capabilities and subcapabilities:

Prevention

Protection

Response

Denial

Infrastructure

Attribution

Indications and warnings

Personnel

Consequence management

Deterrence

Facilities

Crisis management

Preemptive strike

Retaliation

 

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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These four areas describe events in a time continuum beginning when intelligence indicates an event may take place and ending when blame can be attributed and appropriate retaliation executed. In Chapters 2 through 5 the committee has divided the four operational areas first into functional capabilities and then into technologies. Because the same technologies may be necessary in more than one of the operational areas, conclusions and recommendations concerning these technologies may appear in more than one chapter. Chapter 6 captures the overarching observations of the committee and Chapter 7 lists the findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

The membership of this committee was intended to contain a broad representation of scientific and technological skill sets that have application to the Army’s role in homeland security. These skill sets range from information technologies such as communications, computer sciences, and sensor technologies to materials and civil engineering, with special emphasis on structural hardening and resistance to nuclear and conventional explosive forces. Biosecurity expertise was considered important, as was a thorough understanding of the Army’s capabilities. A security clearance was considered essential, as many of the topics that would be of interest to the committee are classified.

The committee worked very hard at its task and is grateful to all those who contributed to the report. Although the report limits itself to a fairly high-indenture level of exploration, the committee is satisfied that it will provide significant assistance to the Army as it moves on to future missions.

John W. Lyons, Chair

Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Thomas N. Burnette, Jr., LTG U.S. Army (retired),

Ashton B. Carter, Harvard University,

Anthony Dirienzo, Colsa Corporation,

Ronald O. Harrison, MG, Army National Guard (retired),

J. Jerome Holton, Defense Group Inc.,

Michael R. Ladisch, NAE, Purdue University,

Lewis E. Link, LTG, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (retired),

John E. Miller, Oracle Corporation,

M. Allan Northrop, Microfluidic Systems, Inc.,

George W. Parshall, NAS, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company,

Harvey W. Schadler, NAE, GE Corporate Research and Development, and

Andrew Sessler, NAS, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Center.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom-

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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mendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alexander H. Flax, NAE. Appointed by the NRC’s Report Review Committee, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes

TABLES

ES-1

 

High-Payoff Technologies,

 

14

2-1

 

Technologies for Perimeter Defense and Warning,

 

44

2-2

 

Technologies for Chemical Agent Detection,

 

50

2-3

 

Technologies for Biological Agent Detection,

 

52

2-4

 

Technologies for the Detection of Neutrons and Gamma Rays in the Nuclear Weapons Context,

 

56

2-5

 

Technologies for Vapor-Phase Explosive Detectors,

 

59

2-6

 

Technologies for Bulk Explosive Detection,

 

62

2-7

 

Examples of Cross-Cutting Technologies,

 

64

3-1

 

Technologies for Physical Security,

 

74

3-2

 

Technologies for Blast Resistance of Building Structures for New and Retrofit Construction,

 

81

3-3

 

Technologies for Cybersecurity,

 

88

4-1

 

Technologies for Command and Control,

 

98

4-2

 

Technologies for Event Assessment,

 

102

4-3

 

Technologies for Force Protection,

 

104

4-4

 

Technologies for Medical Response,

 

108

4-5

 

Technologies for Remediation and Decontamination,

 

111

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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5-1

 

Technologies for Attribution,

 

119

5-2

 

Technologies for Retaliation,

 

120

6-1

 

High-Payoff Technologies,

 

127

C-1

 

Criteria for Technology Readiness Levels,

 

155

FIGURES

1-1

 

Army homeland security operational framework,

 

27

1-2

 

Army transformation,

 

32

2-1

 

Vapor pressure concentrations for a number of chemical agents,

 

47

2-2

 

Atmospheric exposure limits for a variety of chemical agents,

 

48

2-3

 

Comparative toxicity (amount needed to incapacitate) of biological agents, toxins, and chemical agents,

 

49

2-4

 

Vapor pressure associated with the better-known explosives,

 

58

BOXES

1-1

 

Definitions,

 

25

1-2

 

Notional Homeland Security Roadmap,

 

30

1-3

 

Some Sample Scenarios,

 

37

2-1

 

Speculation on Means of Detection Using the Existing Telecommunciations Structure,

 

66s

3-1

 

Desired Attributes for Physical Security,

 

72

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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Acronyms

2-D

two-dimensional

3-D

three-dimensional


A and R

attribution and retaliation

AMC

Army Materiel Command

ARNG

Army National Guard

ATD

Advanced Technology Demonstration


BCT

brigade combat team


C&C

computer and communications

C2

command and control

C4ISR

command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

CBR

chemical, biological, and radiological

CBRN

chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear

CBRNE

chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosive

CM

consequence management

CM and R

consequence management and recovery

CST

civil support team


D and S

denial and survivability

D2PC

Dispersion and Diffusion Puff Calculator

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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DASA (R&T)

Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology

DHS

Department of Homeland Security

DoD

Department of Defense

DOE

Department of Energy

DTRA

Defense Threat Reduction Agency


EMT

emergency medical team

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

ESF

emergency support function


FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation

FCO

federal coordinating officer

FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

FIOP

Family of Integrated Operational Pictures

FRERP

Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan


GPS

Global Positioning System


HHS

Department of Health and Human Services

HLS

homeland security

HVAC

heating, ventilation, and air conditioning


I and W

indications and warning

ID

identification

IEW

intelligence and early warning

IR

infrared


JIC

Joint Information Center

JOC

Joint Operations Center


LFA

lead federal agency

LVB

large vehicle bomb

LWIR

long-range infrared


NCP

National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Control Plan

NORTHCOM

Northern Command


OPSEC

operational security

OSC

on-site coordinator


PCA

Posse Comitatus Act

PDD

Presidential Decision Directive

ppb

parts per billion

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10655.
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ppm

parts per million

ppt

parts per trillion


R and CM

recovery and consequence management

R&D

research and development

ROC

regional operation center


S&T

science and technology

SBCCOM

U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command

SCADA

supervisory control and data acquisition

SNR

signal-to-noise ratio


TRL

technology readiness level

TSWG

Technical Support Working Group


UAV

unmanned air vehicle

UGS

unattended ground sensors

USACE

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USAR

U.S. Army Reserve

UV

ultraviolet


VLSTRACK

vapor, liquid, and solid tracking


WMD

weapon(s) of mass destruction

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The confluence of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack and the U.S. Army's historic role to support civil authorities has resulted in substantial new challenges for the Army. To help meet these challenges, the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology requested the National Research Council (NRC) carry out a series of studies on how science and technology could assist the Army prepare for its role in homeland security (HLS). The NRC's Board on Army Science and Technology formed the Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security to accomplish that assignment. The Committee was asked to review relevant literature and activities, determine areas of emphasis for Army S&T in support of counter terrorism and anti-terrorism, and recommend high-payoff technologies to help the Army fulfill its mission.

The Department of Defense Counter-Terrorism Technology Task Force identified four operational areas in reviewing technical proposals for HLS operations: indications and warning; denial and survivability; recovery and consequence management; and attribution and retaliation. The study sponsor asked the Committee to use these four areas as the basis for its assessment of the science and technology (S&T) that will be important for the Army's HLS role.

Overall, the Committee found that:

  • There is potential for substantial synergy between S&T work carried out by the Army for its HLS responsibilities and the development of the next generation Army, the Objective Force.
  • The Army National Guard (ARNG) is critical to the success of the Army's HLS efforts.
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