National Academies Press: OpenBook

Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories (2003)

Chapter: Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites

« Previous: Appendix D: Ocean Observation Programs Mentioned in This Report
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites." National Research Council. 2003. Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10775.
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Page 216
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites." National Research Council. 2003. Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10775.
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Page 217
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites." National Research Council. 2003. Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10775.
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Page 218
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites." National Research Council. 2003. Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10775.
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Page 219
Suggested Citation:"Appendix E: Time-series Group Global Observatory Sites." National Research Council. 2003. Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10775.
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Page 220

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Appendix E Time-Series Group Global Observatory Sites Atlantic Ocean Sites Latitude/ OB FL TR Longitude Status Remarks x 75N 3.5W operating (AWI) Greenland Sea, physical x x 66N 2E operating Ocean Weather Ship Station M (Norway) (OWS "Mike"), Norwegian Sea, physical, meteorology, biogeochemical x 60N 36W funded (KU) Central Irminger Sea (CIS), physical, biogeochemical x 57N 53W operating Bravo, Labrador Sea, physical, (BIO, IfMK) co2 x x 49N 16.5 W funded (KU) Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP), meteorology, physical, biogeochemical x x 40N 70W partially funded (WHOI) Station W. meteorology, physical x 36N 70W recommended Gulf Stream extension flux reference x x 30N 42W planned (DEOS) North Atlantic DEOS, geophysics, meteorology, physical, biogeochemical x 33N 22W operating (IfMK) K276, Azores Front/Madeira Abyss. Plain, physical/ biogeochemical 216

APPENDIX E 217 Latitude/ OB FL TR Longitude Status Remarks x x 32N 65W observatory BATS/Station S/BTM, physical, operating (US) meteorology, biogeochemical x 29N 16W funded, partially European Station for Time-series operating (KU) in the Canary Islands (ESTOC), physical, meteorology, biogeochemical x 27N 77W planned Abaco, physical (RSMAS) x 16N 60W operating (IfMK) CLIVAR/MOVE western site, physical x x 15N 51W operating NTAS and MOVE eastern site, (WHOI, IfMK) meteorology, physical x ON 20W recommended biogeochemical sensors on existing PIRATA mooring x 10S 10W recommended flux reference on existing PIRATA mooring x 31S 39W planned (WHOI, VEMA channel, physical If MK) x x 35S 15W recommended South Atlantic DEOS, (DEOS) geophysics, meteorology, physical, biogeochemical x 40S 53W recommended Malvinas Confluence, physical (Brazil/ Argentina) x 78.5 N operating Fram Strait, physical, ice 9E-5W (Norway, Germany) x 8-66N operating Denmark Strait overflow 29-24W (Iceland, IfMK) x 64-59N operating Iceland-Scotland overflow, 3-9W (Norway, Faroer, 3 sections, physical Scotland) x 53N operating (IfMK) Labrador Sea export 50-53W x 44-41N operating Grand Banks boundary current 45-49W (BIO, IfMK) x 36N 5.5W planned (KU) Gibraltar transport x 27N operating Florida strait transport 77-81W (RSMAS) x 16N operating (IfMK) CLIVAR/MOVE deep transport 50-60W x 9-13S operating (IfMK) CLIVAR upper transport 33-36W

218 Pacific Ocean Sites APPEND/X E Latitude/ OB FL TR Longitude Status Remarks x x 50N 145W recommended Site P ("PAPA"), meteorology; physical, biogeochemical x 50N 165E planned Northwest Pacific, (JAMSTEC) biogeochemical, physical x 44N 155E planned KNOT (short for Kyodo North (JAMSTEC) Pacific Ocean Time-series) Northwest Pacific, biogeochemical, physical x 40N 150E recommended Kuroshio Extension, meteorology x 32N 120W operating MBARI deep biogeochemical (MBARI) mooring x x 23N 158W observatory HOT, meteorology; physical, operating biogeochemical (SOEST) x 20N 115E planned (Taiwan) South China Sea x 2N 156E recommended Warm Pool flux reference on existing TAO/TRITON mooring x x ON 165E recommended flux & biogeochemical sensors on existing TAO/TRITON mooring x x ON 145W observatory flux & biogeochemical sensors operating on existing TAO/TRITON (MBARI) mooring x ON 170W recommended flux reference on existing TAO/ TRITON mooring x ON 110W recommended flux reference on existing TAO/ TRITON mooring x x 20S 85W operating Stratocumulus deck off Peru, (WHOI) meteorology; physical x 30S 73W operating (Chile) deep water off Chile, physical x 33S 74W planned (Chile) 200 nautical miles off Chile, physical x x 40S 115W planned (DEOS) South Pacific DEOS, geophysics, meteorology, physical, biogeochemical x x 35S 150W planned (DEOS) South Pacific DEOS, geophysics, meteorology, physical, biogeochemical

APPENDIX E Indian Ocean Sites 219 Latitude/ OB FL TR Longitude Status Remarks x x 15N 65E recommended Arabian Sea, meteorology; physical, biogeochemical x x 12N 88E recommended Bay of Bengal, meteorology; physical, biogeochemical x x ON 90E planned TRITON north, meteorology; (JAMSTEC) physical x ON 50E recommended Indian Ocean monsoon array, physical, meteorology x ON 65E recommended Indian Ocean monsoon array, physical, meteorology x ON 80E recommended Indian Ocean monsoon array, physical, meteorology x x 5S 95E planned TRITON south, meteorology; (JAMSTEC) physical x 9.5S 113E operating south of Indonesia, (Indonesia, biogeochemical Germany) x x 25S 97E planned (DEOS) Indian Ocean DEOS, geophysics, physical, meteorology, biogeochemical x x 47.7S 60E recommended KERFIX (Kerguelen Fixed Station) follow-on, physical, meteorology, biogeochemistry x 3N-12S planned Indonesian throughflow, several 116-125E (LDEO, SIO) locations, physical Southern Ocean Sites Latitude/ OB FL TR Longitude Status Remarks x 42S 9E recommended SW of Cape Town, meteorology x 55S OE operating Weddell Sea, physical, several (AWI, Norway) moorings x 63S 42.5 W operating Weddell Sea, bottom water, (LDEO) physical, several moorings x 66S 0W operating Maud Rise/Weddell Sea, (Norway, AWI) physical, several moorings x 73.5S 35W funded southern Weddell Sea, ISW (Norway/UK) overflow, physical, 2 moorings x x 55S 90W recommended Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation region, meteorology, physical, CO2

220 47S 142E APPENDIX E x OB | FL | TR Latitude/ Longitude Status Remarks planned (CSIRO, WHOI) operating (New Zealand) planned (UK and WHOI) south of Tasmania, meteorology, physical, biogeochemical off New Zealand, physical, biogeochemical, CO2, 2 moorings Drake Passage transport x 43.5S 1 78.5E 56-62S 70-63W SOURCE: Sites list developed by the international Time-Series Science Team of CLIVAR and GOOS; Modified from Figure 1, DEOS Global Network Implementation Plan (2003); and data from Robert Weller, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Uwe Send, Institut fur Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany, personal communication, 2003 (Weller and Send are the co-chairs of the International Time-Series Science Team. An International Time- Series Science Team white paper is currently being written on this topic and is available online: http://ocean-partners.org~Ssite/index.htm. NOTES: 0B = Observatory; FL = Air-Sea Flux reference site; TR = transport site; see Appen- dix B for remaining acronyms.

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As the importance of the oceans to society grows, so does the need to understand their variation on many temporal and spatial scales. This need to understand ocean change is compelling scientists to move beyond traditional expeditionary modes of investigation. Observing systems will enable the study of processes in the ocean basins over varying timescales and spatial scales, providing the scientific basis for addressing important societal concerns such as climate change, natural hazards, and the health and viability of living and non-living resources along our coasts and in the open ocean.

The book evaluates the scientific and technical readiness to move ahead with the establishment of a research-driven ocean observatory network, and highlights outstanding issues. These issues include the status of planning and development, factors that affect the timing of construction and installation, the cost and requirements for maintenance and operations, needs for sensor development and data management, the impact on availability of ships and deep submergence facilities, and the role of research-based observatories within national and international operational ocean observing systems being developed and implemented.

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