National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Abstracts
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

References

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 1996. Hospital Inpatient Statistics, 1996. AHCPR Publication No. 99-0034.

Anderson ABM, Flint APF, Turnbull AC. 1975. Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in induction of ovine parturition: effect of placental steroid metabolism. Journal of Endocrinology 66:61–70.

Ashkar AA, DiSanto JP, Croy BA. 2000. Interferon gamma contributes to initiation of uterine vascular modification, decidual integrity, and uterine natural killer cell maturation during normal murine pregnancy. Journal of Experimental Medicine 192:259–270.


Binienda Z, Massmann A, Mitchell MD, Gleed RD, Figueroa JP, Nathanielsz PW. 1988. The effect of food withdrawal on arterial blood glucose and plasma 13,14 dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin Ftwoα (PGFM) concentrations and nocturnal myometrial electromyographic activity in the pregnant rhesus monkey in the last third of gestation: a model for preterm labor? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 160:746–750.

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL. 1964. Toxicosis of Veratrum californicum in ewes and its relationship to a congenital deformity in lambs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 111:571–576.

Bishop JB, Morris RW, Seely JC, Hughes LA, Cain KT, Generoso WM. 1997. Alterations in the reproductive patterns of female mice exposed to xenobiotics. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 40:191–204.

Breslau N, DelDotto JE, Brown GG, Kumar S, Ezhuthachan S, Hufnagle KG, Peterson EL. 1994. A gradient relationship between low birth weight and IQ at age 6 years. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 148:377–383.


Challis JRG, Lye S. 1994. Parturition. In: The Physiology of Reproduction. Knobil E, Neill JD, eds. New York: Raven Press.

Challis JRG, Matthews SG, Gibb W, Lye SJ. 2000. Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term. Endocrine Reviews 21:514–550.

Chapin RE, Sloane RA. 1997. Reproductive assessment by continuous breeding: evolving study design and summaries of ninety studies. Environmental Health Perspectives 105 Supplement 1:199–205.

Chapin RE, Sloane RA, Haseman JK. 1998. Reproductive endpoints in general toxicity studies: are they predictive? Reproductive Toxicology 12:489–494.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

Chen J, Millar WJ. 1999. Birth outcome, the social environment and child health. Health Representative 10:57–67.

Cook JL, Randall CL. 1998. Ethanol and parturition: a role for prostaglandins. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 58:135–142.

Cox SM, Bohman VR, Sherman ML, Leveno KJ. 1996. Randomized investigation of antimicrobials for the prevention of preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 174:206–210.

Crowther CA, Neilson JP, Verkuyl DA, Bannerman C, Ashurst HM. 1989. Preterm labour in twin pregnancies: can it be prevented by hospital admission? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 96:850–853.

Croy BA, Maeda N, Kuziel WA, Chantakru S. 2001. A study on the density and distribution of uterine natural killer cells at mid pregnancy in mice genetically-ablated for CCR2, CCR5, and the CCR5 receptor ligand, MIP-1 alpha. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 49:33–47.


Di Santo JP, Muller W, Guy-Grand D, Fischer A, Rajewsky K. 1995. Lymphoid development in mice with a targeted deletion of the interleukin 2 receptor. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA 92:377–381.

Dodge KL, Carr DW, Sanborn BM. 1999a. PKA anchoring to the myometrial plasma membrane is required for cAMP regulation of phosphatidylinositide turnover. Endocrinology 140:5165–5170.

Dodge KL, Carr DW, Yue C, Sanborn BM. 1999b. A role for AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) scaffolding in the loss of a cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate inhibitory response in late pregnant rat myometrium. Molecular Endocrinology 13:1977–1987.

Dong YL, Gangula PR, Fang L, Wilmalawansa SJ, Yallampalli C. 1998. Uterine relaxation responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors decreased during labor in rats. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 179:497–506.


Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJN, McGrath N, Mwakagile M, Antelman G, Mbise R, Herrera G, Kapiga S, Willet W, Hunter DJ, for the Tanzania Vitamin and HIV Infection Trial Team. 1998. Randomized trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 351:1477–1482.

Figueroa JP, Honnebier MBOM, Binienda Z, Wimsatt J, Nathanielsz PW. 1989. Effect of 48-hour intravenous Delta 4-androstenedione infusion on the pregnant rhesus monkey in the last third of gestation: changes in maternal plasma estradiol concentrations and myometrial contractility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161:481–486.

Frey M, Packjanathan NB, Fehniger TA, Ross ME, Wang WC, Stewart CC, Caligiuri MA, Evans SS. 1998. Differential expression and function of L-selectin on CD56bright and CD56dim natural killer cell subsets. Journal of Immunology 161:400–408.


Generosa WM, Piegorsch WW. 1993. Dominant lethal tests in male and female mice. Male Reproductive Toxicology. In: Methods in Toxicology, volume 3. Chapin RE, Heindel JJ, eds. New York: Academic Press, pp. 124–141.

Goldenberg RL. 2002. The management of preterm labor. Obstetrics and Gynecology 100:1020–1037.

Goldenberg RL, Rouse DJ. 1998. Prevention of premature birth. New England Journal of Medicine 339:313–320.

Gordon M, Samuels P, Shubert P, Johnson F, Gebauer C, Iams J. 1995. A randomized, prospective study of adjunctive ceftizoxime in preterm labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172:1546–1552.

Greenwood JD, Minhas K, Di Santo JP, Makita M, Kiso Y, Croy BA. 2000. Ultrastructural studies of implantation sites from mice deficient in uterine natural killer cells. Placenta 21:693–702.

Guimond MJ, Wang B, Croy BA. 1998. Engraftment of bone marrow from severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice reverses the reproductive deficits in natural killer cell-deficient TG epsilon 26 mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 187:217–223.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N. 2002. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. New England Journal of Medicine 346:149–157.

Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Uvebrant P. 2001. Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991–94 Acta Paediatrica 90:271–277.

Hartikainen-Sorri AL, Jouppila P. 1984. Is routine hospitalization needed in antenatal care of twin pregnancy? Journal of Perinatal Medicine 12:31–34.

Healthy People 2010. Available online at http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/Volume2/16MICH.htm. Accessed on June 3, 2003.

Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, Graham YP, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. 2000. Pituitary–adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association 284:592–597.

Hogue CJR, Hoffman S, Hatch M. 2001. Stress and preterm delivery: a conceptual framework. Paediatrica & Perinatal Epidemiology 2:30–40.

Hoyert DL, Freedman MA, Strobino DM, Guyer B. 2001. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2000. Pediatrics 108:1241–1255.


Institute of Medicine (IOM). 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.


Jacobson B, Hagberg G, Hagberg B, Ladfors L, Niklasson A, Hagberg H. 2002. Cerebral palsy in preterm infants: a population-based case-control study of antenatal and intrapartal risk factors. Acta Paediatrica 91:946–951.

Juberg DR, Webb CR, Loch-Caruso R. 1991. Characterization of o,p′-DDT-stimulated contraction frequency in rat uterus in vitro. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17:543–549.


Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow-Mordi W, for the ORACLE Collaborative Group. 2001. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomized trial. Lancet 357:989–994.


Lackman F, Capewell V, Richardson B, daSilva O, Gagnon R. 2001. The risks of spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality in relation to size at birth according to fetal versus neonatal growth standards. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 184:946–953.

Lemons JA, Bauer CR, Oh W, Korones SB, Papile LA, Stoll BJ, Verter J, Temprosa M, Wright LL, Ehrenkranz RA, Fanaroff AA, Stark A, Carlo W, Tyson JE, Donovan EF, Shankaran S, Stevenson DK. 2001. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics 107:E1.

Leppert PC. 1995. Anatomy and physiology of cervical ripening. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 38:267–279.

Lewit EM, Baker LS, Corman H, Shiono PH. 1995. The direct cost of low birth weight The Future of Children 5:35–56.

Lindenberg CS, Strickland O, Solorzano R, Galvis C, Dreher M, Darrow VC. 1999. Correlates of alcohol and drug use among low-income Hispanic immigrant childbearing women living in the USA. International Journal of Nursing Studies 36:3–11.

Lockhart AM, Piegorsch WW, Bishop JB. 1992. Assessing overdispersion and dose-response in the male dominant lethal assay Mutation Research 272:35–58.

Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Zhou H, Brock JW. 2001. Association between maternal serum concentration of DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth. Lancet 358:110–114.


Maclennan AH, Green RC, O’Shea R, Brookes C, Morris D. 1990. Routine hospital admission in twin pregnancy between 26 and 30 weeks’ gestation. Lancet 335:978.

Martin JA, Park MM, Sutton PD. 2002. Births: preliminary data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports 50:1–20.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

Mattison DR, Damus K, Fiore E, Petrini J, Alter C. 2001. Preterm delivery: a public health perspective. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:7–16.

McCaul JF, Perry KG Jr., Moore JL Jr., Martin RW, Bucovaz ET, Morrison JC. 1992. Adjunctive antibiotic treatment of women with preterm rupture of membranes or preterm labor. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 38:19–24.

McCormick MC. 1985. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine 312:82–90.

McGregor JA, French JI, Reller LB, Todd JK, Makowski EL. 1986. Adjunctive erythromycin treatment for idiopathic preterm labor: results of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 154:98–103.

McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K. 1991. Adjunctive clindamycin therapy for preterm labor: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165:867–875.

Mecenas CA, Giussani DA, Owiny JR, Jenkins SL, Wu WX, Honnebier MBOM, Lockwood CJ, Kong L, Guller S, Nathanielsz PW. 1996. Production of premature delivery in pregnant rhesus monkeys by androstenedione infusion. Nature Medicine 2:443–448.

Monga M, Campbell DF, Sanborn BM. 1999. Oxytocin-stimulated capacitative calcium entry in human myometrial cells. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181:424–429.

Morales WJ, Angel JL, O’Brien WF, Knuppel RA, Finazzo M. 1988. A randomized study of antibiotic therapy in idiopathic preterm labor. Obstetrics and Gynecology 72:829–833.


Nathanielsz PW. 1996. Life Before Birth: The Challenges of Fetal Development. New York:W.H. Freeman.

Nathanielsz P. 2001 (October 3). Species Differentiation and Animal Models of Parturition. Paper presented at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on the Role of Environmental Toxicants in Premature Birth, Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health, Research, and Medicine, Washington, DC.

Nathanielsz PW, Frank D, Gleed R, Dillingham L, Figueroa JP, Poore ER. 1984. Methods for investigation of the chronically instrumented pregnant rhesus monkey preparation maintained on a tether and swivel system. In: Animal Models in Fetal Medicine. Nathanielsz PW, ed. Perinatology Press, pp.109–160.

Nathanielsz PW, Jenkins SL, Tame JD, Winter JA, Guller S, Giussani DA. 1998. Local and paracrine effects of estradiol are central to parturition in the rhesus monkey. Nature Medicine 4: 456–459.

National Vital Statistics Report. 2002. Vol. 50.

Newton ER, Dinsmoor MJ, Gibbs RS. 1989. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics in idiopathic preterm labor. Obstetrics and Gynecology 74:562–566.

Newton ER, Shields L, Ridgway LE III, Berkus MD, Elliott BD. 1991. Combination antibiotics and indomethacin in idiopathic preterm labor: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165:1753–1759.

Norman K, Pattinson RC, de Souza J, de Jong P, Moller G, Kirsten G. 1994. Ampicillin and metronidazole treatment in preterm labour: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101:404–408.

Norwitz ER, Robinson JN, Challis JR. 1999. The control of labor. New England Journal of Medicine 341:660–666.

Novy MJ, Walsh SW. 1981. Regulation of fetoplacental steroidogenesis in rhesus macaques. In: Fetal Endocrinology. Novy MJ, Resko JA, eds. Academic Press.

Novy MJ, Walsh SW. 1983. Dexamethasone and estradiol treatment in pregnant rhesus macaques: effects on gestational length, maternal plasma hormones, and fetal growth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 145:920–931.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

Oyarzun E, Gomez R, Rioseco A, Gonzalez P, Gutierrez P, Donoso E, Montiel F. 1998. Antibiotic treatment in preterm labor and intact membranes: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Maternal and Fetal Medicine 7:105–110.


Prentice AM, Watkinson M, Whitehead RG, Lamb WH. 1983. Prenatal dietary supplementation of African women and birth weight. Lancet 1:489–491.


Rogowski J. 1998. Preventing very low birthweight births: a bundle of savings. Rand. Available online at http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB4514/.

Romero R, Sibai B, Caritis S, Paul R, Depp R, Rosen M, Klebanoff M, Sabo V, Evans J, Thom E. 1993. Antibiotic treatment of preterm labor with intact membranes: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 169:764–774.


Sanborn BM. 2001. Hormones and calcium: mechanisms controlling uterine smooth muscle contractile activity. Experimental Physiology 86:223–237.

Sanborn BM, Yue C, Wang W, Dodge KL. 1998. G protein signaling pathways in myometrium. Reviews in Reproduction 3:196–205.

Saunders MC, Dick JS, Brown IM, McPherson K, Chalmers I. 1985. The effects of hospital admission for bed rest on the duration of twin pregnancy: a randomized trial. Lancet 2:793–795.

Smith GCS, Baguma-Nibasheka M, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. 1998. Regional variation in contractile responses to prostaglandin and prostanoid receptors messenger ribonucleic acid in pregnant baboon uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 179:1545–1552.

Smith GCS, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. 2001a. Effects of gestational age and labor on expression of prostanoid receptor genes in baboon uterus. Biology of Reproduction 64:1131–1137.

Smith GCS, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. 2001b. Effects of gestational age and labor on the expression of prostanoid receptor genes in pregnant baboon cervix. Prostaglandins 63:153–163.

Smith GCS, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. 2001c. Expression of prostanoid receptor genes in baboon chorion and decidua during pregnancy and parturition. The Journal of Endocrinology 168:263–272.

Surgeon General. 1989. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Surgeon General. 1994. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People. A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Svare J, Langhoff-Roos J, Andersen LF, Kryger-Baggesen N, Borch-Christensen H, Heisterberg L, Kristensen J. 1997. Ampicillin–metronidazole treatment in idiopathic preterm labour: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:892–897.


Taylor NF, Martin MC, Nathanielsz PW, Seron-Ferre M. 1983. The fetus determines circadian oscillation of myometrial electromyographic activity in the pregnant rhesus monkey. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 146:557–567.

Tjaden P, Thoennes N. 2000. Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Available online at http://ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf.


Uldbjerg N. 1989. Cervical connective tissue in relation to pregnancy, labour, and treatment with prostaglandin E2. Ac

ta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica Supplement 148:1–40.

Umans L, Serneels L, Overbergh L, Stas L, VanLeuven F. Alphatwo-macroglobulin- and murinoglobulin-1-deficient mice. A mouse model for acute pancreatitis. American Journal of Pathology 155:983–993.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1991. Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ncea/raf/pdfs/devtox.pdf.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996. Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ord/webpubs/repro.

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×

Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Menacker F, Hamilton BE. 2001. Births: final data for 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports 49:1–99.


Wang B, Biron C, She J, Higgins K, Sunshine MJ, Lacy E, Lonberg N, Terhorst C. 1994. A block in both early T lymphocyte and natural killer cell development in transgenic mice with high-copy numbers of the human CD3E gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91:9402–9406.

Wang X, Zuckerman B, Coffman GA, Corwin MJ. 1995. Familial aggregation of low birth weight among whites and blacks in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 333:1744–1749.

Wang X, Chen D, Niu T, Wang Z, Wang L, Ryan L, Smith T, Christiani D, Zuckerman B, Xu X. 2000. Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: evidence of gene–environment interaction. American Journal of Epidemiology 152:693–700.

Wang X, Zuckerman B, Pearson C, Kaufman G, Chen C, Wang G, Niu T, Wise P, Bauchner H, Xu X. 2002. Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphism, and infant birth weight. Journal of the American Medical Association 287:195–202.

Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. 1994. Randomized trial of antibiotics in addition to tocolytic therapy to treat preterm labor. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1:220–227.

Whittle WL, Patel FA, Alfaidy N, Holloway AC, Fraser M, Gyomorey S, Lye SJ, Gibb W, Challis JRG. 2001. Glucocorticoid regulation of human and ovine parturition: the relationship between fetal hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal axis activation and intrauterine prostaglandin production. Biology of Reproduction 64:1019–1032.


Xia C, Bao Z, Yue C, Sanborn BM, Liu M. 2001. Phosphorylation and regulation of G-protein activated phospholipase C-beta 3 by cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:19770–19777.


Yallampalli C, Dong YL, Gangula PR, Fang L. 1998. Role and regulation of nitric oxide in the uterus during pregnancy and parturition. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 5:58–67.

Yue C, Dodge KL, Weber G, Sanborn BM. 1998. Phosphorylation of serine 1105 by protein kinase A inhibits phospholipase Cbeta3 stimulation by Galphaq. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273:18023–18027.

Yue C, Ku C, Liu M, Simon MI, Sanborn BM. 2000. Molecular mechanism of the inhibition of phospholipase Cbeta3 by protein kinase C. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275:30220–30225

Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 108
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 109
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 110
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 111
Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2003. The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10842.
×
Page 112
Next: Appendix A: Workshop Agenda »
The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $48.00 Buy Ebook | $38.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Each year in the United States approximately 440,000 babies are born premature. These infants are at greater risk of death, and are more likely to suffer lifelong medical complications than full-term infants. Clinicians and researchers have made vast improvements in treating preterm birth; however, little success has been attained in understanding and preventing preterm birth. Understanding the complexity of interactions underlying preterm birth will be needed if further gains in outcomes are expected.

The Institute of Medicine’s Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine sponsored a workshop to understand the biological mechanism of normal labor and delivery, and how environmental influences, as broadly defined, can interact with the processes of normal pregnancy to result in preterm birth. This report is a summary of the main themes presented by the speakers and participants.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!