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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems: Phase II Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10871.
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Page 77
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems: Phase II Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10871.
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Page 78
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems: Phase II Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10871.
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Page 79
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2004. Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems: Phase II Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10871.
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Page 80

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References Abernethy, R.B., J.E. Breneman, C.H. Medlin, and G.L. Reinman 1983 WeiloullAnalysis Handioook. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Technical Report AFWAL-TR83-2079. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Washington, DC. Almond, R. 1995 Graphical BeliefModeling. London: Chapman and Hall. Arcones, M.A., PH. Kvam, and F.J. Samaniego 2002 Nonparametric estimation of a distribution subject to a stochastic precedence constraint. Journal of the American StatisticalAssociation 97:170-182. Ascher, Harold, and Harry Feingold 1984 Repairable Systems Reliability: Modeling Inference, Misconceptions, and Their Causes. Newbury, UK: Marcel Dekker. Belsley, David A., Edwin Kuh, and Roy E. Welsch 1980 Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Observations and Sources of Collinearity. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Berger, J.O., and D.A. Berry 1988 Statistical analysis and the illusion of objectivity. American Scientist76:159-165. Bonder, Seth 1999 Versatility Planning: An Idea Whose Time Has Come ... Again! Steinhardt Lecture presented at the Second International Military Applications Society Conference, El Paso. Booker, J.M., and L.A. McNamara 2003 Expertise and Expert Judgment in Reliability Characterization: A Rigorous Approach to Eliciting, Documenting, and Analyzing Expert Knowledge. Engineering Design Reliability Handioook. D. Ghiocel and E. Nikolaides, eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 77

78 IMPROVED OPERATIONAL TESTING AND EVALUATION Bordley, R.F. 1998 R&D project generation versus R&D project selection. IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management 45 :407-413. Box, G.E.P., and J.S. Hunter 1961 The 2k-P fractional factorial designs. Technometrics3:311-351. Box, G.E.P., W.G. Hunter, and J.S. Hunter 1978 Statistics for Experimenters. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Carlin, B.P., and T.A. Louis 1996 Bayes and Empirical Bayes Methods for Data Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall. Chaloner, Kathryn 1984 Optimal Bayesian experimental design for linear models. Annals of Statistics 12:283-300. Coleman, D.E., and D.C. Montgomery 1993 A systematic approach to planning for a designed experiment. Technometrics 35(1):1-12. Gaver, Donald P., Patricia A. Jacobs, and Arthur Fries 1997 Prediction of Changeover Performance: Operational Test (OT) Rates from Developmental Test (DT) Rates via Meta-Analysis. Proceedings of the Section on Government Statistics and Section on Social Statistics of the American Statistical Association. Gelman, Andrew, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, and Donald B. Rubin 1995 Bayesian Data Analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall. Hahn, G.J. 1993 Discussion: Experimental design review and comment. Technometrics35:15-17. Hollander, M., and D.A.Wolfe 1973 Nonparametric Statistical Methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Jensen, F. 1996 An Introduction to Bayesian Networks. New York: Springer-Verlag. Kahneman D., P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (eds.) 1982 Judgment and Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kiefer, Jack 1959 K-Sample Analogues of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer-v. Mises Tests. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 30:420-446. Leishman, D., and L. McNamara 2002 Interlopers, Translators, Scribes, and Seers: Anthropology, Knowledge Repre- sentation and Bayesian Statistics for Predictive Modeling in Multidisciplinary Sci- ence and Engineering Projects. Presented at the Conference on Visual Represen- tations and Interpretations 2002, Liverpool, UK. McLean, H. 2000 HALT, HASS and HASA Explained: Accelerated Relialoility Techniques. Milwaukee, WI: ASQPress. Meeker, W.Q., and L.A. Escobar 1998 Statistical Methods for Relialoility Data. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

REFERENCES 79 Meyer, M.A., and J.M. Booker 2001 Eliciting and Analyzing Expert Judgment: A Practical Guide. ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability, Volume 7. Meyer, M.A., and R.C. Paton 2002 Interpreting, Representing and Integrating Scientific Knowledge from Inter- disciplinary Projects. Theoria etHistoria Scientiarum 6(2):323-356. National Research Council 1992 ComioiningInformation: StatisticalIssues and Opportunitiesfor Research. Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics. D. Gaver et al. eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998 Statistics, Testing and Defense Acquisition: New Approaches and Methodological Improvement. Panel on Statistical Methods for Testing and Evaluating Defense Systems, Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Michael Cohen, John Rolph, and Duane Steffoy, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nelson, Wayne 1985 Weibull analysis of reliability data with few or no failures. Journal of Quality Technology 17:140-146. 2003 Recurrent Events Data Analysis for Product Repairs, Disease Recurrences, and Other Applications. ASA-SIAM, Philadelphia. Paton, R.C., S. Lynch, D. Jones, H.S. Nwana, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, and M.J.R. Shave 1994 Domain Characterisation for Knowledge Based Systems. Proceedings of HI. 91 Fourteenth International Chignon Conference, Volume 1, 4 1-54. Proschan, F. 1963 Theoretical explanation of observed decreasing failure rate. Technometrics 5:375- 383. Reese, C.S., A.G. Wilson, M.S. Hamada, H.F. Martz, and K. Ryan 2000 Integrated Analysis of Computer and Physical Experiments. Los Alamos Unclassified Report LA-UR00-2915. To appear Technometrics. Samaniego, F.J., D. Steffoy, and H. Tran 2001 TowardsaTheoryforCom~oiningInformationfrom"Related"Experiments. Technical Report. Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis. Samaniego, F.J., and E. Vestrup 1999 On improving upon standard estimates via linear empirical Bayes methods. Statistics and Proloaloility Letters 44:309-318. Scholz, F.W., and M.A. Stephens 1987 K-Sample Anderson-Darling Tests. Journal of the American Statistical Association 82:918-924. Smith, A.F.M., and A.E. Gelfand 1992 Bayesian statistics without tears: A sampling-resampling perspective. TheAmerican Statistician 46:84-88. Sowa, J. 1984 Conceptual Structures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Tversky, A., P. Slovic, and D. Kahneman, (eds) 1985 Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

80 IMPROVED OPERATIONAL TESTING AND EVALUATION United States Department of Defense 1993 MIL-STD-690C: "Failure Rate Sampling Plans and Procedures," U.S. Depart- ment of Defense, Washington, DC. 1977 MIL-STD-781C: "Reliability Design Qualifications and Production Acceptance Tests: Exponential Distributions," U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. 1960 MIL-HDBK-108: "Quality Control and Reliability Sampling Procedures and Tables for Life and Reliability Testing (Based on Exponential Distribution)," U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. Wu, C.F.J., and M.S. Hamada 2000 Experiments: Planning Analysis and Parameter Design Optimization. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

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The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATEC

requested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker). The charge to this panel was to explore three issues concerning the IOT plans for the Stryker/SBCT. First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker/SBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker/SBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In a previous report (appended to the current report) the panel presented findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. In the current report, the panel discusses techniques for combining information.

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