Index
A
Advanced materials
ceramics, 44
discovery-application interval, 6, 41–43
instrumentation for studying, 42
lithium niobate, 52
market influences on discoveries, 6, 42
neodymium, 42–43
shape-memory alloy, 179
See also Superconducting materials
Agriculture
ASEAN, 119–121
trade by Pacific Economic Community, 116
value added, global trends, 116
Alvey Directorate, 33
Artificial intelligence
applications, 26, 50, 51, 73, 81
concepts, 50–51
influence on information technologies, 50–51
Asian newly industrializing countries growth rates, 110–112, 114
See also specific countries
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
agricultural growth, 119–121
GNP and growth rate, 110–114
manufacturing growth, 119–121
problems and challenges, 9, 120–121
science and technology, 121
strengths and characteristics, 119–121
trade policy, 120–121
Australia
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
agricultural resources, 128
education, 126
GNP and growth rate, 111–114, 143
industrialization policies, 129–131
intellectual property, 130
manufacturing industries, 128
mining industry, 127–128
problems and challenges, 9, 121, 132–133
production sharing, 132
R&D, 129–131
resource development and technology transfer, 121, 127–129
science development and structure, 126, 129–131
trade policy, 132
Automotive industry
automation, 84
economic importance, 82–83
employee training, 84
flexible manufacturing systems, 83, 84
Japanese, 83
management role, 84
materials consumption, 82–83
production organization, 83–84
technological advances in, 8, 81, 83
U.S., 82–83
B
Board of the Cartagena Agreement, 154
Brazil
competitiveness, 177
productivity, 165
C
Canada
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
GNP and growth rate, 111–112, 143
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
Capital investment, displacement by financial speculation, 27
Caribbean countries
competitiveness, 149–151
domestic demand, production, and technology, 151–153
economic growth obstacles and strategies, 152–153
economic weight of, 142–145
industrialization policy, 148–149
integration of science and technology, 156–157
interdependence with developed countries, 148
participation in world economy, 147–151
technology development strategies, 9, 153–155
technology transfer, 155–156
trade asymmetry, 148
unemployment, 152
wage rates, 152
China, see People’s Republic of China
Communications, see Data processing and communications;
Telecommunications;
Telephony
Competitiveness, see International competitiveness/comparative advantage
Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM)
in automotive industry, 81
expert systems applications, 70–71, 78
initial graphics exchange specification, 70
robotics, 74–75
standardization, 70
three-dimensional, 70–71
in very-large-scale-integration technology, 46–47
Computers and computer systems
expert systems, 4, 70–71, 73–75, 78
fifth-generation, 33
human interface, 37–38, 40, 49, 50
influences on information technologies, 48–49
integrated software-hardware, 24, 37, 49
manufacturing industry applications, 8, 82
memory and processing power, 37, 38, 48–51
parallel processing architectures, 49–51
personal computers, 37, 38, 59, 60
productivity and, 13
quality control applications, 76
reduced-instruction-set, 49, 51
security for, 66
use by white-collar workers, 59, 60
VLSI applications in, 48, 49, 59
See also Artificial intelligence;
Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM);
Software;
Supercomputers
Construction
advanced materials in, 1, 71–72
computer applications, 7, 69–71, 73–76, 78–79
economic importance, 68–69
equipment and methods, 7, 71–73
first-of-a-kind projects, 77
heavy, 68–70
industrial sector, 69
laser applications in, 71
management methods, 7, 75–77, 78–79
manufacturing contrasted with, 68
markets, impact of technology on, 77–78
off site fabrication, assembly, and modularization, 7, 72–73
potential for change in, 69
productivity increases, 7
quality control, 76
residential and commercial sectors, 69, 70
robotics applications, 7, 72, 73, 78
slipforming practices, 71
technological advances in, 7, 68–79
Cooperation, see International technological cooperation
D
Data bases
for construction management, 75
Data processing and communications
electronic equipment production globally, 46
fiber optics applications in, 52
semiconductor component consumption, 46
use rates, 59
See also Computers and computer systems;
Telecommunications
Developed countries
production sharing by, 101–103
technological innovations in manufacturing, 25
See also specific countries
Developing countries
economic growth strategies, 6, 9, 25, 30–31
effects of technological cooperation on, 6
gross domestic product, 144
natural resources development, 6, 31
population growth, 30
production sharing in, 64, 87–101
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
wage rates, 87
See also specific countries
E
Economic growth/restructuring
capital investment role, 161–162
in developing countries, strategies, 25, 30–31
GNP and rate of, 110–113
government role in, 4, 10, 168–169
industry role in, 4
key technologies for, 24
macroeconomic environment for, 169–175
manufacturing role in, 4, 165–167
in Mexico, 92–93
in Pacific Rim countries, 9, 107–119
strategies, 4, 25, 30–31, 159–175
technological advances and, 1, 3, 9–10, 23–31, 160–161, 167–168, 178–180
in Western Europe, 29
Education and training
of automotive industry blue-collar workers, 84
engineering, 5
government role in providing, 168
international cooperation through, 34, 137
on policy matters, 5
for telecommunications jobs, 64
Electronic fund transfers, regulation of, 20
Electronics
equipment production globally, 45, 46
military applications, 17
superconductor applications, 44
See also Microcircuits;
Very-large-scale-integration technology
Employment
computerization and, 13, 23–24
in integrated circuit industry, 48
R&D, 146
in U.S., 91–92
of women, 97–98
See also Labor markets
Engineers
employment in R&D, 146
professional societies, 21–22
role in advancing technology, 11, 21–22
Europe, Eastern
R&D expenditures, 146
Warsaw Pact, 18
Europe, Western
application of new technologies, 29
basic scientific research, 30, 36
BRITE project, 36
economic strengths and weaknesses, 5, 29
electronic equipment production by industry, 46
EUREKA Program, 30
industry cooperation in R&D, 33
labor productivity, 29
manufacturing industry structural changes, 85, 88
NATO, 18
production sharing in Mexico, 95
protectionism, 88
public procurement policies, 30
quality of products, 29
subsidization of industry, 29
unifying processes, 29
technological cooperation in, 6, 18, 33, 35–36
See also specific countries
European Economic Community (EEC)
employment, civilian, 172
funding of R&D programs, 136
Industrial Research and Development Advisory Committee, 35–36
European Nuclear Energy Agency,
encouragement of technology flow, 25
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 30
European Strategic Program for Research and Development in Information Technology, 33
F
Federal Republic of Germany
capital investment rate, 161
construction importance in, 69
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
productivity growth, 161
R&D expenditures, 145–146
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
Fiber optics
electro-optical directional coupler, 52
influence on information technologies, 42, 51–53
market influences on development of, 42
technology transfer from semiconductor industry, 42
telecommunications applications, 27, 32, 51–54
Fiji, GNP and growth rate, 111, 144
Financial markets
annual turnover, 27
volume of foreign currency transactions, 27
Finland, robotics technology, 75
France
capital investment rate, 161
GNP, 143
gross domestic product, 164
military R&D, 146
productivity growth rate, 161
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 93, 100, 115
H
Honeywell Inc., international laboratory, 34
Hong Kong
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
comparative advantage by industry, 117–118
GNP and growth rate, 111, 113–114, 143
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
wage rates, 93
I
IBM Corporation
international laboratory, 34, 43
System/360, 48
superconductor research, 43
Indonesia
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
GNP and growth rate, 110–114, 143
sociopolitical character, 119, 121
Industrial globalization
government role in, 31
GNP and growth rate, 110–113
historical, 106
mode for technology, 109–110
multinational corporation role in, 30–31
obstacles to, see Protectionism
in Pacific Rim countries, 106–138
predictions, 12–22
product cycle, 107–109
through production sharing, 86–104
and structural change, 7, 113–119
in telecommunications sector, 64–65
theoretical construct, 107–118
Information flows
across borders, 20–21
control of, 20
manufacturing dependence on, 20–21
Information technologies
see also Data processing and communications;
Telephony
competition in, 25
convergence of service modes in, 62–63
costs of installations, 19
discovery-application interval, 25
economic impacts, 19
effect on other technologies, 3, 45, 64, 167
government involvement in, 20
influences of cutting-edge technologies on, 7, 45–54
inventions and inventors, 47
policy problems created by, 20
private sector role, 20
structural changes created by, 64
See also Computers and computer systems;
Fiber optics;
Networks/ networking;
Software;
Very-large-scale-integration technology
Innovation
diffusion, 5
importance of cooperative agreements, 5
lead countries, 27
in production, 25
See also Technological advances
Integrated circuits, see Microcircuits;
Very-large-scale-integration technology
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 154
International competitiveness/comparative advantage
factors affecting, 149–150
indicators, 117–118
by industry group and country, 117–119
in information technologies, 25
Japanese, 80, 117–119, 135–137
macroeconomic environment for, 169–175
in manufacturing, 177
of mature industries, 24–25
in microelectronics, 25
research and development and, 146
U.S., 10, 93–94, 117–119, 165, 169–175
Western European, 29
See also specific countries
International Monetary Fund, 26
International Research for Development Center of Canada, 154
International technological cooperation
by Australia, 132–133
on basic science research, 18
communication technologies contributing to, 32
consortia, 26
contributing factors, 4, 33, 35
effects on developing countries, 6
foreign nationals in U.S. graduate programs, 34
in information technologies, 60
innovation and, 5
joint ventures, 4, 6, 26, 32, 33, 94;
see also Production sharing
in Latin America, 150–151
marketing organizations, 6, 32
mechanisms for exchange of views, 2
multinational corporation role in, 6, 32, 132–133
North American-Western European-Japanese triad, 5, 27–28
overseas R&D organizations, 32
on space exploration, 18
Inventions in information technologies, 47
Italy
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
restoration of mature industries in, 24–25
J
Japan
agriculture, 116
automotive industry, 83
basic research at universities, 35
capital investment rate, 161
cellular phone penetration, 58–59
commercialization of new technologies, 10, 11, 28, 29, 130, 178–180
competitiveness/comparative advantage, 80, 117–119, 135–137, 177–179
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
cultural barriers to cooperative efforts, 33
economic growth obstacles and strategies, 5, 9, 10, 28–29, 137, 142–143, 173
education infrastructure, 137
electronic equipment production, 46
employment, civilian, 172
energy saving/antipollution industry, 178
fifth-generation computer project, 33
GATT, 115
GNP and growth rate, 10, 110–114, 142, 143, 160, 178, 179
industrial restructuring in, 115–116
industry cooperation in R&D, 33
investment and technology transfer strategies, 133–135
manufacturing industry structural changes, 88, 116, 166, 179–180
military R&D, 146
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 33
production sharing in Mexico, 95
protectionism, 116
quality control, 180
raw materials consumption, 26
R&D support in, 6, 35, 145–146
robotics technology, 74
savings rate, 169
South Korean investments by, 123
tax system, 173
trade and tariff policies, 115, 121, 136–137
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
L
Labor markets
construction, 7
structural changes internationally, 103–104
Third World, 102
worker displacement by production sharing, 101
Laser technology
in construction industry, 71, 73
semiconductor, 42
Latin America
competitiveness, 9, 147, 149–151
cooperative efforts, 150–151
domestic demand, production, and technology, 151–153
economic growth, 9, 111, 147–151, 153–157
economic weight of, 142–145
GNP and growth rate, 111
gross domestic product, 144
industrialization policy, 148–149
interdependence with developed countries, 148
international influences on, 141
raw materials, 151
R&D, 146
science and technology policy, 156–157
technology development strategies, 9, 153–155
technology transfer, 155–156
trade asymmetry, 148
unemployment, 152
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
wage rates, 152
Local area networks, fiber optics applications, 52, 53
M
Malaysia
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
comparative advantage by industry, 117–119
GNP and growth rate, 110–114, 143
political stability, 119
U.S. 806/807 imports from, 89
Management
construction, advances in, 7, 75
in manufacturing, importance, 7, 81, 84
Manufacturing industries
ASEAN, 119–121
automation and robotization, 8, 24, 82
competitors, major companies, 177
computer applications, 8, 81, 82
construction industry contrasted with, 68
economic growth role of, 165–167
effects of advanced technologies on, 1, 5, 8, 81–82
employment, 116
in Europe, 85
high-tech, 87
information flows across borders, 20–21
Japanese competitiveness in, 80, 178–180
military technologies applied to, 18
product changes and challenges, 24, 25, 80–81
productivity, 166–167
public attitudes toward, 80
quality control, 180
R&D, 165
rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24–25
service sector dependence on and competition with, 8, 24, 85, 165
small-scale, 82
structural changes in, 2–3, 23, 25, 80–85
traditional, 87
in U.S., 68, 85, 90–91, 116, 165–166, 168, 171–172
value added, global trends, 116
See also Automotive industry;
Production;
Production sharing
Maquiladoras
access to U.S. markets, 90–92
assembly industry and production, 95–96 , 98–101
locations in Mexico, 95
Mexican economy and, 96–97
regulation of, 94–95
See also Production sharing
Materials science
advances in, 41–44
basic science contributions to, 42
See also Advanced materials
Mexico
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
border industrialization program, 94, 97–98
competitiveness, enhancement, 99–100
employment, 91, 95, 97–98, 104
GNP and growth rate, 92, 110, 143
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 88–89
See also Maquiladoras
Microcircuits
chip component density, 45
competition in, 25
discovery-application interval, 25
dynamic random access memory chips, 47–48
feature size and design complexity, 46, 48, 63
interconnection and packaging, 47
obsolescence, 63
production facilities, 47–48, 77
telecommunications applications, 7, 57, 63
three-dimensional, 47
worker-years in design of, 46
See also Semiconductors;
Very-large-scale-integration technology
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, 33
Military technology
defense systems, 17
electronic equipment production globally, 46
European, 17
expenditures, 16
first-strike capabilities, 16–17
manufacturing applications, 18
national security, 19
semiconductor component consumption, 46
strategic nuclear weaponry, 13, 16;
see also Nuclear weapons technology
U.S., 35
verification systems, 17
Models/modeling, economic development dynamics in Pacific Rim countries, 107–119
Multinational corporations
examination of condition and future of, 15–16
role in promoting technological development, 3–4, 30–31, 132
subsidiaries, 32
technology trading, 15
transnational joint ventures, 4, 6;
see also Production sharing
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
N
Natural resources
Australian, development of, 127–129
consumption by industrialized nations, 30
in developing countries, 31
Neodymium, processing costs, 42–43
Networks/networking
access to, 20
bit rates needed for, 53
in construction industry, 71, 76, 78
electronic fund transfers, 20
fiber optic applications in, 51, 53–54
government role in, 20–21
influences on information technologies, 53–54
integrated services digital network, 53
ISDN/broadband, 54
intelligent nodes, 54
need for, 60
standards for, 20
subscriber, 52;
see also Television
two-way national in U.S., impacts, 19–20
See also Local area networks
New Zealand, GNP and growth rate, 111–112 , 114, 143
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), technology trading with Warsaw Pact countries, 18
Nuclear weapons technology
predicted patterns, 17
social impacts, 13
O
Office automation
labor market effects of, 23–24, 64
See also Word processing
Organization of American States (OAS)
Regional Scientific and Technological Development Program, 154
P
Pacific Economic Community (PEC)
characteristics, 107
goods, 107
Japanese influence in, 114
regional and national consequences of globalizing industries of, 9, 106–138
structural change from industrial globalization, 113–119
U.S. influence in, 114
theoretical construct, 9, 107–118
trade growth, 107
trade liberalization, 114
transfer of technology in, 9, 109–110
See also Association of Southeast Asian Nations;
and specific countries
Papua, New Guinea, GNP and growth rate, 111, 144
Particle accelerators, international cooperation on, 4, 18
Patent and copyright protection for software, 64, 126
People’s Republic of China, 28
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
GNP and growth rate, 110–111, 113–114 , 143
industrialization, 138
superconductor research, 43
Philippines
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
agriculture trade problems, 120–121
GNP and growth rate, 110–114, 143
sociopolitical character, 121
U.S. 806/807 imports from, 89
Privacy protection
responsibility for, 20
Private sector
dissemination of advanced technology, 14–15
influence on directions of commercial technology, 19
role in developing and using technology, 3
See also Multinational corporations
Production
automotive industry, 83–84
employee-oriented, 83–84
raw materials consumption, 5, 26–27
small-scale units, advantages, 25
structural changes in, 23
technological innovations in, 25
Production sharing
advantages, 1, 8, 87, 90–94, 99, 101
by Australia, 132
evolution and growth, 87–88, 95
industry life cycles and, 87
linkages with national economy in host country, 96–97
organizational arrangements, 89–90, 94–95
policy objectives, 99–103
principal participants, 88
siting factors, 90–94
on software development, 64
tariffs, U.S., 88–89
technology transfer through, 97
by U.S. with Mexico, 8, 87–103
See also Maquiladoras
Productivity
advanced manufacturing technologies and, 1
computerization and, 13
in construction, strategies for increasing, 7
labor requirements and, 152
U.S., 160–161
Professional engineering societies, role in policy formation, 21–22
Protectionism
between companies, 33–34
Japanese, 116
R&D as, 106–107
role in industrialization, 109
trends, 14
Public sector
influence on civilian commercial technology, 19
role in economic growth, 168–169
role in information flow and processing, 20
Q
Quality of life, improvement through technology, 1, 10, 177–180
R
Republic of Korea
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
competitiveness, 117–119, 126, 177
foreign investment value in, 123–124
GNP and growth rate, 112–114, 121, 143
growth strategies, 122–126, 130
Japanese influence in, 122
problems and challenges, 9, 126
technology acquisition, 121–125
trade policies, 121
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
Research and development (R&D)
BRITE project, 36
and comparative advantage in international trade, 146–147
in construction, 7
employment in, 146
EUREKA Program, 30
international cooperation in, 32–34
military, 146
obstacles to, 36
support for, 34–35
See also Scientific research
Robotics/robots
articulated, for welding, 74
combined with computer-aided design/ manufacturing, 74–75
construction applications, 7, 72–75, 78
costs, 75
job losses to, 64
manufacturing applications, 8
military applications, 17
quality control impacts, 76
remotely controlled for hazardous environments, 74
in U.S., 74
S
Scientific research
contributions to materials science, 42
cross-disciplinary approach, 5
data sharing, scientists views on, 18–19
government decision-making role on, 19
predicted patterns, 18
Western European, 30
See also Research and development
Security
in telecommunications, 7, 66–67
Semiconductor industry
contributions to fiber optics, 42
U.S.-Japanese competition, 135
Semiconductors
complementary metal-oxide, 48
consumption globally by industry, 45, 46
telecommunications applications, 57
Service sector, dependence on manufacturing industry, 85, 165
Singapore
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
GNP and growth rate, 110–114, 143
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
Software
business applications, 38
costs, 64
demand, 64
development projects, 39
developmental boundaries for industry, 6, 38
employment opportunities, 64
engineering, definition, 38
industry applications, 50
influences on information technologies, 49–51
for large computer systems, 38
management and planning, 50
methodology and tools, 51
patent and copyright protection, 64, 126
for personal computers, 38
reliability, 66
reusable, 50
rigidification in development, 6, 40
standardization, 20, 40, 51, 65
technological advances contributing to advances in, 38
See also Artificial intelligence
South Korea, see Republic of Korea
Soviet Union
construction importance in, 69
economic needs, 17
nuclear first-strike potential and capabilities, 16–17
Space exploration
international cooperation on, 4, 18
manned exploration of Mars, 18
Standards/standardization
in computer-assisted design, 70
in computer hardware and software, 20, 40, 65
economics of, 65
in information technologies, basis, 54, 65–66
obstacles to, 65
open system interconnection, 54, 55, 65
responsibility for setting, 20
in telecommunications, 20, 55, 58, 65–66
Supercomputers, Cray XMP, 48
Superconducting materials
discovery-applications interval, 43
Sweden
cellular phone penetration, 58–59
social impact of information technologies, 59–60
T
Taiwan
comparative advantage, 117–118, 177
GNP and growth rate, 112–113
growth turning point, 110
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 89
Tariffs
Australian, 129
Republic of Korea, 124
U.S. policy 807/808, 88–90, 103
Technological advances
acceptance by workers, 76–77, 178
commercialization, 10, 11, 28, 29, 33
comparative advantage, 146–147;
see also International competitiveness/ comparative advantage
in construction, 68–79
discovery-application interval, 25, 41–42
economic restructuring and, 1, 3, 23–31, 160–161, 167–168, 178–180
engineers’ role in policy formation, 11, 21
financial market effects of, 27
free-market forces in, 19
globalization, mode of, 109–110
government influence on and responses to, 3, 4–5, 19, 21
human-level changes from, 2–3
indicators of potential for, 154
institutional-level changes, 2
international cooperation and, 13
international-level changes from, 2, 26–27
life cycle, 107–109
in manufacturing, 5
military, 16;
see also Military technology
national-level changes from, 2
negative effects, 152
positive effects, 151–152
predictions, 4
private sector influences on, 3–4, 19
proprietary advantage, 33–34;
see also Protectionism
public attitudes on, 3
quality of life improvements through, 11, 177–180
raw materials consumption and, 5, 26–27
rejuvenation of mature sectors, 24–25
scientific nature, 26
social progress and, 12–13
in telecommunications, 62–67
Technology flows/transfer
from academia, 34–35
Australian contributions to, 127–129
barriers to, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 27, 33, 126;
see also Protectionism
between NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, 18
dynamics, 109
fixed-factor, 130
Japanese and U.S. strategies compared, 133–135
in Latin America and Caribbean, 155–156
negotiated military reductions and, 18
obstacles, 155–156
into Pacific rim countries, 9, 109–110, 122–125, 126
predicted trends, 4
private-sector forces in, 14–15
through production sharing, 97, 103
strategies for encouraging, 24, 103, 155–156
See also International technological cooperation
Telecommunications
advances in, 7
bit rates, 53
coaxial cable transmission technology, 52
in construction industry, 71
contribution to international technological cooperation, 32
convergence of service modes, 7, 62–63
electronic equipment production globally, 46
electronic mail, 32
electro-optical directional coupler, 52
fiber optics applications, 32, 63
globalization, 62
inter-LAN/PBX, 53
microelectronics revolution, 7, 63
objectives, 67
optical fiber applications, 27, 51–53, 62
problems and challenges, 7
regulation of, 63
semiconductor component consumption, 46
social impacts of advances, 13
software applications and needs, 7, 50, 62, 63–64
standardization in, 7, 34, 55, 63, 65–66
structural changes in industry, 7, 64–65
switching technology, 50, 55, 57, 62
technologies contributing to advances in, 62, 63
See also Data processing and communications;
Networks/ networking
Telephony
access to, globally, 55–56, 59
advances, 55–59
bit rates, 53
fiber optic networks, 51–52
growth forecasts, 57
job losses in, 64
local telephone exchange market, 56
main lines in service globally, 56–57
standards, 58
switching technology, 50, 55, 57
technological advances contributing to, 57
See also Data processing and communications
Television
Thailand
added value in agriculture and manufacturing, 116
GNP and growth rate, 110–114, 143
Trade and trade policy
agriculture, by Pacific Economic Community, 116
ASEAN, 120–121
Australia, 131
barriers, 103
competitiveness and, 86, 116–118
for developed countries, 101–103
free-trade benefits, 14
protectionist-nationalist approach to, 14, 102
R&D and comparative advantage in, 146–147
technological impacts on, 1, 27
technology marketing, 15
U.S. tariff policy 806/807, 88–89, 103
volume, 27
See also Maquiladoras;
Production sharing;
Tariffs
Transportation
effects of technological advances on, 1, 13
electronic equipment production globally, 46
semiconductor component consumption, 46
See also Automotive industry
U
United Kingdom
cellular phone penetration, 58–59
construction importance in, 69
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
economic growth rate, 160
industry cooperation in R&D, 33
military R&D expenditures, 146
United Nations Development Program, 154
United States
agriculture, 116
application of new technologies, 10–11, 29
budget deficit, 5, 17, 28, 170–171, 173
cellular telephone use, 59
competition with Japan, 133–137
competitiveness/comparative advantage, 10, 93–94, 117–119, 165, 169–175, 177
contribution to world gross domestic product, 145
cultural barriers to cooperative efforts, 33
debt servicing, 170–171
deindustrialization, 28
economic growth obstacles, 5, 9–10, 28
economic growth strategies, 10, 159–175
electronic equipment production by industry, 46
employment, civilian, 172
exporters and R&D spenders, leading, 166
financial assets trading, 165
GNP and growth rate, 68, 110–114, 142, 143, 159–160, 161, 165
graduate programs, foreign nationals in, 34
income per capita, 160
industry cooperation in R&D, 33
information technologies, economic and social impacts, 19–20
investment and technology transfer strategies, 133–135
manufacturing industry, 85, 90–91, 116, 165–166, 168, 171–172
military R&D, 146
nuclear first-strike potential and capabilities, 16–17
production sharing with Mexico, 8, 87–103
R&D support in, 6, 35, 145–146
regulation and industrial growth, 162, 174–175
savings rates, 169
South Korean investments by, 123
tariff provisions 806/807, 88–90, 103
technology transfer to South Korea, 122–123 , 125
telecommunications networks in, 19–20
trade policies, 103, 121, 126, 173–174
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, construction research, 73
U.S. National Bureau of Standards, construction research, 73
V
Very-large-scale-integration technology
challenges, 46–48
computer-aided design applications in, 46
computer applications of, 48, 59
contributions to information technologies, 45–48
feature size, design complexity, and facilities for production, 46
