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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation

Letter Report # 6

Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation

Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. #200-2000-00629 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Additional copies of this report are available in limited quantities from the Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation; Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Institute of Medicine; 500 Fifth Street, NW; Washington, DC 20001. The full text of this report is available online at http://www.nap.edu.

For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.

Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

The serpent has been a symbol of long life, healing, and knowledge among almost all cultures and religions since the beginning of recorded history. The serpent adopted as a logotype by the Institute of Medicine is a relief carving from ancient Greece, now held by the Staatliche Museen in Berlin.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
×

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.

Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Adviser to the Nation to Improve Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
×

COMMITTEE ON SMALLPOX VACCINATION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

BRIAN STROM, M.D., M.P.H., (Chair), George S. Pepper Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Professor of Medicine and Professor of Pharmacology,

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

KRISTINE GEBBIE, Dr.P.H., R.N., (Vice Chair), Elizabeth Standish Gill Associate Professor and Director of Center for Health Policy,

Columbia University School of Nursing

ROBERT WALLACE, M.D., M.Sc., (Vice Chair), Professor of Epidemiology and Irene Ensminger Professorship in Cancer Research,

University of Iowa

E. RUSSELL ALEXANDER, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology,

School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington

RONALD BAYER, Ph.D., Professor of Sociomedical Sciences,

Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University

R. ALTA CHARO, J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development,

University of Wisconsin Law School and

Professor of Law and Bioethics,

University of Wisconsin Law School and Medical School

THOMAS COATES, Ph.D., Professor,

Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

PENELOPE DENNEHY, M.D., Associate Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,

Hasbro Children’s Hospital and

Professor of Pediatrics,

Brown Medical School

VINCENT FULGINITI, M.D., M.S., Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics,

University of Arizona Health Sciences Center

JAY HARPER, M.D., M.B.A., M.P.H., Clinical Assistant Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health,

University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health

COLEEN KIVLAHAN, M.D., M.S.P.H., Medical Director,

Ambulatory Primary Care, Fanuts Health Center, Bureau of Health Services, Cook County, IL

JEFFREY LEVINE, M.A., Health Communications Director,

American Institutes for Research

KENNETH MCINTOSH, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics,

Harvard Medical School and

Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases,

Harvard School of Public Health

ELIZABETH MURANE, R.N., M.S., Public Health Nurse and Retired Director of Public Health Nursing for

Shasta County, CA

PETER ROSEN, M.D., Attending Emergency Medical Physician,

Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital (Boston, MA)

WILLIAM WESTON, M.D., Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics,

University of Colorado School of Medicine

ROBERT WOOLSON, Ph.D., Professor of Biometry and Epidemiology,

Medical University of South Carolina

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Board Liaison

GEORGE ISHAM, M.D., Medical Director and Chief Health Officer,

HealthPartners, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN)

Consultant

WILLIAM H. FOEGE, M.D., M.P.H., Presidential Distinguished Professor,

Department of International Health, Emory University and

Health Advisor,

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Study Staff

KATHLEEN STRATTON, Ph.D., Study Director

ALINA BACIU, M.P.H., Program Officer

ANDREA PERNACK ANASON, M.P.H., Program Officer

AMBER CLOSE, Senior Project Assistant

ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Sc.D., Director,

Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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REVIEWERS

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

John R. Ball, M.D., J.D., American Society for Clinical Pathology

Mary Gilchrist, Ph.D., D(ABMM), University of Iowa

Peter Jensen, M.D., VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco

John Lumpkin, M.D., M.P.H., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Nicole Lurie, M.D., M.S.P.H., RAND Corporation

Kimberley Shoaf, Dr.P.H., University of California, Los Angeles

Hugh H. Tilson, M.D., Dr.P.H., University of North Carolina

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Ronald Estabrook, Ph.D., University of Texas Southwestern. Appointed by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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PREFACE

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation was convened in October 2002 to provide timely advice to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in its implementation of the national smallpox vaccination program.

The committee’s work differs in two respects from that of typical IOM committees. First, the evidence base used is somewhat different, because the committee is commenting on an ongoing government program as it evolves. The evidence reviewed by the committee is sometimes qualitative. The bulk of the evidence for the series of reports includes CDC presentations to the committee and reports on program status, articles about the program in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC media telebriefing transcripts, national and local media coverage of the smallpox vaccination program, the policy statements and issue briefs of public health and health care organizations, and to a lesser extent the experiences, opinions, and perspectives of public health and health care leaders and workers expressed in presentations to or informal discussions with the committee. Second, most of the committee’s products are brief, frequent “letter reports” addressed to CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding. Letter reports offer an abbreviated version of the extensive background and documentation provided in more sizable IOM reports, and often focus on one or a few topics of immediate importance to a program’s unfolding or to next steps in the program. Although they differ from typical IOM reports in size and nature, letter reports undergo the standard process of external peer review, conducted by reviewers anonymous to the committee until report is released, and monitored by the National Research Council.

The present letter report is sixth in a series. For the purpose of brevity, some background information about the program is generally not repeated in every report; only a reading of the entire report series would provide a complete overview of the committee’s work to date. For ease of reference, every report includes a table of contents, a listing of key messages (if applicable), and a summary of all recommendations made in the report. All the committee’s reports to CDC are available for download at: www.iom.edu/smallpox.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

   

 INTRODUCTION

 

2

   

 Charge to the Committee

 

2

   

 Summary of Recommendations

 

2

   

 INTEGRATING PUBLIC HEALTH INTO DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

 

4

   

 A History of Public Health Disaster Response

 

4

   

 Unique Role of Public Health in Disasters, and Primary Role In Response to Bioterrorism

 

5

   

 The Diverse Field of Emergency and Disaster Preparedness and Response

 

6

   

 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES INHERENT IN INTEGRATING PUBLIC HEALTH INTO A BROADER FIELD

 

7

   

 Coordination Issues

 

7

   

 An Example of Intersectoral Tension and Collaboration

 

10

   

 Common Definitions and Terminology Are Needed

 

11

   

 Speaking the Same Language: the Lexicon Project

 

12

   

 THE EVIDENCE BASE FROM DISASTER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

 

13

   

 Nature of the Evidence

 

13

   

 What Has Been Learned from Disaster Research

 

13

   

 Some Key Research Findings and Recurring Themes

 

14

   

 Examples of Gaps in Disaster Research

 

15

   

 What Has Been Learned From Disaster Practice

 

16

   

 Key Lessons Learned in Disaster Practice

 

16

   

 A Resource for Learning from Past Experience

 

17

   

 LEARNING FROM THE PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE TO PROXY EVENTS

 

18

   

 Studying the Response to Public Health Challenges

 

18

   

 Evaluating Performance in a Proxy Event

 

19

   

 Using the “What if?” Scenario Approach

 

19

   

 USEFULNESS OF MODELING

 

21

   

 Role of Modeling in Policy Decisions

 

21

   

 Role of Modeling in Exercise Development

 

22

   

 Smallpox Modeling Working Group

 

23

   

 USEFULNESS OF EXERCISES

 

24

   

 The Use of and Rationale for Exercises

 

24

   

 Research on Exercises

 

25

   

 Exercise-Related Activities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

 

26

   

 Sample Questions, Strategies, and Methodologies for Evaluation Research on Public Health Preparedness Exercises and Proxy Events

 

28

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2004. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smallpox Vaccination Program Implementation: Letter Report #6. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11041.
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Page R10
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