National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HOMELAND SECURITY

REPORT 2

C4ISR

Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense—C4ISR

Board on Army Science and Technology

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. DAAD19-02-C-0049 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organization that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-09164-0 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 0-309-53071-7 (PDF)

Cover: The Pentagon burning after being struck by a hijacked commercial airliner, September 11, 2001. Courtesy of Reza Marvashti, The Free Lance-Star, Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Limited copies are available from:

Board on Army Science and Technology

National Research Council

500 Fifth Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20001

(202) 334-3118

Additional copies are available from: The
National Academies Press
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Lockbox 285 Washington, DC 20055 (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) Internet, http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

COMMITTEE ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE—C4ISR

JOHN W. LYONS, NAE, Chair,

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Mount Airy, Maryland

DENNIS J. REIMER, Vice Chair,

U.S. Army (retired) and Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, Oklahoma City

DUANE A. ADAMS,

Carnegie Mellon University, Arlington, Virginia

HENRY L. BERTONI,

Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, New York

JAMES J. CARAFANO,

The Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.

GEORGE M. CLARK,

Radiance Technologies, Inc., Huntsville, Alabama

TIMOTHY COFFEY,

University of Maryland, College Park, and National Defense University, Washington, D.C.

ANTHONY C. DIRIENZO,

COLSA Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama

MITRA DUTTA,

University of Illinois, Chicago

FREDERICK L. FROSTIC,

Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, Virginia

C. WILLIAM GEAR,

NAE, NEC Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey

JAMES R. KLUGH,

U.S. Army (retired) and Dimensions International, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia

JOSEPH P. MACKIN,

E-OIR Measurements, Inc., Spotsylvania, Virginia

LOUIS C. MARQUET, Consultant,

Long Branch, New Jersey

LOIS C. McCOY,

National Institute for Urban Search and Rescue, Santa Barbara, California

CHANDRA KUMAR N. PATEL,

NAE, NAS, University of California at Los Angeles

ALBERT A. SCIARRETTA,

CNS Technologies, Inc., Springfield, Virginia

ANNETTE L. SOBEL,

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

MICHAEL F. SPIGELMIRE,

U.S. Army (retired) and

Consultant,

Destin, Florida

LEO YOUNG, NAE, Consultant,

Baltimore, Maryland

Liaisons, Board on Army Science and Technology

ROBERT L. CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

DONALD R. KEITH,

U.S. Army (retired) and Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

National Research Council Staff

MARGARET N. NOVACK, Study Director

JAMES C. MYSKA, Research Associate

CARTER W. FORD, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JOHN E. MILLER, Chair,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

GEORGE T. SINGLEY III, Vice Chair,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

DAWN A. BONNELL,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

NORVAL L. BROOME,

MITRE Corporation (retired), Suffolk, Virginia

ROBERT L. CATTOI,

Rockwell International (retired), Dallas, Texas

DARRELL W. COLLIER, Consultant,

Leander, Texas

GILBERT F. DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering (retired), Glendale, California

ALAN H. EPSTEIN,

NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

ROBERT R. EVERETT,

NAE, MITRE Corporation (retired), New Seabury, Massachusetts

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

NAE, Cummins Engine Company, Inc. (retired), Columbus, Indiana

WILLIAM R. GRAHAM,

National Security Research, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

HENRY J. HATCH,

NAE, Army Chief of Engineers (retired) Oakton, Virginia

EDWARD J. HAUG,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

MIRIAM E. JOHN, California

Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore

DONALD R. KEITH,

Cypress International (retired), Alexandria, Virginia

CLARENCE W. KITCHENS,

Hicks and Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

ROGER A. KRONE,

Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

JOHN W. LYONS,

NAE, U.S. Army Research Laboratory (retired), Mount Airy, Maryland

JOHN H. MOXLEY,

IOM, Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

MALCOLM R. O’NEIL,

Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland

EDWARD K. REEDY,

Georgia Institute of Technology Research Institute, Atlanta

DENNIS J. REIMER,

U.S. Army (retired) and Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, Oklahoma City

WALTER D. SINCOSKIE,

Telcordia Technologies, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey

WILLIAM R. SWARTOUT,

Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey

EDWIN L. THOMAS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

National Research Council Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Administrative Officer

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

DEANNA P. SPARGER, Administrative Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

Preface

This is the second study in a series of three sponsored by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology. It was conducted by the Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense—C4ISR1 of the Board on Army Science and Technology in the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences of the National Research Council. The statement of task for this second report is as follows:

In this follow-on study, focusing on the C4ISR area and the first responder mission, the National Research Council will:

  • examine stated capabilities needed for Homeland Security and the Army’s Objective Force,2 identifying and describing areas in which the two communities have similar technical needs and in which collaboration may be possible.

  • highlight technology and systems solutions under development (in both S&T and Acquisition) for the Objective Force, both in the Department of Defense and commercially, which might meet the needs of the Department of Homeland Security.

  • describe other issues that should be addressed in order to facilitate collaboration and sharing of research.

1  

C4ISR is the acronym for command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.

2  

The Objective Force is now called the Future Force and is referred to as such throughout this report.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
  • prepare a consensus report documenting the study results and containing findings and recommendations to assist the Army.

FOUNDATION PROVIDED BY THE FIRST STUDY

In September 2001, the U.S. Army asked the Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST) to investigate how science and technology might better enable the Army to accomplish its mission in the homeland. The initial BAST report (completed before the establishment of the new Department of Homeland Security) surveyed a broad range of relevant technologies, recommending that the Army take advantage of potential transferability between technologies for the Future Force and those for homeland security.3 In the C4ISR area, the committee noted that the Army will need the capability to establish links between its first responder military units and civilian first responders to emergency events. The committee also took the view that the Army should play a major role in providing emergency C4ISR in the event of a major natural or terrorism disaster in which civilian systems are seriously impaired. The committee further concluded that the architecture and technology needed for a C4ISR system for homeland security are compatible with the Army’s framework for developing and fielding the Future Force, although the Future Force system would have to be adapted or extended to meet the different mission and challenges of homeland security.

The first report was written in a relatively short period of time. Because of the extensive scope of the review, the lack of a well-defined national operational framework,4 and the time-sensitive nature of the Army’s interest, the committee did not study specific products but rather considered technologies one level above individual products, processes, or services.

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR THE CURRENT STUDY

The second study began with a review of the membership of the first committee and the nomination to the second committee of members with the necessary expertise in C4ISR. The membership of the Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense—C4ISR was chosen to include representation from three communities: the military sector, the emergency responder community, and the C4ISR scientific and technical world. The scientific and technological skill sets of the membership include communications, computer science, sensors and guidance, information science, systems engineering, model-

3  

See National Research Council, Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report 1, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2003.

4  

National operational framework refers to a plan that the Army would use to conduct whatever operation might be necessary in response to a terrorist attack.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

ing and simulation, and systems analysis. Although there is no classified material in this report, a security clearance was considered essential, as many of the topics that would be of interest to the committee are classified.

The committee spent considerable time deliberating on how to address the statement of task. It determined that the report should focus on the response phase of a catastrophic event rather than attempt to consider the prevention of such an event. This approach was justified because the response phase would be the time when most emergency responders would be engaged and when emergency C4ISR capabilities would be most called upon.

The committee also chose not to address commercial items, for a variety of reasons. To begin with, the timing of the study as required by the contract was constrained. Additionally, the Army now uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment whenever possible, and the committee believed that whatever COTS items might be of interest would already have been embedded in the Army Future Force technologies. Nevertheless, the committee admits that it may have missed some of the more innovative COTS technologies.5 Lastly, in order to do justice to a commercial equipment survey, the committee believed that it would have had to review a large variety of products, which could have entailed the requirement to review the claims of multiple vendors for the same products. The committee did not wish to try to distinguish between what was claimed for products and what they could actually deliver, nor did it want to subject itself or the National Academies to criticism for overlooking a particular vendor’s product.

The committee held two meetings to familiarize its members with the capabilities required for homeland security and the applicable C4ISR technologies that are available or under development for the Army’s Future Force. Two more meetings were devoted to writing and coming to a consensus on the findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented in the report.

As was the case with the first report, even as this report was being prepared doctrine and policy were being developed and amended at all levels of government. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Defense’s (DOD’s) Northern Command, which are to have the major responsibilities and authority for homeland security at the national level, had been established and were in the early stages of formation and organization. The actual role that will be played by the Army in homeland security must certainly depend in large measure on the operational assignments that Army units will be given in the framework of, or in support of, these overarching organizations. The details remain in a state of flux. As is indicated in the report, while it is anticipated that much of the doctrine will be drawn from existing protocols, the lack of specific doctrine made the study of specific equipment requirements difficult.

5  

For example, the Defense Collaborative Tool Suite, a flexible COTS-based suite of applications software, is endorsed by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Staff.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

REPORT ORGANIZATION

The introductory chapter provides a context for the rest of the report by describing the government’s organization for homeland security, beginning with the DHS, followed by the elements of the DOD that will play a role in homeland security, and lastly, the community of civilian emergency responders. A short section compares the ways in which the DOD and local emergency responders acquire their equipment. The chapter closes with a description of a series of potential scenarios illustrating how complexities will mount as additional events requiring emergency response take place.

Chapter 2 describes how the Army plans to equip the Future Force, drawing attention to certain C4ISR technologies that offer potential for collaborative efforts by the DOD and the DHS. Chapter 3 describes who constitutes the emergency responder community, what they are trying to accomplish, and the kinds of capabilities and training they need; the chapter ends with a description of Project Responder, an independent effort focusing on the status of equipment for emergency responders. Chapter 4 provides a detailed description of a subset of C4ISR technologies for the Future Force that appear to match the requirements of emergency responders. Chapter 5 discusses possible ways of bridging the gap between the Future Force technologies and emergency responder requirements and suggests means to facilitate collaboration between the DOD and the DHS to help specify and meet those requirements. Chapter 6 provides a complete listing of the report’s findings, conclusions, and recommendations. Separate appendixes provide additional background information on committee biographies, meeting topics, organization of the U.S. Army, the Army acquisition system, C4ISR capabilities for the Army’s Future Force, C4ISR capabilities needed for the civilian emergency responder, and criteria for technology readiness levels.

The committee would like to recognize the assistance given by the emergency responder community and the U.S. Army in providing information and answering questions from the committee. It is likewise grateful for the assistance of NRC staff members Margaret N. Novack, James C. Myska, Carter W. Ford, William E. Campbell, and Dorothy Sawicki in producing this report.

John W. Lyons, Chair

Dennis J. Reimer, Vice Chair

Committee on Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense—C4ISR

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

MG Jack D’Araujo, U.S. Army National Guard (retired), Knoxville, Tennessee

Michael J. Grove, Consultant, Stafford, Virginia

Michael J. Hopmeier, Unconventional Concepts, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

James C. McGroddy, National Academy of Engineering, IBM (retired), Briarcliff Manor, New York

Richard Nowakowski, Raytheon JPS Communications, Chicago, Illinois

Jimmy K. Omura, National Academy of Engineering, Cylink Corporation (retired), San Francisco, California

James Shea, Filtronic Sigteck, Inc., Columbia, Maryland

George F. Sheldon, Institute of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Paul N. Stockton, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, California

Robert J. Trew, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alexander H. Flax, Consultant. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
   

 Versatility,

 

36

   

 Lethality,

 

37

   

 Survivability,

 

37

   

 Sustainability,

 

37

   

 Network-Centric Warfare and the Future Force,

 

37

   

 The Future Combat Systems Program,

 

38

   

 The Future Force Warrior Program,

 

38

   

 C4ISR Capabilities for the Future Force,

 

39

   

 Summary,

 

41

   

 References,

 

41

3

 

CAPABILITIES FOR EMERGENCY RESPONDERS

 

42

   

 Ability to Respond to Many Threats,

 

42

   

 Ability to Carry Out a Wide Range of Tasks,

 

45

   

 Emergency Preparedness and Response Tasks,

 

46

   

 Ability to Function Effectively in a Dangerous and/or Chaotic Environment,

 

48

   

 C4ISR Capabilities for Emergency Responders,

 

49

   

 Command, Control, and Computer Capabilities,

 

49

   

 Communications Capabilities,

 

52

   

 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Capabilities,

 

54

   

 Opportunities for Training and Exercises,

 

57

   

 Training,

 

57

   

 Exercises,

 

57

   

 Project Responder,

 

58

   

 Detection, Identification, and Assessment,

 

59

   

 Unified Incident Command Decision Support and Interoperable Communications,

 

60

   

 Emergency Management Preparation and Planning,

 

60

   

 Crisis Evaluation and Management,

 

61

   

 Summary of Project Responder Capability Assessment,

 

61

   

 References,

 

64

4

 

DEFENSE TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOMELAND SECURITY

 

65

   

 Introduction,

 

65

   

 Overview and Scope,

 

65

   

 Organization of This Chapter,

 

66

   

 C4ISR Technical Description,

 

67

   

 C4ISR Component Technologies and Programs,

 

69

   

 Command, Control, and Computer Technologies,

 

69

   

 Communications,

 

76

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
   

 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance,

 

82

   

 Additional Department of Defense Assets for Consideration,

 

88

   

 Summary,

 

91

   

 References,

 

92

5

 

POTENTIAL FOR COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE ARMY AND THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 

93

   

 Potential Collaborative Efforts to Address Unmet Needs,

 

93

   

 Leveraged Collaboration,

 

94

   

 Joint Development Collaboration,

 

94

   

 A Technological Bridge,

 

95

   

 Collaboration Issues,

 

95

   

 Systems Engineering,

 

95

   

 Technology Transfer Coordination,

 

100

   

 Experimentation, Testing, and Review,

 

101

   

 Collaboration in Training Programs,

 

103

   

 Network-Centric Operations,

 

104

   

 Standardization Efforts,

 

104

   

 Summary,

 

106

   

 References,

 

106

6

 

COMPLETE LIST OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

107

   

 Overarching Recommendation,

 

107

   

 From Chapter 1, “Introduction,”

 

108

   

 From Chapter 2, “Capabilities for the Army’s Future Force,”

 

108

   

 From Chapter 3, “Capabilities for Emergency Responders,”

 

109

   

 From Chapter 4, “Defense Technologies for Homeland Security,”

 

109

   

 From Chapter 5, “Potential for Collaboration Between the Army and the Department of Homeland Security,”

 

109

 

 

APPENDIXES

 

 

   

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS

 

115

   

B COMMITTEE MEETINGS

 

124

   

C ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY

 

128

   

D ARMY ACQUISITION SYSTEM

 

133

   

E C4ISR CAPABILITIES FOR THE FUTURE FORCE

 

137

   

F C4ISR CAPABILITIES FOR CIVILIAN EMERGENCY RESPONDERS

 

142

   

G CRITERIA FOR TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS

 

146

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

Figures, Tables, and Boxes

FIGURES

1-1

 

Organizational chart of the Department of Homeland Security as of March 1, 2003,

 

18

1-2

 

Organizational chart for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense (ASD [HD]),

 

20

1-3

 

NORTHCOM command-and-control relationships,

 

22

2-1

 

Characteristics of the Army’s Future Force,

 

36

2-2

 

Basic elements of integrated Future Combat Systems (FCS),

 

39

TABLES

ES-1

 

Bridge Between Department of the Army/DOD Science and Technology for the Future Force and Emergency Responder Requirements,

 

10

2-1

 

Expected Operational Benefits of the Army’s Future Force Concept for the Conduct of Joint Operations,

 

35

3-1

 

Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in the Detection, Identification, and Assessment of Weapons of Mass Destruction Threats,

 

62

3-2

 

Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in Unified Incident Command Decision Support and Interoperable Communications,

 

62

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

3-3

 

Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in Emergency Management Preparation and Planning for Weapons of Mass Destruction Scenarios,

 

63

3-4

 

Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in Crisis Evaluation and Management for Weapons of Mass Destruction Scenarios,

 

63

4-1

 

Integrated Systems Technology Programs Relevant to Emergency Responders,

 

70

4-2

 

Summary of Programs Relevant to Emergency Responders: Command, Control, and Computer (C3) Technologies,

 

71

4-3

 

Summary of Programs Relevant to Emergency Responders: Communications,

 

77

4-4

 

Summary of Programs Relevant to Emergency Responders: Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR),

 

82

4-5

 

Summary of Programs Relevant to Emergency Responders: Other Assets for Consideration,

 

88

5-1

 

Bridge Between Department of the Army/DOD Science and Technology for the Future Force and Emergency Responder Requirements,

 

96

G-1

 

Criteria for Technology Readiness Levels,

 

146

BOXES

1-1

 

Some U.S. Agencies and Organizations Involved in Emergency Response,

 

16

1-2

 

Findings from Report 1 Relevant to the Current Report,

 

23

1-3

 

Conclusion and Recommendation from Report 1 Relevant to the Current Report,

 

26

2-1

 

Future Force Warrior Elements,

 

40

3-1

 

National Terrorism Response Objectives,

 

59

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

Acronyms


ACTD

Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration

ANVG

Advanced Night Vision Goggle

ARNET

Army Reserve Network

ASD (HLD)

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense


C

communications

C2

command and control

C3

command, control, and communications

C4ISR

command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

CINC

commander-in-chief

COP

common operational picture

COTS

commercial off-the-shelf


DA

Department of the Army

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DASD

Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense

DDR&E

Director, Defense Research and Engineering

DHS

Department of Homeland Security

DISA

Defense Information Systems Agency

DMSO

Defense Modeling and Simulation Office

DOD

Department of Defense

DTRA

Defense Threat Reduction Agency

DUSD (S&T)

Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Science and Technology

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

EPR

Emergency Preparedness and Response (DHS directorate)


FBCB2

Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation

FCS

Future Combat System(s)

FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

FFW

Future Force Warrior

FOPEN

foliage penetration


GIG

global information grid

GIS

Global Information System

GPS

Global Positioning System


HSARPA

Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency

HSPD

Homeland Security Presidential Directive


IAB

Interagency Board for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability

IR

infrared

ISR

intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

IT

information technology


JBFSA

Joint Blue Force Situational Awareness

JPO

Joint Program Office

JTF-CS

Joint Task Forcce-Civil Support

JTRS

Joint Tactical Radio System


LW

Land Warrior

LW-AC

Land Warrior-advanced capability

LW-IC

Land Warrior-initial capability

LW-SI

Land Warrior-Stryker Interoperable


M&S

modeling and simulation

METL

Mission Essential Task List

MTI

moving target indicator


NBC

nuclear, biological, and chemical

NCO

network-centric operations

NCW

network-centric warfare

NDMS

National Disaster Medical System

NEST

Networked Embedded Systems Technology

NGA

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

NGO

nongovernmental organization

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

NIMS

National Incident Management System

NORTHCOM

U.S. Northern Command

NRC

National Research Council

NRP

National Response Plan


ODP

Office of Domestic Preparedness

ORD

operational requirements document

OSD

Office of the Secretary of Defense


PDA

personal digital assistant

PDASD

Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense


R&D

research and development

RDEC

Research, Development, and Engineering Center

RDT&E

research, development, testing, and evaluation

RSTA

reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition


SAR

synthetic aperture radar

SCA

software communications architecture

SDR

software-defined radio

SIGINT/EW

signals intelligence/electronic warfare

S&T

science and technology

STO

science and technology objective


TDA

tactical decision aid

TRL

technology readiness level

TSWG

Technical Support Working Group


UAV

unmanned aerial vehicle

UGS

unattended ground sensor

UGV

unmanned ground vehicle

USAF

U.S. Air Force

USAR

U.S. Army Reserve

USN

U.S. Navy

US&T

Undersecretary for Science and Technology

UV

ultraviolet


WIN-T

Warfighter Information Network-Tactical

WMD

weapons of mass destruction

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

This report is dedicated to

General Donald R. Keith

United States Army (Retired)

for his quiet voice of reason,

his untiring dedication, and his

exemplary efforts toward making

life better and safer for

America and her soldiers.

Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R20
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R21
Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11053.
×
Page R22
Next: Executive Summary »
Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $54.00 Buy Ebook | $43.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Shortly after the events of September 11, 2001, the U.S. Army asked the National Research Council (NRC) for a series of reports on how science and technology could assist the Army meet its Homeland defense obligations. The first report, Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security—Report 1, presented a survey of a road range of technologies and recommended applying Future Force technologies to homeland security wherever possible. In particular, the report noted that the Army should play a major role in providing emergency command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities and that the technology and architecture needed for homeland security C4ISR was compatible with that of the Army’s Future Force. This second report focuses on C4ISR and how it can facilitate the Army’s efforts to assist the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and emergency responders meet a catastrophic event.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!