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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Index

A

AAO-HNS/AMA, 178

Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), 205

ABI. See Auditory brainstem implants

ABR. See Auditory brainstem response

Accidents, and hearing loss, 59

ACE. See Advanced Combination Encoders speech encoding algorithms

Acoustic amplification. See Hearing aids

Acoustic assistive listening devices, 159

Acoustic immittance measures, 45, 73, 91–95

acoustic reflex thresholds, 93

otoacoustic emissions, 93–95

tympanometry, 91–92

Acoustic neuroma, 95

Acoustic reflex thresholds, 93

Acoustic trauma, and hearing loss, 61

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act

Admittance, peak, norms for, 92

Adults, 27–29

current disability criteria for hearing for, 31–32

etiology of severe to profound hearing loss in, 63–64

procedures for determining disability in, 27–29

SSA decision flow for adults, 28

Advanced Bionics, 149

Clarion, 151–152

Advanced Combination Encoders (ACE) speech encoding algorithms, 151

AEPs. See Auditory evoked potentials

Age

of amplification in hearing aid use, 206–207

of implantation of cochlear implants, 154

of intervention in children with hearing loss, 186

of second language acquisition, 89

Aging, and hearing loss, 59

AI. See Articulation index

Aided testing of auditory function, performance of, 2

Air conduction, 73

ALDs. See Assistive listening devices

Alerting assistive listening devices, 160

Alport’s syndrome, 62

AMA. See American Medical Association

American Academy of Pediatrics, 154, 190, 216

Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 216

American Board of Audiology, 110

American Board of Otolaryngology, 5, 70, 108

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

American Medical Association (AMA), 14, 20, 34, 36–37, 66, 116

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, 5, 13, 16, 31–32, 50, 54, 74, 87–88, 91, 111, 122, 129

American Sign Language, 164, 166

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 5, 18, 79, 110, 117, 122, 182–183

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 33, 165–166, 172

and accommodation, 172

Amikacin, 64

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 64, 71

Amplified assistive listening devices, 159–160

Amplified telephones, 159

Anatomy of the auditory system, 45

ANSI. See American National Standards Institute standards

Antibiotics, aminoglycoside, 64

Antimetabolites, and hearing loss, 64

Anxiety, 65

Apgar scores, 62–63

APHAB. See Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit

Appealing SSA decisions, 29

Area (Ar), definition of, 43

Articulation index (AI), 54, 87, 138, 207

improving accuracy of, 123

Articulatory errors, 185

ASHA. See American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

Assertiveness, 168

Assessment of ability to identify nonspeech sounds and sound localization, 2

Assessment of hearing disability, handicap, and benefit from interventions, 175–177

appropriate uses of self-assessment instruments, 178

health-related quality of life, 176–177

quality of life, 176

Assessment of the auditory system and its functions, 69–100

assessment of auditory function, 73–100

standard otolaryngological examination, 69–73

Assistive listening devices (ALDs), 140, 159–162, 203

acoustic, 159

alerting, 160

amplified, 159–160

reluctance to utilize, 160

ASSR. See Auditory steady-state response

Audibility of hearing aids, 207–208

Audiograms, 13, 49, 96, 222

procedures for, 118–119

Audiological criteria for implantation in adults, of cochlear implants, 152–153

Audiologists, 66, 90, 111–112, 129

clinical, 5, 20

Audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 15, 133, 190–195

auditory brainstem response, 193

auditory steady-state response, 193–194

immittance audiometry, 194–195

otoacoustic emissions, 192–193

protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135

protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135–136

threshold audiometry, 190–192

Audiometric scores, 185

Audiometry, 65, 112

pure-tone threshold, 74–77

speech, 77–86

Auditory awareness, 205

Auditory brainstem implants (ABI), 159

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, 7, 95–97, 112, 190–192, 193, 214, 221

infant, 97, 189

Auditory cues, speech recognition with, 87–89

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), 74, 95–98

infant auditory brainstem response, 97

Auditory feedback, delayed, 99

Auditory function assessment, 73–100

acoustic immittance measures, 91–95

assessment when exaggerated hearing loss suspected, 99–100

auditory evoked potentials, 95–98

listener performance on speech recognition tests, 86–87

multicultural and multilingual issues in evaluation of speech recognition, 89–91

multiple conditions, 100

pure-tone threshold audiometry, 74–77

speech audiometry, 77–86

speech recognition with auditory and visual cues, 87–89

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Auditory nerve, 46–47

Auditory neuropathy, 18, 62–63, 95, 214

Auditory perception, 47–59

sound detection, 48–52

sound discrimination, 52–53

sound identification, 53–55

sound localization, 55–58

sound source determination, 58–59

Auditory prostheses, 202–209

hearing aids, 202–209

“Auditory scene analysis,” 58

Auditory steady-state response (ASSR), 96, 98, 191, 193–194

Auditory system, 44–47

anatomy of, 45

Auditory tasks in the workplace, dimensions and difficulty of, 132–133

Auditory therapy, 213

Australia, 14

Autoimmune inner ear disease, and hearing loss, 61, 64

Autosomal dominant disorders, 62

Average hearing levels, 32

in testing children, 7

Azimuth sound localization, 134–135

overhead view of the listener, 56

B

Babbling stages, in children, 181

Background noise, performance of measures of auditory function incorporating, 2, 11

testing speech recognition with noise, 120–124

Bacterial meningitis, 64

Balance tests (optional), 72

Basics of sound, the ear, and hearing, 42–68

auditory perception, 47–59

auditory system, 44–47

causes of hearing loss, 59–64

definitions, 43–44

hyperacusis, 67

introduction to sound, 42–47

tinnitus, 64–67

Beaver Dam (Wisconsin) Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, 23

Beepers, hearing, 19

Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA), 192

Behavioral tests, of hearing threshold, 1, 191

Behind-the-ear (BTE) model hearing aids, 141, 202–203

Bekesy tracking, 99

Benefit from interventions, assessment of, 175–177

Bilateral implantation, 157

Binaural testing, 136

Binomial probability theorem, 88

Blue Book (of the SSA), 69

BOA. See Behavioral observation audiometry

Bone audiometry, 31

Bone conduction audiometry, 115

thresholds, 14, 73

Brainstem response, infant auditory, 97

Branchiootorenal syndrome, 62

Brief case history, recommendations regarding, 113–114

Broadband masking stimulus, 54

testing speech in noise, 121, 128.

BTE. See Behind-the-ear models

C

Calibrated headphones, 48

California, workers’ compensation in, 19–20

California Consonant Test, 86

Canada, 14, 174

Candidacy

for cochlear implants, 209

for hearing aids, 142–143

CAPD. See Central auditory processing disorder

CapTel, 160

Carboplatin, 71

Carrier sounds, 53

Case histories, recommendations regarding, 113–114

Caseload for hearing impairment, Social Security disability determinations and, 25–27

Causes of hearing loss, 59–64

conductive hearing loss, 59–60

etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64

sensorineural hearing loss, 60–61

CCC-A. See Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology

CE. See Consultative examiner

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 154

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), 188

Central Institute for the Deaf Test W-22 (CID W-22), 81, 83, 155

Cerebellar tests (optional), 72

Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A), 110

20 CFR §416.924-926a, 30

20 CFR Part 404, 27, 30

Checklists, 114, 220–221

recommendations regarding, 112–113

in testing adults, 6, 114

in testing children, 8, 220

Cherry, Colin, 58

Chief complaint, in a medical history, 70

Children, 29–30

audiometric diagnostic evaluation for, 190–195

babbling stages in, 181

cochlear implants in, 209–214

communication assessment for, 195–202

current disability criteria for hearing for, 32–33

etiology of severe to profound hearing loss in, 62–63

functional domains considered in determining disability for, 31

grammatical development in, 181–182

hearing loss in, 180–223

procedures for determining disability in, 29–30

recommended tests and criteria for, 214–220

SSA decision flow for, 30

a standard otolaryngological examination for, 73

use of auditory prostheses by, 202–209

Children with hearing loss, 182–186

age at intervention, 186

complicating factors, 185

development of perception, speech production, and language in, 182–186

language skills, 184

speech skills, 183–184

unilateral hearing loss, 185–186

Children with normal hearing, 180–182

development of perception, speech production, and language in, 180–182

language skills, 181–182

speech skills, 181

Cholesteatoma, 60

Chronic otorrhea, 60

CIS. See Completely-in-the-canal model hearing aids

CID W-22. See Central Institute for the Deaf Test W-22

Circumaural headphones, 48

CIS. See Continuous interleaved sampling

Cisplatin, 64, 71

City University of New York (CUNY) Sentences, 83, 86, 88

Claimants

with hearing aids, separate test protocols for, 6–7

without hearing aids, separate test protocols for, 6–7

Clarion, 151–152, 156

Clark, Graeme, 149

Client Oriented Scale of Improvement (COSI), 176

Clinical audiologists, 5

qualifications of, 110

Clinical findings in a standard otolaryngological examination (physical examination), 70–72

balance and cerebellar tests (optional), 72

cranial nerves (optional), 72

head and neck examination, 72

informal observation of communication, 71

otoscopy, 71–72

tuning fork tests (optional), 72

Clinical findings (physical examination), in a standard otolaryngological examination, 71–72

Clinical practices, 148–149

Closed head trauma, 62

Closed-message tests, 86

Closed-set tests, 85–86

CM. See Cochlear microphonic components

Cochlea, 46–47

Cochlear Corporation, 149, 151

Cochlear implant communication outcomes in children, 209–214

demographic factors, 211

speech intelligibility and language, 211–214

spoken word recognition, 209–210

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Cochlear implant results, 155–158

bilateral implantation, 157

hybrid (combined acoustic and electrical) stimulation, 157–158

postlingual adult performance, 155–157

Cochlear implants, 127, 129–131, 148–158

age at implantation, 154

audiological criteria for implantation in adults, 152–153

components of, 150

duration of deafness, 155

medical considerations for implantation, 153–154

multichannel, 151, 155, 157

Cochlear implants in children, 209–214

cochlear implant communication outcomes in, 209–214

determining candidacy for, 209

Cochlear microphonic (CM) components, 63

Cochlear otosclerosis, 64

Cocktail party effect, 58

Cogan’s syndrome, 64

Cognitive factors, 20–22, 156, 197

Committee on Disability Determination for Individuals with Hearing Impairment, 1, 11

Common Phrases Test, 201, 218–219

Communication

barriers to, 170–171

informal observation of, 71

postimplant abilities, 210

Communication access, 164–165

Communication assessment, 195–202

language tests, 201–202

spoken word recognition, 195–201

Communication outcomes, cochlear implant in children, 209–214

Completely-in-the-canal (CIC) model hearing aids, 141

Complex sound, definition of, 44

Complicating factors, in children with hearing loss, 185

Conductive hearing loss, 59–60

ruling out, 110

Congenital hearing loss, 72

Congenital syphilis, 62

Connected Speech Test (CST), 84

Consultative examiner (CE), 69

Continuous interleaved sampling (CIS), 151, 156

Contralateral routing of signal (CROS), 203–204, 209

Cortical evoked potentials, 99–100

COSI. See Client Oriented Scale of Improvement

Cranial nerves testing (optional), 72

Craniofacial anomalies, 62

Criteria for determination of disability, in testing children, 7

Criteria for selecting a speech recognition test for disability determination, 118–123

maximum acceptable test-retest differences, 122

recommendations regarding, 118–123

Criteria for selecting tests for disability determination, recommendations regarding, 109

Critical bands, 51–52

CROS. See Contralateral routing of signal

CST. See Connected Speech Test

CUNY. See City University of New York Sentences

Current disability criteria for hearing, 30–33

criteria for adults, 31–32

criteria for children, 32–33

Current formula, limitations of, 4–5

Current measures, nature of, 13–18

Cutoff scores determined to be significant, 218

Cytomegalovirus, 62

D

daPa. See DekaPascals

Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment, 177

dB. See Decibel

Deaf community, perspectives of, 166–167

Deaf Culture, 166–167, 171

“Deaf mutism,” alleged, 31

Decibel (dB), 4–5, 7, 14, 18, 105

definition of, 43, 44

Degrees of hearing loss, categories of, 76

DekaPascals (daPa), definition of, 44

Delayed auditory feedback, 99

Dementia, 21

Demographic factors, 211

and hearing impairment, 22–24

Depression, 65, 168

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Detecting tones, thresholds of, 49

Development of perception, speech production, and language, 180–186

in children with hearing loss, 182–186

in children with normal hearing, 180–182

Device efficacy and features in children, audibility of hearing aids, 207–208

DI. See Social Security Disability Insurance(SSDI)

Diagnosis, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 72–73

Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 29

Digital processing, 142

Dihydrostreptimycin, 64

Direct assessment

of performance with assistive devices, 105

of disability, 173–174

Direct measures for toddlers and young children, in hearing aid use, 206

Directional microphones, 208

Disability

definitions of, 27, 35–37

models of, 33–34

predicting from clinical tests, 34–40

Disability determination, 172–179

cutoff scores determined to be significant, 218

different perspectives, 172–173

direct assessment, 173–174

indirect assessment, 174–177

pediatric checklist for audiological evaluation for disability determination, 220–221

recommended disability determinations for children who are deaf or hard of-hearing, 215

speech recognition tests for children, 218–219

tests and criteria for children, 214–220

Disability Research Institute, 39

Discomfort and pain, thresholds of, 49

Discontinuity, ossicular, 92

Discrimination, in auditory perception, 14, 52–53

Diseases. See also individual disease conditions and hearing loss, 59

Disequilibrium, 64

Doubly indirect assessment, 175

Duration of deafness, with cochlear implants, 155

E

E-mail, 160

Ear canal, 45

Early-intervention programs, 206–207

Early Speech Perception Test-Low Verbal Version (ESP-Low Verbal), 198, 209

Early versus late onset, of hearing loss, 164

Earphones, 74–75

Education and employment, 164–166

Americans with Disabilities Act, 165–166

communication access, 164–165

Effectiveness of sensory aids, prostheses, and assistive devices, 171

Effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–189

Emissions, otoacoustic, 93–95

Emotional problems, 65

Employer attitude, 171

Employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170

Energetic masking, 128

English, nonnative speakers of, 21, 89, 107

Epidemiological study, 23

Equipment for testing, recommendations regarding, 111–112

Equivalent volume, norms for, 92

ESP-Low Verbal. See Early Speech Perception Test-Low Verbal Version

Etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64

in adults, 63–64

in children, 62–63

Etymotic Research, Inc., 84

EuroQOL, 177

Exaggerated hearing loss, assessment when suspected, 99–100

F

Facial nerve paralysis, 64

False negative (FN) outcomes, 103, 139

False positive (FP) outcomes, 103

Family history, in a medical history, 71

FAPI. See Functional Auditory Performance Indicators

FDA. See U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Feedback, hearing aid, 145

FICA (Social Security tax program), 25

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Fire alarms, hearing, 19

Fitting hearing aids, and verification of amplification, 204

FM systems, used in hearing aids, 130, 159, 165, 203, 208, 209

FN. See False negative outcomes

Force (F), definition of, 43

Form SSA-4734-BK (“Physical Residual Functional Capacity Assessment”), 28

FP. See False positive outcomes

Frequency modulation. See FM systems

Frequency-specific hearing thresholds, 96

Functional Auditory Performance Indicators (FAPI), 206

Functional domains considered in determining disability for children, 31

Functional hearing requirements of jobs, 174

G

Gallaudet Research Institute, 23–24

Gallaudet University, 106

Gaucher’s disease, 62

Genetic hearing loss, 59, 62, 64

Gentamicin, 62

Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP), 176

Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language, 201

Grammatical development, in children, 181–182

Graphic representation, of pure-tone audiogram, 75

Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 19, 34–35, 66

H

Hair cell damage, 60, 93–94

Handicap, assessment of, 175–177

Head and neck examination, 72

Head-related transfer function (HRTF), 56–58

Headphones, calibrated, 48

Health-related quality of life (HRQL), 2, 12, 176–177

Hearing aids, 127, 129–131, 141–148, 202–209

audibility of in children, 207–208

behind-the-ear (BTE) models, 141

behind-the-ear (BTE) models, in children, 202–203

candidacy for, 142–143

candidacy for, in children, 203–204

completely-in-the-canal (CIC) models, 141

fitting and verification of amplification, in children, 204

fitting outcomes in adults, 143, 145–146

high-technology, 147

in children, 202–209

in-the-canal (ITC) models, in children, 205

in-the-ear (ITE) models, 141

in-the-ear (ITE) models, in children, 203

outcomes of using, in children, 204–209

problems not solved by, 144–145

research on outcomes, 146–148

selection and adjustment issues, 143–144

signal processing in, 141–142

special features and assistive devices, in children, 203

styles of, in children, 202–203

Hearing-critical tasks

and everyday activities, 18–19

work-related, 18–19, 125–126

Hearing disability, assessment of, 175–177

Hearing impairment, 32–33, 64

prevalence and demographics of, 22–24

Hearing in daily life, 164–172

ADA and accommodation, 172

effectiveness of sensory aids, prostheses, and assistive devices, 171

hearing in the workplace, 169–171

impact of hearing loss for adults, 164–166

psychosocial impact of hearing loss, 166–168

Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), 84–85, 123, 153, 218–219

Hearing in Noise Test for Children (HINTC), 200, 209

Hearing in the workplace, 169–171

communication barriers, 170–171

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170

prevalence of hearing loss in the workplace, 169

Hearing level (HL), 105

Hearing loss, 11n, 31, 51–55

categories of degrees of, 76

causes of, 59–64

conductive hearing loss, 59–60

congenital, 72

etiology of severe to profound hearing loss, 61–64

performance deficits resulting from, 2–3

psychosocial adjustment and, 167–168

sensorineural hearing loss, 60–61

Hearing loss in children, 180–223

audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 190–195

cochlear implants in children, 209–214

communication assessment, 195–202

development of perception, speech production, and language, 180–186

effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–189

infant hearing screening, 189–190

recommendations, 214–223

use of auditory prostheses, 202–209

Hearing Measurement Scale, 175

Hearing protection, 132

Hearing thresholds, 74, 142

behavioral tests of, 191

frequency-specific, 96

Hereditary disorders, and hearing loss, 59, 61–62, 64

Heredity, and hearing loss, 59

Herpes, 62

Hertz (Hz), definition of, 44

High-probability sentences, 83

High-technology hearing aids, 147

HINT. See Hearing in Noise Test

HINT-C. See Hearing in Noise Test for Children

HL. See Hearing level

House, William, 149

HRQL. Health-related quality of life

HRTF. See Head-related transfer function

Hughson-Westlake technique, 74

Hybrid (combined acoustic and electrical) stimulation, 157–158

Hyperacusis, 67

Hyperbilirubinemia, and hearing loss, 62

I

ICF. See International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health

ICIDH. See International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap

Identification, in auditory perception, 53–55

Idiopathic disorders, and hearing loss, 59, 62, 64

Immittance audiometry, in children, 194–195

Immittance measures, acoustic, 91–95

Immune-mediated disorders, and hearing loss, 63–64

Impact of hearing loss for adults, 164–166

early versus late onset, 164

education and employment, 164–166

Impact of hearing loss on daily life and the workplace, 163–179

disability determination, 172–178

hearing in daily life, 164–172

recommendations, 178–179

Impact of hearing loss on quality of life, 2

Impairment, definitions of, 11n, 36–37

IMSPAC, 206

In-the-canal (ITC) model hearing aids, 141, 203

In-the-ear (ITE) model hearing aids, 141, 203

Indirect assessment, 174–177

disability and assessment, 174–177

of hearing disability, handicap, and benefit from interventions, 175–177

Induction coil (T-coil), 145, 159

Infant auditory brainstem response, 97

Infant hearing screening, 189–190

Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), 199, 205, 209

Infections, and hearing loss, 59, 61, 63

Informal observation of communication, 71

Informational masking, 128

Inner ear, 46

Instant messaging, 160

Intelligibility. See Speech intelligibility

Interaural time, 55–56

International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), 34

International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap (ICIDH), 33

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

International Organization for Standardization, 19, 101

International Phonetic Alphabet, 21

Interventions, assessment of benefit from, 175–177, 223

Inventories for pediatric hearing outcome measures, in hearing aid use, 205–206

Iowa Sentence Test, 88

IT-MAIS. See Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale

ITC. See In-the-canal model hearing aids

ITE. See In-the-ear models

J

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, 62

Job taxonomies, 39, 104

Johns Hopkins University, 157

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 176

K

Kanamycin, 62, 64

Key issues, 11–22

hearing-critical work and everyday activities, 18–19

linguistic, cognitive, and other nonauditory factors, 20–22

nature of current measures, 13–18

prosthetic devices, 19–20

L

Laboratory findings, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 72

Language skills

in children with hearing loss, 184, 212

in children with normal hearing, 181–182

Language tests, in communication assessment, 201–202

Late cortical response (LCR), 95

Late potentials, 100

LCR. See Late cortical response

LDLs. See “Loudness discomfort levels”

Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT), 82, 200, 209, 218–219

Lexical retrieval, slowed, 184

LIFE. See Listening Inventories for Education

Limitations, of current formula and testing protocol, 4–5

Linguistic factors, 20–22

Listener performance, on speech recognition tests, 86–87

Listening Inventories for Education (LIFE), 205

Literature review, 40, 95

LNT. See Lexical Neighborhood Test

Localization, in auditory perception, 55–58

Loud sound exposure, and hearing loss, 59–60

“Loudness discomfort levels” (LDLs), 67

Low-probability sentences, 83

Lupus, systemic, 64

M

MAF. See Minimal audible field

“Malingering,” 99

MAP. See Minimal audible pressure

Marital distress, 168

Masking sounds, 51–54

Masking therapy, 66

Maternal prenatal infections, 62

Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale, 205

Measles, 62

Measures of auditory function incorporating background noise, performance of, 2

Measures of outcomes of hearing aids and features, in hearing aid use, 208

Measures of spoken word recognition

for preschool-age children, 198–199

for school-age children, 200–201

Med El, 149, 152

implants from, 151

Medical considerations for implantation, of cochlear implants, 153–154

Medical history in a standard otolaryngological examination, 69–71

chief complaint and present illness, 70

family history, 71

past medical history, 71

review of systems, 71

social history, 71

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Medical listing criteria, 14–16, 18, 24, 38–39, 104, 126, 172

Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), 177

Meniere’s disease, 61, 64

Meningitis, 62, 64

Mental retardation, 214

Michele deformity, 154

Microphones, directional, 208

Middle ear, 46, 59

dysfunction in, 95

Middle latency response (MLR), 95

Minimal audible field (MAF), 48–49

Minimal audible pressure (MAP), 48–49

MLNT. See Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood Test

MLR. See Middle latency response

Models of disability, 33–34

Monosyllabic speech discrimination, 17, 80–82, 156

Multichannel cochlear implants, 151, 155, 157

Multicultural and multilingual issues in evaluation of speech recognition, 89–91

speech recognition materials available in languages other than English, 90

Multimodal spoken word recognition, 197–198

Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood Test (MLNT), 199–200, 209, 218–219

Mumps, 62, 71

Myoclonic epilepsy, 62

N

NAL-NL1 procedure, 144, 207

NALR. See National Acoustics Laboratory Revised procedure

NAM. See Neighborhood Activation Model

National Academies, 169n

National Acoustics Laboratory Revised (NALR) procedure, 143

National Center for Health Statistics, 23

National Family Opinion (NFO) panel, 168

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III), 23

National Health Interview Survey, 19, 22

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 221

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 61

National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), 23–24, 189, 221

National Institutes of Health, 137, 189, 216, 221

National Research Council (NRC), 1, 11, 24n, 39

National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), 77, 106, 170

Neck. See Head and neck examination

Neighborhood Activation Model (NAM), 199

Neomycin, 64

Nephrotoxicity, 64

“Nerve deafness,” 60

Neural response imaging (NRI), 152

Neural response telemetry (NRT), 152

Neural syphilis, 64

Neurodegenerative diseases, 62

Neurofibromatosis, 62

Type II (NF-2), 159

Neuropathy, auditory, 18

NFO. See National Family Opinion panel

NHANES-III. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NIDCD. See National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders

Niemann-Pick disease, 62

Nitrogen mustard, 64

Noise

definition of, 44

exposure to, 113, 117, 170

speech recognition testing in, 105, 119–124, 128–129

Nonauditory factors, 20–22

performance deficits resulting from, 2–3

Nonnative speakers of English, 21, 89, 107

Nonsense Syllable Test, 86–87

Nonspeech sounds, in testing adult hearing, 2, 101–102

Nonverbal IQ, 212–213

Norie’s syndrome, 62

Normal hearing, children with, 180–182

Norms, for peak admittance, tympanometric width, and equivalent volume, 92

Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU6), 81, 88, 107, 120–123, 126–128, 134–136, 139, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Northwestern University-Children’s Perception of Speech Test (NUCHIPS), 198, 218–219

NRC. See National Research Council

NRI. See Neural response imaging

NRT. See Neural response telemetry

NTID. See National Technical Institute for the Deaf

NU6. See Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6

NU-CHIPS. See Northwestern University Children’s Perception of Speech Test

Nucleus CI-22, 155–156

Nucleus CI24M, 151–152

O

OAEs. See Otoacoustic emissions

Objective (physiological) testing, 1–2, 6, 18n

in testing adults, 6

in testing children, 192–195

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 61, 131

O*Net, 138

Open-set tests, 80–85

monosyllabic words, 80–82

sentence tests, 82–85

Open-set versus closed-set test formats, for spoken word recognition, 196–197

OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Ossicular chain, 45–47

increased stiffness of, 60

Ossicular discontinuity, 92

Otitis media, with effusion, 92

Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), 74, 93–95, 189–193, 214

Otolaryngological examination, 31, 70

children, 73

clinical findings (physical examination), 71–72

diagnosis, 72–73

laboratory findings, 72

medical history, 70–71

recommendations regarding, 108–109

standard, 69–73

treatment prescribed with response and prognosis, 73

what the claimant can still do, 73

Otolaryngologists, 66, 70, 108, 112

Otopalatodigital syndrome, 62

Otorrhea, 64

chronic, 60

Otosclerosis, 92

Otoscopy, 71–72

pneumatic, 71

Ototoxic drugs, and hearing loss, 59, 62, 64, 71

Outcomes of hearing aid use, 204–209

age at amplification, in children, 206–207

device efficacy and features in children, 207–208

direct measures for toddlers and young children, 206

FM systems, in children, 208

in adults, 145–148

measuring, in children, 208

outcomes with minimal and unilateral hearing loss, in children, 208–209

surveys and inventories for pediatric hearing outcome measures, 205–206

P

Pain, 64

thresholds of, 49

Paired comparison method, 206

Paired pulsatile sampler (PPS), 156

Past medical history, 71

PB-K. See Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten Word Lists

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 198

Peak admittance, norms for, 92

Pediatric checklist for audiological evaluation for disability determination, 220–221

Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test (PSI), 199, 218–219

Pendred’s syndrome, 62

Perception, auditory, 47–59

Performance

of aided testing of auditory function, 2

of measures of auditory function incorporating background noise, 2

of objective (physical) measures of auditory function, 1–2

Performance deficits

resulting from hearing loss, 2–3

resulting from nonauditory factors, 2–3

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Performance on audiometric tests, and work-related hearing-critical tasks, 125–126

Permanent threshold shift (PTS), and hearing loss, 61

Personnel to conduct the testing, recommendations regarding, 110–111

Phase (q), definition of, 44

Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten Word Lists (PB-K), 200

Phonophobia. See Hyperacusis

“Physical Residual Functional Capacity Assessment” (SSA form), 28

Pinna, 45, 56

Pitch perception, loss of, 158

Pneumatic otoscopy, 71

Postimplant communication abilities, 210

Postlingual adult performance, 155–157, 168

PPS. See Paired pulsatile sampler

Prediction of disability from clinical tests, 34–40, 172–178

definitions of impairment and disability, 36–37

Prelingual deafness

in adults, 61–62, 152–153

in children, 211

Presbycusis, and hearing loss, 59–60, 117

Preschool-age children, measures of spoken word recognition for, 198–199

Present illness, in a medical history, 70

Prevalence of hearing impairment, 22–24

in the workplace, 169

Priority, of research needed, 137–139

Problems not solved by hearing aids, 144–145

Procedures

for determining disability in adults, 27–29

for determining disability in children, 29–30

for pure-tone testing, 115–117

for speech threshold testing, 117–118

Profound hearing loss, 61–64

in adults, 63–64

in children, 62–63

Prosthetic correction, 140

Prosthetic devices, 19–20, 140–162

use of auditory, in children, 202–209

Protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135

Protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135–136

“Pseudohypacusis,” 99

PSI. See Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test

Psychometric properties, 123, 138

Psychosocial impact of hearing loss, 166–168

adjustment and hearing loss, 167–168

perspectives of the deaf community, 166–167

PTA. See Pure-tone average

PTS. See Permanent threshold shift

Public forum, 40–41

Pure-tone average (PTA), 4, 14–16, 50, 76, 106, 108, 117–118, 124, 126, 214, 216

Pure-tone threshold audiometry, 6, 13, 31, 73, 74–77, 115–116, 129, 191

categories of degrees of hearing loss, 76

graphic representation of pure-tone audiogram, 75

rationale and procedures for, 115–117

in testing adults, 6

Q

QALY. Quality-adjusted life year

QPS. See Quadruple pulsatile sampler

QSIN. See QuickSIN test

Quadruple pulsatile sampler (QPS), 156

Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), 157, 176

Quality of life, 2, 176

QuickSIN test (QSIN), 84, 123

R

R-SIN. See Revised speech in noise test

R-SPIN. See Revised Speech Perception in Noise test

Rationale

for pure-tone testing, 115–117

for speech threshold testing, 117–118

Reading achievement, 187

Real ear to coupler difference (RECD), 204

“Reasonable medical certainty,” 73

RECD. See Real ear to coupler difference

Recognition tasks, 53

Recommendations, 108–123, 178–179, 214–223

brief case history, 113–114

the checklist, 112–113

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

criteria for selecting a speech recognition test for disability determination, 118–123

criteria for selecting tests for disability determination, 109

disability determination, use of self-report in, 178–179

disability determination tests and

criteria for adults, 108–137

disability determination tests and criteria for children, 214–220

equipment for testing, 111–112

general recommendations for all testing, 5

otolaryngological examination, 108–109

personnel to conduct the testing, 110–111

rationale and procedures for pure-tone testing, 115–117

rationale and procedures for speech threshold testing, 117–118

for SSA action, 5–8, 106–108

test battery approach, 110

test environment, 111

for testing adults, 6–7

for testing children, 7–8

Recommendations for needed research, 8–9, 137–139, 161–162, 179, 220–223

highest priority, 137–138

related to adult disability determination, 8

related to children’s disability determination, 8–9

secondary priority, 138–139

Recommended disability determinations for children who are deaf or hard of-hearing, 215

Recommended testing protocol and medical listing formula, 124–133

dimensions and difficulty of auditory tasks in the workplace, 132–133

relationships between performance on audiometric tests and on work-related hearing-critical tasks, 125–126

Recorded versus live voice stimulus presentation, for spoken word recognition, 196

Reference-equivalent threshold force level (RETFL), 111–112

Reference-equivalent threshold sound pressure levels (RETSPL), 78, 111–112

Reflex thresholds, acoustic, 93

Rehabilitation Act of 1963, 164

Reliability in testing adult hearing, improving, 102

Reluctance to utilize assistive listening devices, 160

Research on outcomes of hearing aid use, 146–148

Residual Functional Capacity (SSA form), 38

Residual hearing, 156

RETFL. See Reference-equivalent threshold force level

RETSPL. See Reference-equivalent threshold sound pressure levels

Reverberant spaces, 57–58

Review of systems, in a medical history, 71

Revised speech in noise (R-SIN) test, 84

Revised Speech Perception in Noise (RSPIN) test, 83

Reynell Scales of Language Development, 201

Ringing in the ears. See Tinnitus

Ross, Mark, 172

Rubella, 62

S

S/B. See Signal-to-babble ratio

S/N. See Signal-to-noise ratio

SAS. See Simultaneous analog stimulation

School-age children, measures of spoken word recognition for, 200–201

Schools for the deaf, 106

Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER), 205

SDT. See Speech detection threshold

Selection and adjustment issues, with hearing aid use, 143–144

SELF. See Self Evaluation of Life Function scale

Self-assessment instruments, appropriate uses of, 178

Self Evaluation of Life Function (SELF) scale, 177

Self Help for Hard of Hearing People (SHHH), 172

Self-report, 20, 174–174

Sensorineural hearing loss, 59, 60–61

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Sensory aids, devices, and prostheses, 140–162

assistive listening devices (ALDS), 159–161

auditory brainstem implants, 159

cochlear implants, 148–158

hearing aids, 141–148

recommendations for research, 161–162

Sentence tests, 17, 82–85

high-probability, 83

low-probability, 83

Separate test protocols, in testing adults, 6–7

SES. See Socioeconomic status factors

Severity scale classification scheme, 76

Sex-linked syndromes, and hearing loss, 62

SF-36. See Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36)

SGA. See Substantial gainful activity

SHARP. See Situational hearing aid response profile

SHHH. See Self Help for Hard of Hearing People

Sickness Impact Profile, 177

SIFTER. See Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk

Signal processing in hearing aids, 141–142

Signal-to-babble (S/B) ratio, 83

Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 51, 54, 81–82, 86, 120, 127–128, 147

Significance, of cutoff scores, 218

SII. See Speech intelligibility index

Silastic pad, 159

Simmons, Blair, 149

Simultaneous analog stimulation (SAS), 156

SIN. See Speech in noise test

Situational hearing aid response profile (SHARP), 208

Skin cysts, 60

Sleep disturbance, 65

Slowed lexical retrieval, 184

Social Adequacy Index, 17

Social history, in a medical history, 71

Social Security Act

Title II, 24, 26

Title XVI, 24, 26

Social Security Administration (SSA), 1, 11–12, 24–33, 36–41, 69, 102, 172, 217, 219, 222

beneficiaries in current pay status, 26

current disability criteria for hearing, 30–33

decision flow for adults, 28

decision flow for children, 30

disability determinations and caseload for hearing impairment, 25–27

procedures for determining disability, 27–30, 64–65, 103

protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 135

protocol for persons using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 136

Social Security Advisory Board, 38

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 24–27, 73, 165

Socioeconomic status (SES) factors, 187–188, 213

Sound, the ear, and hearing, 42–68

auditory perception, 47–59

auditory system, 44–47

causes of hearing loss, 59–64

definitions, 43–44

hyperacusis, 67

introduction to sound, 42–47

tinnitus, 64–67

Sound detection, 48–52

in auditory perception, 48–52

thresholds of detecting tones and for discomfort and pain, 49

Sound discrimination, in auditory perception, 52–53

Sound identification, in auditory perception, 53–55

Sound intensity (I), definition of, 44

Sound localization, 55–58, 105

in auditory perception, 55–58

azimuth—overhead view of the listener, 56

Sound pressure (p), definition of, 43

Sound pressure level (SPL), definition of, 44, 48–50

Sound source determination, in auditory perception, 58–59

Sound waves, 42–43

Source determination, in auditory perception, 58–59

Sources of variability in the speech signal, in spoken word recognition, 197

Spanish bisyllabic words, lists of, 90

SPEAK. See Spectral Peak speech encoding algorithms

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Special features, for hearing aids, 203

Spectral notches, 56–57

Spectral Peak (SPEAK) speech encoding algorithms, 151, 156

Spectrum, definition of, 44

Speech audiometry, 77–86

closed-set tests, 85–86

open-set tests, 80–85

speech thresholds, 78–79

suprathreshold speech recognition, 79–80

“Speech babble,” 44

Speech detection threshold (SDT), 78–79, 117–118

Speech discrimination, medical listing criteria , 16, 31

Speech feature cueing, 223

Speech in noise (SIN) test, 84

revised, 84

Speech intelligibility, and language, 211–214

Speech intelligibility index (SII), 54, 87–88, 138, 146

improving accuracy of, 123

Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test, 83, 87

revised, 83

Speech perception tests, 157

in testing children, 7, 214–220

Speech production outcome measures, and spoken word recognition, 201

“Speech reading,” 21, 88, 156, 223

Speech recognition testing, 6, 119–120, 127, 146

with auditory and visual cues, 87–89

for children, 218–219

materials available in languages other than English, 90

in noise, 105

suprathreshold, 79–80

Speech recognition threshold (SRT), 31, 54, 73, 78, 85, 117–118

Speech skills

in children with hearing loss, 183–184

in children with normal hearing, 181

Speech testing, 17, 102

Speech therapy, 213

Speech threshold testing, 6, 78–79

rationale and procedures for testing, 117–118

in testing adults, 6

Speed of sound (c), definition of, 44

SPIN. See Speech Perception in Noise test

SPL. See Sound pressure level

Spoken word recognition, 195–201, 209–211

in communication assessment, 195–201

measures for preschool-age children, 198–199

measures of spoken word recognition for school-age children, 200–201

multimodal spoken word recognition, 197–198

open-set versus closed-set test formats, 196–197

recorded versus live voice stimulus presentation, 196

sources of variability in the speech signal, 197

speech production outcome measures, 201

Spondee words, 78n, 90

SRT. See Speech recognition threshold

SSA. See Social Security Administration

SSDI. See Social Security Disability Insurance

SSEP. See Steady-state evoked potential

SSI. See Supplemental Security Income

disability benefits;

Synthetic Sentence Identification test

Standard otolaryngological examination, 69–73

children, 73

clinical findings (physical examination), 71–72

diagnosis, 72–73

laboratory findings, 72

medical history, 70–71

treatment prescribed with response and prognosis, 73

what the claimant can still do, 73

Standardized language processing measures, 217

in testing children, 7

Standards. See American National Standards Institute

Stapedius muscle, 93

State workers’ compensation law, 36–37

Steady-state evoked potential (SSEP), 193

Stickler’s syndrome, 62

Streptomycin, 62

Study process, 40–41

Styles of hearing aids, 141, 202–203

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Subjective tests. See Behavioral tests

Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 25

ability to engage in, 103

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits, 24–25, 27, 29, 73, 165

Supra-aural earphones, 74–75

Suprathreshold speech recognition, 73, 79–80, 100

Surveys for pediatric hearing outcome measures, in hearing aid use, 205–206

Symptoms of ear disorders, 64

Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) test, 86

Syphilis, 62, 64

neural, 64

Systemic infections, and hearing loss, 62

Systemic lupus, 64

T

T-coil. See Induction coil

Tangible reinforcement audiometry (TROCA), 192

Task Force on Newborn and Infant Hearing, 216

Tay-Sachs disease, 62

Telephones, amplified, 159

Temporary threshold shift (TTS), and hearing loss, 61

Terminology defined, 43–44

area (Ar), 43

complex sound, 44

decibel (dB), 44

DekaPascals (daPa), 44

force (F), 43

Hertz (Hz), 44

noise, 44

phase (q), 44

sound intensity (I), 44

sound pressure (p), 43

sound pressure level (SPL), 44

spectrum, 44

speed of sound (c), 44

time (t), 44

tone, 44

white noise, 44

Test battery approach

recommendations regarding, 110

in testing adults, 6

Test environment, recommendations regarding, 111

Test protocols, 6–7

claimants with hearing aids, 6–7

claimants without hearing aids, 6–7

Test-retest differences, maximum acceptable, 122

Test-retest reliability, 83, 199

Testing adult hearing, 6–7, 101–139.

See also Otolaryngological examination

checklist completion, 6

general recommendations, 106–108

improving reliability, 102

key issues, 101–104

limitations of current formula and testing protocol, 105–106

nonspeech sounds, 2, 101–102

objective (physiological) testing, 6, 102

predictive validity, 102–104

protocol for persons not using a hearing aid or cochlear implant, 134–135

pure-tone threshold audiometric testing, 6

recommended protocol and medical listing formula, 124–133

research needed, 137–139

separate test protocols, 6–7

specific recommendations, 108–123

speech recognition testing, 6

speech threshold, 6

step-by-step protocols, 133–136

summary of criteria for hearing disability, 134

test battery, 6

Testing children’s hearing, 7–8

average hearing levels, 7

audiometric diagnostic evaluation, 190–195

checklist completion, 8

communication assessment, 195–202

criteria for determination of disability, 7

effects of hearing loss on literacy and education, 186–188

infant hearing screening, 189–190

speech perception tests, 7

standardized language processing measures, 7

tests and protocols varying with age of child, 7

Testing protocols

closed-set, 85–86

limitations of, 4–5

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

open-set, 80–85

in testing children, varying with age of child, 7

Threshold audiometry, 190–192

in adults, 115–118, 134–136

behavioral tests of hearing threshold, 191

in children, 190–192

Thresholds of detecting tones and for discomfort and pain, 49

Time (t), definition of, 44

Tinnitus, 64–67

distribution of suffering from, 65

TN. See True negative outcomes

Tobramycin, 62, 64

Tone, definition of, 44

Tonotopic organization, 46

TP. See True positive outcomes

Transducers, 94

Trauma, and hearing loss, 59, 64

Treacher Collins syndrome, 62

Treatment, prescribed with response and prognosis, in a standard otolaryngological examination, 70, 73

TROCA. See Tangible reinforcement audiometry

Trouble concentrating, 65

True negative (TN) outcomes, 103, 139

True positive (TP) outcomes, 103

“True score,” 16

TTS. See Temporary threshold shift

TTY technology, 160, 164

Tuning fork tests (optional), 72

TW. See Tympanometric width

Tympanic membrane, 45, 59

mobility of, 194

perforation in, 60, 92

Tympanograms, 91–92

Tympanometric width (TW), norms for, 92

Tympanometry, 91–92

norms for peak admittance, tympanometric width, and equivalent volume, 92

U

Unilateral hearing loss, in children with hearing loss, 185–186

United Kingdom, 14

University of California at San Francisco, 149

U.S. Census Bureau, 129

U.S. Department of Defense, 19

U.S. Department of Education, 137, 221

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 23

U.S. Department of Transportation, 19

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 106, 151–152, 154, 159

U.S. Public Health Service, 23

Usher syndrome, 62

V

VA. See Veterans Administration

Validity, predictive, testing adult hearing, 102–104, 179

Verification, 144

Vertigo, 64

Veterans Administration (VA), 81, 107, 120–123, 126–128, 134–136, 139, 155

Video recordings, 138

Viral meningitis, 64

Visual acuity, loss of, 100

Visual cues, speech recognition with, 21–22, 87–89, 223

Visual Impairments: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits, 24n, 33n

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA), 191, 214

Vocational grids, 38

Volume. See Equivalent volume

VRA. See Visual reinforcement audiometry

W

Waardenburg’s syndrome, 62

WDRC. See Wide dynamic range compression

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 64

White noise, definition of, 44

Whole nerve action potential measures, 152

Wide dynamic range compression (WDRC), 141, 203

Wildervaank’s syndrome, 62

WIPI. See Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification test

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
×

Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test, 200, 218–219

Work-related hearing-critical tasks, performance on audiometric tests and, 125–126

Workplace issues in hearing loss, 169–171

communication barriers, 170–171

employment status of adults with hearing loss, 169–170

prevalence of hearing loss in the workplace, 169

World Health Organization, 33–34, 36–37, 172, 177–178

World War II testing, 14

X

X-linked disorders, 62

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2005. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11099.
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Millions of Americans experience some degree of hearing loss. The Social Security Administration (SSA) operates programs that provide cash disability benefits to people with permanent impairments like hearing loss, if they can show that their impairments meet stringent SSA criteria and their earnings are below an SSA threshold. The National Research Council convened an expert committee at the request of the SSA to study the issues related to disability determination for people with hearing loss. This volume is the product of that study.

Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits reviews current knowledge about hearing loss and its measurement and treatment, and provides an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the current processes and criteria. It recommends changes to strengthen the disability determination process and ensure its reliability and fairness. The book addresses criteria for selection of pure tone and speech tests, guidelines for test administration, testing of hearing in noise, special issues related to testing children, and the difficulty of predicting work capacity from clinical hearing test results. It should be useful to audiologists, otolaryngologists, disability advocates, and others who are concerned with people who have hearing loss.

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