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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Index

A

Abortion, 524

access to, 48

contraceptive use and, 218

data sources, 215

health risks in, 5, 48, 191, 215, 242, 244

motivation, 218

policy recommendations, 247

prevalence, 215-216

provider characteristics and selection, 217-218, 244

research needs, 249

self-induced, 216

time during gestation, 216-217, 244

Adult roles, 3, 31

gender role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580

globalization effects, 588

indicators of successful transition to adulthood, 3-4, 26, 416

role of school in preparation for, 70

succession of, in transition to adulthood, 27, 31, 416

Africa

abortion practices, 218

access to mass media, 49, 409

access to perinatal health care, 544, 545

age differences between spouses, 445-447, 448

age patterns of first parenthood, 509, 511, 512-514, 516, 518, 519, 548, 549, 578

challenges for young people, 596

child labor trends, 342

child marriage, 8

condom use, 183

contraceptive use, 5, 209-212, 243

demographic trends, 40-41

dowry and bridewealth practices, 462-463

economic growth, 2, 20, 37, 59, 325

family structure and function, 56, 57

female genital cutting in, 193

female-headed households, 324

HIV/AIDS mortality, 174

HIV/AIDS patterns and trends, 3, 5, 47, 174, 179-180, 181, 182, 577, 583-584

HIV awareness and knowledge, 182

injury mortality, 187-188

labor force participation, 579

marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 423-425, 427, 432, 437, 442, 450, 456, 460, 479

maternal mortality, 191

mortality patterns, 5, 11, 174, 191, 583-584

population growth, 3, 18

poverty in, 3, 63, 579, 596

premarital childbearing, 9, 525, 530-533, 534-535, 549, 578

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

religious movements, 50

school participation and achievement, 3, 72, 73, 74, 76-77, 79, 81, 82-83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95, 102, 107, 108, 142

schooling for pregnant students, 545

sexual behaviors, 197-198, 200, 204, 206

time to first birth after marriage, 527

youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342

See also specific country

Agriculture, 326, 327, 331, 584-585

farm subsidies, 334-335

Alcohol abuse, 6, 226-227, 244.

See also Substance use

Argentina, 50

job training programs, 338

labor market trends, 328

school participation and performance, 92, 94

Armenia, 375

Asia, 595-596

access to perinatal health care, 544, 545

age differences between spouses, 448

age patterns of first parenthood, 511-512, 514, 516, 518, 519, 548, 549

child marriage, 8

contraceptive use, 209, 243

demographic trends, 2, 18, 40-41

dowry and bridewealth practices, 462, 465, 466

economic growth, 2, 20, 37, 54, 59, 325-326, 580

group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587

HIV/AIDS mortality, 174

HIV awareness and knowledge, 182

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370

labor force participation, 278, 579

labor market trends, 7

marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 436, 460, 480

maternal mortality, 191

motor vehicle-related mortality, 188

organizational membership and participation, 386

poverty in, 63, 579

premarital childbearing, 9

rates of return to schooling, 105, 332

school participation and achievement, 76-77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 107, 108, 142, 436

self-reported health assessments, 177-178

sexual behaviors, 197-198, 205

smoking patterns, 221

substance use, 244

time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529

youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342

See also specific country

B

Bangladesh

age differences between spouses, 447

child labor in, 300, 334

HIV awareness and knowledge, 183

labor force participation, 278, 303-304

marriage patterns and trends, 418, 436, 438, 465-466, 473, 479

maternal mortality and morbidity, 192

reproductive health interventions, 238

school participation and performance, 95, 124-125, 129, 130-131, 136-137

Benin, 450, 514

Bolivia, 94, 201

Botswana

HIV infection, 182

premarital childbearing, 535

reproductive health interventions, 233

Brazil, 50, 380

child labor in, 327, 340-341

consequences of premature parenthood, 524

contraceptive use, 212

demographic trends, 319-322

HIV infection risk, 181

homicide rates, 190

labor force participation, 278

migration patterns, 313, 315-317

political attitudes and participation, 384, 411

rates of return to schooling, 105

reproductive health interventions, 231

school participation and achievement, 87, 92, 94-95, 98, 101, 128

sexual behaviors, 200

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

Breastfeeding, 543

Burkina Faso, 468-469

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

marriage trends and patterns, 463, 479

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

migration from, 315

school participation and achievement, 95

schoolgirl pregnancy, 540

C

Cameroon, 106

abortion practices in, 216, 217, 218

age of puberty, 194

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

citizenship participation, 377

contraceptive use, 212

marriage patterns and trends, 450

premarital childbearing, 535

reproductive health interventions, 233, 235

school participation and achievement, 95

schoolgirl pregnancy, 541

sexual behaviors, 200

Child labor

data sources, 294, 296

definition, 23, 294

economic activity rates, 295

economic outcomes, 265-266

educational grants and subsidies to eliminate, 339-341, 343, 581

effective policy interventions, 332

family economic status and, 323-324, 334, 342

family size and, 324-325

health consequences, 297

international policies to eliminate, 333-334

labor demand and, 327, 328

long-term effects for workers, 301-302

mechanization of labor and, 331

national labor standards, 335-336

policy and program recommendations, 343

prevalence, 295-296

research recommendations, 344

schooling and, 297-301

trends, 296-297, 341

Childbirth. See Pregnancy and childbirth

Chile, 399

consequences of premature parenthood, 524

job training programs, 338

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 373

maternal mortality and morbidity, 192

motor vehicle-related mortality, 189

political attitudes and participation, 384-385

reproductive health interventions, 231-232

school participation and performance, 87, 93, 94, 140-141

China, 39, 468

abortion practices in, 217-218

distorted sex ratios, 443-444

economic growth, 37, 54

HIV infection patterns, 181, 242

influence of traditional norms and values, 51-52

labor force participation, 279

labor market trends, 328-329

marriage patterns and trends, 418, 419-420, 456, 459, 473

poverty rate, 63

rates of return to schooling, 104

reproductive health care, 48

school participation patterns, 72, 74

smoking behaviors, 223

suicide rate, 190

time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

Citizenship, 31, 346-415

alienation and disaffection, 350, 351, 406

attributes of successful transition, 346-347

community engagement, 391-397

concept of agency in, 351-352

data sources, 347-348, 368-370, 412-413

definitions and concepts of, 349-352

democratization trends, 39-40

economic status and, 350

feminist theory, 351, 373-374

gender differences, 404-406, 413, 414, 580-581

globalization and, 347, 350-351

human rights and, 352

importance of, 346, 412

inclusive societies, 351

as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 4, 26

institutional influences on, 397

international organizations and, 53, 353-356

interrelationship of developmental domains, 347

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

key findings, 412-413

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370-374, 400-401

livelihood enhancement programs, 402-403, 414

media influence, 408-411

military service and, 375, 406-407

national service and, 407-408

nonschool-based programs promoting, 400-403

organizational membership and participation, 385-390, 403, 413

policy recommendations, 413-414

political activism, 377-385

political party membership, 375-377

postcolonial conceptualization, 349-350

research recommendations, 414-415

rights and responsibilities of young people, 356-365, 412

role of school in preparation for, 70-71, 397-400, 413

scope of, 7, 347

self-perception and, 414

social relationships and, 349, 350

trends, 7, 580-581

trust in institutions, 392-393, 396-397, 401, 413

volunteerism, 402

voting behaviors, 374

work and, 404-406

Colombia, 399

age patterns of first parenthood, 512

homicide rates, 190

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 373

labor market, 328-329

political attitudes and participation, 385

school participation and performance, 94, 128, 138

sexual behaviors, 208

Community-level context, 55-58

perceived safety, 391, 392

reproductive health interventions, 238-239

school administration, 131-132

school performance, 110

social engagement, 391-397

Conceptual framework, 32-63

analytical levels, 33-35

changes in transition to adulthood, 35

concept of causality in, 28-29, 35

concept of change in, 35

concept of global convergence, 58-63

contextual approach, 33-35

Condom use

access, 47-48

behavioral influences, 57

educational attainment and, 245

HIV infection risk and, 181, 183

mass media campaigns to promote, 233

patterns and trends, 5, 183-187, 243-244

peer educator program to promote, 58, 235

research needs, 250

sex education and, 231, 232

workplace-based health promotion, 237-238

Congo, Democratic Republic of, 193

Conscription, 356, 357-364

Contraceptive use, 5

abortion rate and, 218

access, 47-48, 209

age patterns, 213

behavioral influences, 57

educational attainment and, 209-212

knowledge, 209, 213-214

patterns and trends, 48, 209-214, 243

peer educator programs to promote use of, 57-58, 235

policy recommendations, 246, 247

religious orientation and, 212

research needs, 249

school-based interventions to promote, 231-232

at sexual initiation, 212-213

sources of information, 57

urban residency and, 212

See also Condom use

Costa Rica, 87

alcohol consumption, 226

HIV infection risk, 181

Côte d’Ivoire

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

marriage patterns and trends, 450

school participation and achievement, 95

Country income

age patterns of first parenthood and, 518

demand for labor and, 325-327

school achievement and, 83, 87

school attendance and, 46, 72, 73, 74, 76-78, 152-155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

Criminal justice system

public attitudes and beliefs, 396-397

rights of young people, 356-357

Criteria for successful transition to adulthood, 3-4, 26, 168, 169, 346-347, 416, 506-507

Cuba, 94, 215, 218

Cyprus, 93

D

Data collection

abortion practices, 215

access to national censuses and surveys, 591-592

analytical strategy, 27-29

child labor, 294, 296

citizenship participation, 347-348, 368-370, 412-413

contextual specification, 589-590, 593-594

cross-sectional surveys, 590

data quality assessment, 591

employment, 28, 268, 269, 273, 279-287

evaluation of programs and policies, 22, 30, 581-582, 585, 594-595

experimental research, 27-29

gaps in current knowledge base, 585-589

health status, 248

marriage trends and characteristics, 417-419

mortality, 173-174

parenthood, 507

recommendations for, 12-13, 589-595

research designs, 594-595

school performance, 118-120

school policy outcomes, 141-142

school research needs, 146-147

sexual behavior, 195, 196, 200, 248

sexual coercion, 205

smoking behaviors, 219-221

sources of transition data, 28, 29, 30, 71-72, 90

Democratization, 39-40, 52, 580-581

Demographic patterns

age differences between spouses, 444-450, 480

age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515

challenges for developing countries, 44-45

child dependency ratios, 41

childbearing age, 8-9

distorted sex ratios in Asia, 443-444

dowry practices and, 465

employment patterns, 7

family size and structure trends, 18, 41-42, 98

marriage age, 8, 479-480

population growth, 3

projections, 2, 18, 40-41

regional distribution, 17-18, 40

research needs, 586

supply of entry-level labor, 319-322, 341-342

urban populations, 43-44

young population, 2, 17-18, 40

Depression, 176-177

Disability-adjusted life years, 175-176

Discrimination

against women, in marriage, 481, 482

in employment, 330-331, 333, 587

research recommendations, 344

school policy recommendations, 145

in schooling, 139-140

See also Gender discrimination

Divorce, 364-365, 416-417, 464

Djibouti, 193

Dominican Republic, 94, 370, 384

Dowry, 460-461, 462, 464-466, 481, 482

E

Early phase of transition

definition, 23

school participation patterns, 72

Economic growth

demand for labor and, 322, 325-327

educational attainment and, 45, 143

globalization outcomes, 20, 36-37

labor market trends and, 7, 41

marriage patterns and, 473

prerequisites for individual opportunity, 18

rates of return to schooling and, 104, 143

regional differences, 2-3, 20-21, 54, 58-59, 580

structural reforms for, 326-327

worker health and, 172

See also Country income;

Poverty

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

Ecuador, 406

labor force participation, 278

reproductive health interventions, 234

Educational attainment and performance

availability of teaching resources and, 137

child labor and, 301

class size and, 135-137

contraceptive use and, 209-212, 245

by country, 162-167

critical thinking skills, 578

data sources, 90

early childbearing and, 518-519

employment outcomes, 6-7, 18, 68, 103, 105, 129, 266-267, 310, 329, 341, 342

family factors, 97-99

gender differences, 4, 83-84, 87, 88, 92, 95, 139, 142, 145-146, 162-167, 580

by grade, 164-165

HIV and, 187

household wealth and, 102

literacy, 90-91, 397

marriage behavior and, 106, 434-437, 480

marriage patterns and, 425-427

political knowledge and participation and, 400-401

postsecondary education, 88, 104, 166-167

recommendations to improve, 145-146

school voucher program outcomes, 140-141

sexual behavior and, 10-11, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 577, 584

standardized test scores, 91-96, 143, 147

teacher factors, 138-139

technological advancement and, 331-332

trends, 83-88, 95-96, 341, 578

See also School attendance

Egypt, 405, 468-469

age of puberty, 194

female genital cutting in, 193

labor force participation, 278, 303, 305-307, 331

labor market trends, 328, 329

marriage patterns and trends, 441, 442-443

maternal mortality and morbidity, 192

public works employment, 339

school participation and performance, 95, 96, 116, 122, 130, 132

vocational education programs, 337-338

El Salvador, 131-132, 190

Employment. See Labor force participation;

Work

Ethiopia, 331, 447

Europe, central and eastern

economic growth, 37, 59

substance use, 244

F

Families

child dependency ratios, 41

determinants of labor participation, 324-325

determinants of school participation and performance, 97-99

differences in size and structure, 55-56, 98-99

female household headship, 324-325

household manager role, 31

household work burden, 270, 272-273, 298-299, 324-325, 340

influence of, in transition to adulthood, 55, 56-57, 58

intrafamilial resource allocation, 586

living arrangements of newly married couples, 467-469

school expectations, 96

trends in size and structure, 18, 41-42, 324

See also Household wealth;

Parenthood

Family planning services, 545

access to, 47-48, 209

recommendations, 246, 550

Feminist thought, 351, 373-374

G

Gender differences

age at marriage, 8, 420

age patterns of first parenthood, 508-509

alcohol use, 226, 244

citizenship participation, 404-406, 413

conceptualization of success in transition to adulthood, 25

contraceptive use, 48, 212-213

discrimination. See Gender discrimination

effects of double shift school schedule, 132

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

employment patterns and trends, 6, 267-268, 404-405

equal rights outcomes, 25

globalization effects, 35-36

health risks, 169

HIV/AIDS mortality, 5

HIV infection patterns, 179, 180-181, 242

HIV infection risk factors, 181

homicide, 189-190

household work participation, 270-273, 580

knowledge and interest in politics, 7, 370-372, 373-374, 413, 580-581

labor force participation, 273-279, 302-308

legal rights, 364-365

leisure time, 390

military service, 406-407

mortality patterns, 173, 242

policy and program recommendations to improve equality, 11, 583

political activism, 384, 385

preparation for employment, 266

research needs, 147, 586, 587

role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580

school enrollment grant and subsidy programs, 124-125

school expectations, 96

school participation and achievement, 4, 45-46, 72-73, 74, 76-79, 80-81, 82, 83-84, 87, 88, 92, 95, 98-99, 139, 142-143, 148-167, 580, 586

sexual behaviors, 195, 203-204, 208

smoking behaviors, 221-222, 244

suicide rates, 190

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

unemployment, 310

work-school time use patterns, 270-273, 341

See also Women’s issues

Gender discrimination

school eligibility rules, 123

school policy recommendations, 145-146

teacher attitudes, 114-116, 139

Genital cutting, female, 193-194, 482-483

Georgia, 370

Ghana, 108

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

marriage patterns and trends, 450

reproductive health interventions, 235

Globalization

citizenship participation and, 347, 350-351

conceptual framework for studying transitions to adulthood, 33-36

distribution of outcomes, 1, 20-21, 32-33, 37-38, 39, 58-63

economic impact, 36, 37

implications for education, 38, 46, 89, 143

implications for health, 170

implications for transition to adulthood, 1, 17, 32-33

individual differences in effects of, 35-36

influence of transnational organizations and agreements, 52-53

labor markets and, 38, 265-266, 587

national governance and, 53-55

political attitudes and, 381

research needs, 588-589

scope of change in, 32, 36

technology development and diffusion, 38-39

trade policies, 12

in transmission of cultural values, 49

Grants and subsidies, educational, 124-129, 144, 300-301, 339-341, 343

effectiveness, 4, 581

Guatemala

age differences between spouses, 447

consequences of premature parenthood, 524

maternal mortality and morbidity, 192

sexual behaviors, 201

Guinea, 57

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

reproductive health interventions, 233

Guineau-Bissau, 192

H

Haiti, 180, 182

Health, 168-250.

See also Mental health;

Physical health;

Reproductive health

HIV/AIDS, 19

access to care, 47

age at sexual initiation and, 199-200

challenges for sub-Saharan Africa, 3, 47, 170, 596

disability-related life years, 176

educational attainment and, 187, 245

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

future prospects, 182, 242

gender differences, 179, 180-181, 242

implications for childbearing decisions, 543, 586

infection rates, 179-181

interventions to prevent, 236, 237-238, 246-247

marriage and, 181, 243, 443

maternal, 175, 182, 543

mortality, 5, 47, 173, 174, 577, 583-584

policy recommendations, 246-247

public knowledge, 182-183

research needs, 586

risk factors, 179, 181-182, 187, 243

sexual behavior and, 179, 181-182, 204

trends, 47, 182-187, 242

Homicide, 189-190, 242

Honduras, 94

Household wealth

consequences of premature parenthood, 523-524

discrimination in schools based on, 139-140

intrafamilial resource allocation, 586

labor force participation and, 323, 342

living arrangements of newly married couples, 467-469

marriage patterns and, 420-421, 422, 425-427

mortality and morbidity risk and, 245

rates of return to schooling, 103-106, 143

school attendance and, 75-76, 79, 80, 102, 123, 142-143, 145

See also Poverty

Human rights

citizenship conceptualization, 352

UN conventions and agreements, 353-355

I

India

abortion practices, 216, 217

age of puberty, 194

dowry practices, 465, 466

economic growth, 37

employment assistance programs, 338-339

employment patterns, 308-310

family structure and influence, 56

HIV infection, 242

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370

labor force participation, 279

marriage patterns and trends, 443-444, 456, 459, 473, 478

poverty rate, 63

rates of return to schooling, 104, 331, 332

reproductive health care, 48, 240

school participation and performance, 72, 74, 77-78, 99, 136, 141, 144

sexual behaviors, 204, 206, 208

smoking patterns, 221

social significance of childbirth in marriage, 529-530

time to first birth after marriage, 529

time use patterns, 272

vocational education programs, 337

Indonesia, 541

abortion practices, 217

marriage patterns and trends, 454, 455, 456-457, 459

school participation and performance, 92, 93, 104, 130

sexual behaviors, 197

Information technology, 18, 19

access, 408-409, 411, 414

civic role, 408

labor market, 39

policy recommendations, 414

Inheritance laws, 364-365

Injury mortality, 175, 187-190

International Labour Organization, 23, 295-296, 333

International governance, 52-53, 54-55

International organizations. See Nongovernmental organizations;

United Nations

Internet, 18, 19, 39, 408-409, 411, 414

Iran, 93

political environment, 377-380

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

Israel, 136

J

Jamaica, 138, 212-213

Japan, 375

Java, 454

Jordan, 93, 402, 448-449

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

K

Kenya, 52, 403

community connectedness, 393-396

demographic trends, 319-321

health intervention in schools, 134

marriage patterns and trends, 436, 450, 456, 463-464

migration patterns, 313-315

premarital childbearing, 535

reproductive health interventions, 238

school participation and performance, 95, 96, 114-116, 123, 124, 133, 137, 138-139

schoolgirl pregnancy, 540, 541

sexual behaviors, 203, 206, 208

time use patterns, 272

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

L

Labor force participation, 269, 331, 579

age of labor force entry, 6, 18, 41, 341

family factors, 324-325

gender differences, 273-279, 302-308

marriage and, 437-442

poverty and, 322-324

See also Work

Later phase of transition, 23

Latin America and Caribbean

abortion practices in, 216, 218

access to mass media, 49

access to perinatal health care, 544

age patterns of first parenthood, 509, 511, 512, 514, 516-519, 548-549

condom use, 183

contraceptive use, 5, 209, 243

demographic trends, 2, 40-41, 319

economic growth, 2, 37, 59, 325, 326, 580

employment patterns, 311

group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587

HIV/AIDS mortality, 174

HIV awareness and knowledge, 182

HIV infection patterns, 180-181

homicide rates, 190, 242

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370, 372-373

labor force participation, 579

labor market trends, 7, 341-342

marriage patterns and trends, 418, 420, 421, 423-425, 437, 480, 580

marriage trends and patterns, 419

maternal mortality, 191

organizational membership and participation, 386-387

political attitudes and participation, 381-384

population growth, 18

poverty rate, 63

premarital childbearing, 9, 525, 530-533, 549

religious movements, 50

school participation and achievement, 76-77, 82-83, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94-95, 102, 125

school participation and performance, 72, 74

schooling for pregnant students, 545

self-reported health assessments, 178

sexual behaviors, 197-198, 206

time to first birth after marriage, 527, 529

trust in institutions, 392-393

See also specific country

Law enforcement, 357

public attitudes and beliefs, 396-397

Leisure time, 390

Lesotho, 182, 453

Life expectancy, 46, 171-172

Livelihood enhancement programs, 402-403, 414

M

Madagascar, 95, 450

Malawi, 124, 450, 472

Malaysia, 93, 181, 541

Mali, 450, 463, 514

Marriage, 31, 416-505

age differences between spouses, 444-450, 480, 580

age trends and patterns, 8, 243, 417-418, 419, 421-427, 454, 467, 473, 479-480, 580, 588

arranged, 56, 454-456, 457, 459, 481

bridewealth/bride-price, 462-464, 481, 482

causes for delay in, 427-444, 480, 588

consanguineous, 460-461

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

cost of, 442-443

data sources, 28, 417-419

definition, 417-418

distorted sex ratios and, 443-444

divorce risk, 416-417

dowries, 460-461, 462, 464-466, 481, 482

economic status and, 420-421, 422, 425-427, 467

educational attainment and, 106, 425-427, 434-437

freedom of choice in, 453-454, 482

HIV infection risk and, 181, 243, 443

as indicator of adulthood, 24, 416

key findings, 479-481

labor force participation and, 437-442

legal age for, 469-472, 473, 481-482

living arrangements after, 467-469

outcomes of early marriage, 469

policy recommendations, 481-483

polygyny, 450-453

prevalence, 417-421, 479-480

research needs, 587, 588

research recommendations, 483-484

risk factors in later age of, 18-19

rural-urban residence and, 425-427

sequencing of parenthood in, 525

spousal selection process, 454-460, 481

strategies for raising age of, 472-479, 481, 482

time to childbearing, 8, 527-529

Mass media, 50

access, 49, 408-409, 411

alcohol promotion, 244

citizenship participation and, 408-411

globalization and, 4

marriage patterns and trends and, 443

political influence, 409, 411

sexual and reproductive health campaigns, 232-234

smoking promotion, 48, 170, 240-241

utilization, 409

Mental health, 243

as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26

morbidity, 176-177

physical health and, 177

research needs, 249

self-reported life satisfaction, 177-178

sexual coercion outcomes, 206-208

See also Self-perception

Mexico

abortion rate, 216

age differences between spouses, 447

alcohol consumption, 226

child labor in, 327

consequences of premature parenthood, 524

demographic trends, 319-321

HIV infection risk, 181

labor market trends, 328

migration from, 315

motor vehicle-related mortality, 189

political attitudes and participation, 384

premarital childbearing, 535

reproductive health interventions, 238

school participation and performance, 92, 94, 125-128, 136-137, 340

time use patterns, 270

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

vocational education programs, 337

Middle East

age differences between spouses, 447

age patterns of first parenthood, 511, 512, 514-515, 516, 518, 548-549

contraceptive use, 243

economic growth, 580

group identification and transition to adulthood, 586-587

HIV/AIDS mortality, 174

labor force participation, 579

marriage patterns and trends, 419, 420, 421, 460

maternal mortality, 191

premarital childbearing, 9, 525

religious movements, 50-51

school participation and achievement, 72, 76, 77, 79, 88

time to first birth after marriage, 529

youth employment patterns, 7, 341-342

Middle phase of transition

definition, 23

school attendance patterns, 72-73

Migration

age patterns, 313, 317

motivation, 315

rural to urban, 315-317

for work, 311-317

See also Urbanization

Military service, 337, 356, 357-364, 375, 406-408

child soldiers, 407

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

Millennium Development Goals. See United Nations, Millennium Development Goals

Morocco, 93, 137-138

Mortality and morbidity

abortion-related, 215, 242

alcohol-related, 226

child labor outcomes, 297

consequences of premature parenthood, 522

data sources, 28

disability-adjusted life years, 175-176

economic vulnerability, 245

gender differences, 173, 242

HIV/AIDS, 5, 47, 173, 174, 176, 577, 583-584

life expectancy, 46, 47, 171-172

maternal, 191-194, 242, 519-522, 543, 578, 583-584

projections, 173

regional differences, 173-174

smoking-related, 219, 223

trends, 46-47, 171-179, 191-192, 241-242

See also Injury mortality

Motor vehicle accidents, 48, 242, 248

injury prevention, 189

mortality, 175, 188-189

trends, 189

Mozambique, 182

N

Namibia, 231

National income. See Country income

Nepal

age patterns of first parenthood, 512

child labor laws, 335-336

dowry practices, 465

marriage patterns and trends, 473

sexual behaviors, 197

Nicaragua, 128, 138

child labor in, 300, 340

gang membership, 387

time use patterns, 272

Nigeria, 468-469

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

consequences of premature parenthood, 524

marriage patterns and trends, 425, 442, 450, 463

premarital childbearing, 535, 536

reproductive health interventions, 231, 235

sexual behaviors, 208

Nongovernmental organizations, 19, 52, 53

political and civics programs, 400-403

youth citizenship activism programs, 355-356

See also United Nations

Nutrition

health status trends, 172

school feeding programs, 134

school participation and, 99-100, 134

O

Obesity, 219, 220

On-the-job training, 329-330

P

Pakistan

child labor in, 300

demographic trends, 319-321

labor force participation, 303

marriage patterns and trends, 455, 457

school participation and performance, 71, 72, 96, 100, 108, 131, 132, 135

time use patterns, 272

Palestine, 402

Panama, 87

Paraguay, 94, 232-233

Parenthood, 31, 506-571

age patterns and trends, 508-515, 516-519, 548-549, 552-563, 588

arranged marriages, 454-456, 457, 459

contextual influences, 507-508, 515-516, 536

data sources, 507

determinants of child school participation, 100-101

determinants of success in, 506-507

early childbearing in rural and urban areas, 518, 519

economic outcomes, 523-524

educational attainment of young mothers, 518-519

effectiveness of interventions, 550

influence on child outcomes, 56, 507

key findings, 548-549

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

newborn and infant health, 522

policies and programs to promote successful transition to, 545-548

policy recommendations, 549-550

premarital, 507, 525-527, 530-536, 549, 568-571

premature, consequences of, 507, 515, 519-525

reproductive health interventions, 237

research needs, 549, 551, 587, 588

sequencing of first birth, 527-529

social context, 529-530

See also Pregnancy and childbirth

Peer influence, 57

peer educator interventions, 57-58, 235

Peru, 468-469

reproductive health interventions, 235

school participation and performance, 92, 137

sexual behaviors, 206, 208

Philippines, 331

age differences between spouses, 447

school participation and performance, 93, 100, 138

sexual behaviors, 197

smoking behaviors, 223

Physical health, 31, 227

challenges for young people, 5-6, 47-48, 170-171

conceptualization of successful transition, 169

contextual factors influencing, 170

economic benefits, 172

effectiveness of programs and policies, 227-228

gender-mediated risk factors, 169

health behaviors, 170-171, 227, 234-235

as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26

interaction with other aspects of transition, 47

key findings, 241-245

mental health linkage, 177

normal changes in maturation, 168-169, 194-195

policy and program recommendations, 11, 583-584

regional differences, 170, 179

research recommendations, 248-250

risky behaviors, 171, 219

role in successful transition to adulthood, 168

school attendance as protective factor, 577

school-based interventions, 134

school demand related to overall improvement in, 99-100

trends, 5, 18, 46-47, 170, 171-179, 241-242, 577

vaccination programs, 134

young people’s self-assessment, 177-178

See also HIV/AIDS;

Mortality and morbidity;

Reproductive health

Political context, 39-40

activism among young people, 377-385

civic participation promotion programs, 400

decentralization, 55

education in, 397-398

influence of religion, 50-51

international governance, 52-53, 54-55

knowledge and interest in politics among young people, 370-374, 400-401, 413

organizational membership and participation, 386

party membership, 375-377

role of mass media, 409, 411

trust in institutions, 392-393, 396-397

unemployment, 406

voting behaviors, 374

See also Citizenship

Polygyny, 450-453

Poverty

associated risks, 10, 579, 582, 586

child labor and, 6, 334, 342

international trade policies and, 12

labor force participation and, 322-324, 343

as obstacle to successful transitions, 4, 579, 596

patterns and trends, 3, 4, 20, 60-63, 324, 579

policy and program recommendations, 9-10, 582-583

regional differences, 20-21, 58, 63, 579

research needs, 586

school participation and, 145, 146, 343

Pregnancy and childbirth

access to health services, 544-545, 550

age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515, 516-519, 578, 580

age-related outcomes, 192-193

among working women, 541-543

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

data sources, 28

female genital cutting and, 193

health care trends, 48

health risks in, 5, 11, 48, 191, 544

HIV complications, 175, 543

HIV infection prevalence, 182

morbidity and mortality, 191-194, 242, 578

policy and program recommendations, 247, 550

premarital, 9, 525-527, 530-536, 549, 568-571

research needs, 249, 250

school participation and, 524, 536, 538-541, 545, 550

social significance of, in marriage, 529-530

time to first birth after marriage, 527-529, 566-567

trends and patterns, 8-9, 48, 59

Property rights, 364-365

Puberty, 168-169, 170-171, 194-195

R

Rape. See Sexual violence and coercion

Regional differences, 19-20

access to mass media, 49, 408-409, 411

age at marriage, 421-426

age differences between spouses, 447-448

age patterns of first parenthood, 508-515, 516-519, 552-563

AIDS/HIV infection, 179-181

AIDS/HIV mortality, 174

Asian economies, 54

convergence trends, 58-62, 579-580

economic growth, 2-3, 580

globalization effects, 1, 20-21, 32-33, 37-38

health, 170, 179

homicides, 190

influence of global culture, 49, 50, 51

legal age for marriage, 469-472

marriage patterns and trends, 417, 486-505

mortality, 173-174, 188-189, 191

premarital childbearing, 525-527, 530-533, 564-566, 568-571

rights and responsibilities of young people, 356-365

school participation and achievement, 4

self-reported life satisfaction, 177-178

sexual coercion, 205-206

sexual initiation, 197-199

smoking behaviors, 221, 252-261

substance use, 225-226

suicide rates, 190

technology access, 39

time to first birth after marriage, 566-567

Religious belief and practice

contraceptive use and, 212

educational system and, 71

fundamentalist factions, 50-51

organizational membership and participation, 386, 392, 393-396

political influence, 50-51

sexual behavior and, 200-201

smoking risk and, 223

trends, 50

Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies

comprehensive youth development programs, 239-240

evaluation of, 22, 229-230, 245, 249, 581-582

implementation trends, 228-229

individual differences and, 246

media and social marketing programs, 232-234

multicomponent community-based programs, 238-239, 245, 246-247, 577, 582

outcomes, 245

peer promotion interventions, 57-58, 235

programs for parents, 237

recommendations, 11-12, 245-247, 583-584

research needs, 249-250

school-based, 11-12, 230-232, 245-246

workplace-based, 237-238

youth center-based, 236

youth-friendly health services, 234-235

Reproductive health, 31

access to services, 47-48

age of puberty, 194-195

challenges for young people, 5-6

as indicator of successful transition to adulthood, 3, 26

research needs, 585-586

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

See also Condom use;

Contraceptives;

Pregnancy and childbirth;

Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies;

Sexual behavior;

Sexually-transmitted disease

Rural areas

access to schools, 107-108

community school program, 131-132

marriage patterns and trends, 425

residential characteristics of young mothers, 518, 519

school attendance patterns, 78-79, 102-103, 124, 156-159

Russia

HIV infection risk, 181

homicide rates, 190

smoking patterns, 221

Rwanda, 450

S

Scholarships, 128-129

School attendance

abortion decision based on, 218

by age, 74

age of entry, 100, 145

child labor and, 297-301

country income level and, 46, 72, 73, 74, 76-78, 143, 152-155

current patterns, 72-74, 148-161

family factors, 98, 325

feeding programs and, 134

gender differences, 4, 46, 72-73, 74, 76-79, 80-81, 82, 98-99, 142-143, 148-161, 580

grade level and, 74

grant and subsidy programs, 4, 124-129, 144, 300-301, 339-341, 343, 581

health and nutrition factors, 99-100, 134

by household wealth, 75-76, 79, 80

household wealth and, 102, 142-143, 145

implications for health, 577

key findings, 142-143

literacy rates and, 90-91

parental schooling and, 100-101

policies and regulations, 122-123

postsecondary, 166-167

pregnancy and, 524, 536, 538-541, 545, 550

recommendations to improve, 144-145

reproductive health and, 10-11, 584

research needs, 586

rural-urban differences, 78-79, 102-103, 156-159

school fees and, 123-124

school quality and, 137, 144

sexual behavior and, 10-11, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 247, 250, 577, 584, 585-586

teacher factors, 135, 138

time use patterns, 270-273

trends, 4, 45, 46, 79-83, 142, 578, 579

See also Educational attainment and performance;

Schooling

Schooling, 31, 67-176

access to schools, 5, 45-46, 107-109, 130-133, 143

administrative structure and function, 118, 131-132, 146

alternative and nonformal schools, 130-131, 147

citizenship training, 70-71, 397-400, 413

community involvement, 110, 131-132, 146

costs of, 109-111, 123-124

cultural development and, 70

curriculum characteristics, 112, 137-138

data sources, 28, 71-72

demand, 68-69, 96, 99, 122-129

discriminatory practice in, 139-140

double shifting, 132

economic benefits, 45, 46, 143

evaluations of existing programs and policies, 146, 581

expectations of students and families, 96

feeding programs, 134

gender role socialization in, 70, 114-116

globalization and, 38, 46, 89

goals, 46, 68, 398

health interventions in schools, 134, 170, 230-232, 245-246

implications of globalization, 38, 46, 143

key findings, 142-144

language of instruction, 112-113, 137-138, 147

length of school day, 134

military service training, 406

Millennium Development Goals, 89, 144, 583

new school construction, 130

parental influence on outcomes, 56

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

policy and program recommendations, 10, 144-146, 583

political context, 397-398

pressure for reform, 46, 68-69, 106-107, 144

private schools and tutoring, 108-109, 128, 131, 143-144

provider accountability, 146

quality, 5, 111-113, 133-142, 144-145, 203, 247, 250, 587-588

rates of return, 103-106, 507, 578-579

religious training and, 71

research needs, 587-588

research recommendations, 146-147

right to, 398

role in successful transition to adulthood, 10, 46, 67, 68, 145

school performance evaluations, 118-120, 141-142

sex education, 11, 214, 231-232, 245-246

sexual behavior and, 11-12

social development and, 70, 113-116

student-teacher ratios, 110-111, 112, 135-137

systemic reform, 581

teacher absenteeism, 135

teacher compensation, 110

transitions to labor market, 287-291

trends, 4-5, 18, 45, 46, 143-144

vocational education/training, 337-338, 344

voucher programs, 128-129, 140-141

See also Educational attainment and performance;

School attendance

Self-perception, 414

abortion and, 524

indicators of successful transition to adulthood, 4, 26

life satisfaction, 177-178

research needs, 588

Senegal, 381, 397, 406

age of puberty, 194

age patterns of first parenthood, 514

marriage patterns and trends, 442, 463

reproductive health interventions, 238

school participation and achievement, 95

Sex workers, 204, 238

Sexual behavior

arranged marriage and, 454, 459-460

community characteristics and, 391-392

contraceptive knowledge and use, 209-214

data sources, 195, 196, 200, 248

developmental context, 194

economic status and, 204, 245

family influence, 56-57, 58

gender differences, 195, 208

global cultural influence, 49-50, 197

health risks, 194

HIV infection risk, 179, 181-182, 204, 577

initiation, 6, 47, 195-203, 212-213, 243, 530

mental health as risk factor, 177, 243

policy and program recommendations to influence, 11-12, 584

religious orientation and, 200-201

research needs, 248, 249-250

risky behaviors, 203-204

schooling and, 201-202, 203, 244-245, 247, 250, 577, 584, 585-586

trends in, 6, 47, 197-199, 243, 530, 578

urban residence and, 200

violent/coercive, 204-208, 243, 250

See also Condom use;

Contraceptives;

Reproductive and sexual health programs and policies;

Reproductive health;

Sexually-transmitted disease

Sexual violence and coercion, 204-208, 243, 250

Sexually-transmitted disease

prevalence, 181-182

preventive interventions, 231, 236, 237-238

risks for young people, 5-6

See also Condom use;

HIV/AIDS

Smoking, 219-225

cessation desires, 223

community connectedness and, 391-392

data sources, 219-221

dependence, 219

economic influences, 223

facilitating factors, 219

gender differences, 221-222, 244

initiation, 219

marketing to young people, 48, 170, 240-241

mortality and morbidity, 219, 223

patterns and trends, 252-261

policies and programs to reduce, 241

policy recommendations, 247

prevalence, 219, 221

protective factors, 223, 224

research needs, 250

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

social context factors, 223

tax policy, 241, 247

trends, 6, 223-225, 244

Social relations

community engagement, 391-397

employment as obstacle to, 405

gang membership, 387

organizational membership and participation, 385-390, 403

peer influences, 57-58, 399-400

socialization in schools, 399-400

See also Traditional norms and values

Somalia, 193

South Africa, 380

age differences between spouses, 447

employment patterns, 310-311

marriage patterns and trends, 425

rates of return to schooling, 105

reproductive health interventions, 231, 232, 233

school participation and performance, 93, 135-136, 140

schoolgirl pregnancy, 540

sexual behaviors, 200, 205

time use patterns, 272

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

Sports programs, 403

Sri Lanka, 441, 454

Substance use, 48

addiction risk, 226

community connectedness and, 391-392

facilitating factors, 219

HIV infection risk, 179, 181, 244

initiation, 226

regional differences, 225-226

research needs, 249

trends, 6, 179, 244

See also Alcohol abuse

Suicide, 175, 190-191, 242, 249

Suriname, 278

Swaziland, 182

T

Taiwan, 459

Tanzania

abortion practices in, 217

child labor in, 298

reproductive health interventions, 239

school participation and performance, 108, 124, 133

sexual behaviors, 206

Tax policy

farm subsidies, 334-335

to improve labor conditions, 343

to reduce smoking, 241, 247

Technology development and diffusion, 38-39, 331-332.

See also Information technology

Thailand, 57, 189, 399

demographic trends, 319-321

marriage trends and patterns, 455

reproductive health interventions, 236, 237-238

school participation and performance, 92, 93

sexual behaviors, 197

Time use, 270-273

Togo, 236, 450, 456, 514

Trade policy, 54

demand for labor and, 326

to improve labor conditions, 12, 333-334, 343, 584

recommendations for, 584-585

Traditional norms and values

conceptualization of success in transition to adulthood and, 25

in determining access to benefits of globalization, 37

gender role socialization, 6, 19, 51, 70, 114-116, 169, 208, 266, 580

globalization and, 1, 33, 49-50, 381

influence of, 50, 51-52

influence of families, 55-57, 58

political attitudes and participation, 381

schools in maintenance of, 113-114

sexual initiation and, 195

See also Religious belief and practice

Transition to adulthood

challenges for policymakers, 21, 575-576

challenges for young people in, 1, 18, 19, 168, 170-171

changes in adolescence, 168-169

concept of causality in, 28-29

conceptual framework, 22, 27, 28, 30-31, 32-36

conceptualization of success in, 3-4, 22, 24-27, 169, 416

convergence trends, 58-62, 579-580

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

current knowledge base, 21-22, 30

definitions and terminology, 23-24

developmental context, 24-25

evaluation of existing programs and policies to enhance, 22, 30, 581-582, 585, 594-595

globalization and, 1, 17, 32-33, 36-53

group identification and, 586-587

health risks in, 168, 170

interrelationship of developmental domains, 22-23, 585, 595

local community factors, 55-58

national factors, 53-54

phases of, 23

policy and program recommendations, 9-12, 582-585

qualities of effective programs and policies, 4, 9, 582

recommendations for research, 12-13, 589-592

research methodology, 27-30

sociocultural context, 25-26, 169

succession of roles in, 26, 31, 506, 593

trends, 2, 577-581, 595-596

Transportation, 18

educational costs, 111

technological advances, 38-39

Trinidad, 472

Trust, in institutions, 392-393, 396-397, 401, 413

Tunisia, 93, 133

Turkey, 93, 384

U

Uganda, 123-124

abortion rate, 216

condom use, 183-187

female genital cutting in, 193

HIV awareness and knowledge, 183

marriage patterns and trends, 450, 464

sexual behaviors, 208

Unemployment, 308-311, 341-342, 405-406

United Nations, 52

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 481, 482

Convention on the Rights of the Child, 19, 23, 52-53, 295, 398, 408, 481, 482

conventions and agreements on rights of young people, 353-355, 364

data collections, 591

international agreements, 52

Millennium Development Goals, 9-10, 20, 89, 144, 327-328, 343, 575, 582, 583

Urbanization, 18

challenges for developing countries, 43-44

contraceptive use and, 212

demand for labor and, 327

national political relationships and, 55

population trends, 43-44

residential characteristics of young mothers, 518, 519

rural migration, 315-317

school attendance and, 78-79, 102-103

sexual behavior and, 200

substance use and, 6

Uruguay, 375, 472

Uzbekistan, 215, 512

V

Vaccination programs, 134, 172

Venezuela, 94, 189, 190

Vietnam

child labor in, 300

HIV infection risk, 181

labor force participation, 323

school participation and achievement, 102

transitions from school to labor market, 288-291

Violence, 242

attitudes toward government institutions and, 396-397

exposure, 49

mortality, 175, 188, 189-190

sexual, 204-208, 243, 250

Volunteerism, 402

Voting rights, 256

Vouchers, school, 128-129, 140-141

W

War, 175, 177, 242, 249

child soldiers, 406-407

mortality, 189

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
×

willingness of young people to serve in military, 375

See also Military service

Women’s issues

causes for delay in marriage, 427-441

citizenship participation, 351, 405, 414

consanguineous marriage, 461

economic status, 266-267, 342

female household headship, 324-325

genital cutting, 193-194, 482-483

motivation to work, 302, 305-307

parenting responsibilities, 507

policy and program recommendations to improve equality, 11, 583

smoking promotion, 240-241

UN conventions and agreements, 354-355

workplace discrimination, 330

See also Gender differences;

Pregnancy and childbirth

Work, 31, 265-345

challenges for young people, 7, 579

challenges to effective intervention, 332

child dependency ratios and, 41

childbearing patterns among working women, 541-543

citizenship and, 404-406

classifications of, 269-270

data sources, 28, 268, 269, 273, 279-287

demand for labor, 322, 325-332

determinants of, 318-319

development assistance and, 343

discrimination in, 330-331

educational attainment and, 6-7, 45, 46, 68, 103, 105, 266-267, 329, 341, 342

family size and, 324-325

gender differences, 6, 266-268, 270-279, 310

globalization effects, 38, 265-266, 587

government regulation and, 12, 584

household work participation, 270-273, 580

informal labor markets, 328, 329

international policies affecting, 332-335, 343

job registries, 338-339

key findings, 341-342

marriage behaviors and, 437-442

migration for, 311-317

military service as, 337

military service training, 406

minimum wage laws, 335

national economic factors, 325-327

national standards and regulations, 335-336, 343, 356

on-the-job training, 329-330

opportunities for decent and productive work, 327-330

patterns and trends, 7, 18, 270-279, 302-308, 341, 579, 580

policy and program recommendations, 12, 342-344, 584-585

population growth and, 44-45, 341-342

promoting youth employment, policies and programs for, 336-339

in public works projects, 339

requirements for successful transition, 265, 268

research needs, 587

research recommendations, 268, 344-345

self-employment, 339

supply of labor, 318, 319-325, 341-342

technological advancement and, 39, 331-332

time use patterns, 270-273

transitions from school to, 287-291

unemployment, 308-311, 341-342, 405-406

urbanization trends and, 43-44

vocational education/training, 337-338, 344

workplace-based health promotion, 237-238

See also Child labor;

Labor force participation

World Health Organization, 23

Y

Yemen, 472

Young people, defined, 23

Z

Zambia, 232, 233-234, 375-377, 400

Zimbabwe, 100, 201, 231, 234

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 691
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 692
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 693
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 694
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 695
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 696
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 697
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 698
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 699
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2005. Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11174.
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Page 700
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The challenges for young people making the transition to adulthood are greater today than ever before. Globalization, with its power to reach across national boundaries and into the smallest communities, carries with it the transformative power of new markets and new technology. At the same time, globalization brings with it new ideas and lifestyles that can conflict with traditional norms and values. And while the economic benefits are potentially enormous, the actual course of globalization has not been without its critics who charge that, to date, the gains have been very unevenly distributed, generating a new set of problems associated with rising inequality and social polarization. Regardless of how the globalization debate is resolved, it is clear that as broad global forces transform the world in which the next generation will live and work, the choices that today's young people make or others make on their behalf will facilitate or constrain their success as adults. Traditional expectations regarding future employment prospects and life experiences are no longer valid.

Growing Up Global examines how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries, and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs, in particular, those affecting adolescent reproductive health. The report sets forth a framework that identifies criteria for successful transitions in the context of contemporary global changes for five key adult roles: adult worker, citizen and community participant, spouse, parent, and household manager.

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