National Academies Press: OpenBook

WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change (2006)

Chapter: Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups

« Previous: Appendix B Nutrient Profiles of Current and Revised Food Packages
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

C
NUTRIENT INTAKE OF WIC SUBGROUPS

This appendix presents the details of the final analyses the committee conducted to identify priority nutrients to consider in revising the WIC food packages. Using the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and the methods described by the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2000a) to assess nutrient adequacy, the committee assessed the nutrient adequacy of the diets of categorical WIC subgroups—WIC infants under 1 year of age, WIC children 1 through 4 years of age, and pregnant, lactating, and non-breast-feeding postpartum women. Chapter 2Nutrient and Food Priorities—of this report presents a summary of the results. The first section of this appendix describes the DRIs and then discusses how to use them in assessing nutrient adequacy. The next section describes the data set used in the analyses, and the final section includes tables with the detailed analysis results. For a discussion and interpretation of the results, see Chapter 2 of this report.

The results presented in this appendix and summarized in Chapter 2Nutrient and Food Priorities—update the results of similar analyses conducted by the committee for its first report, Proposed Criteria for Selecting the WIC Food Packages: A Preliminary Report of the Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages (IOM, 2004b). Based on comments received on that report and on initial analyses conducted in response to those comments, the committee expanded the set of nutrients examined and defined the WIC subgroups to correspond more closely to those served by the WIC program. The priority nutrients identified by the two analyses are essentially the same, but the specific results of the analyses differ.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (IOM, 1997–2005)

Over the past decade, knowledge of nutrient requirements has increased substantially, resulting in a set of new dietary reference standards called the Dietary Reference Intakes (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000b, 2001, 2002/2005, 2005a). The DRIs replace the earlier Recommended Dietary Allowances and are the appropriate standards to use in determining whether diets are nutritionally adequate without being excessive.

The DRIs for micronutrients include four reference standards—the Estimated Average Requirement, the Recommended Dietary Allowance, the Adequate Intake, and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (IOM, 2003a)—as follows.

  • Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the usual intake level that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group. At this level of intake, the other half of the healthy individuals in the specified group would not have their needs met.

  • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the usual intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular age and gender group (97.5 percent of the individuals in a group). If the distribution of requirements in the group is assumed to be normal, the RDA can be derived as the EAR plus two standard deviations of requirements.

  • Adequate Intake (AI)—When information is not sufficient to determine an EAR (and, thus, an RDA), then an AI is set for the nutrient. The AI is a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on experimen-tally derived intake levels or approximations of observed mean nutrient intakes by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people who are maintaining a defined nutritional state or criterion of adequacy.

  • Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)—Many nutrients have a UL, which is the highest level of usual nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to individuals in the specified life stage group. As intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases. The absence of a UL does not imply that the nutrient does not have a tolerable upper intake level, but, rather, that the available evidence at this times does not permit its estimation.

Three of the four DRIs—the EAR, AI, and UL—are appropriate to use in assessing the nutrient intakes of population subgroups. The RDA, however, should not be used in assessing group intakes. Tables F-1A and F-1B in Appendix FSupplementary Information—present the DRIs for the micronutrients examined in the assessment of the nutrient adequacy of the diets of WIC-eligible population subgroups.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-1 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

 

Range (percentage of food energy intake)

Macronutrient

Children, 1–3 y

Children, 4 y

Women, 13–44 y

Protein

5–20

10–30

10–35

Carbohydrate

45–65

45–65

45–65

Fat

30–40

25–35

20–35

DATA SOURCE: DRI report (IOM, 2002/2005).

For macronutrients, a somewhat different set of DRIs has been developed (IOM, 2002/2005). In the case of food energy, dietary requirements are expressed in terms of Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs). An adult EER is defined as the dietary energy intake needed to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a given age, gender, body weight, height, and level of physical activity. In children, the EER is defined as the sum of the dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance for an individual’s age, body weight, height, and activity level, plus an allowance for normal growth and development. For fat, protein, and carbohydrate, the DRIs include Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for intakes as a percentage of energy intakes (Table C-1). Tables F-1C and F-1D in Appendix FSupplementary Information—present the DRIs for macronutrients and subcategories (e.g., saturated fat) examined in the assessment of the diets of WIC-eligible population subgroups.

In addition to micronutrients and macronutrients, other nutrients and dietary components have DRIs. Potassium and fiber have AIs, and sodium has an AI for infants under 1 year of age and a UL for children and older adults. Current dietary guidance is that the percentage of food energy intake from added sugars not exceed 25 percent (IOM, 2002/2005). The Dietary Guidelines recommend food energy intake from saturated fat not exceed 10 percent and that the daily intake of cholesterol not exceed 300 milligrams (DHHS/USDA, 2005).

USING THE DRIS TO ASSESS NUTRIENT ADEQUACY

To assess the nutrient adequacy of WIC-eligible subgroups, three questions are important.

  1. What are the characteristics of the usual nutrient intake distributions?

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
  1. What proportion of the subgroup is at risk of inadequate usual intake?

  2. What proportion is at risk of excessive intake levels?

What are the characteristics of the usual nutrient intake distributions?

In order to describe the characteristics of the usual intake distribution, and to use the DRIs in assessing diets, one needs information on the distribution of usual nutrient intakes. The usual intake of a nutrient is defined as the long-term average intake of the nutrient by the individual (NRC, 1986; Beaton, 1994; IOM, 2000a). Usual intake is not observed; rather, dietary recalls provide data on observed nutrient intakes over some specified period of time. Even discounting errors related to the dietary recall data and its analysis, observed daily intake measures usual intake with error. That is, nutrient intake varies from day to day within an individual. This day-to-day variability is “noise”—the individual-to-individual variability in usual nutrient intake provides the needed information. Because for most nutrients, the day-to-day variability in intakes can be larger than the individual-to-individual variability, it is very important to “remove” the effect of this additional variability when estimating the distribution of usual intakes (Beaton et al., 1979).

The National Research Council (NRC, 1986) proposed a simple additive measurement error model that permits adjusting the data for the presence of the day-to-day variability in intakes. The NRC model assumes that the observed daily intake for an individual can be expressed as a deviation from the individual’s usual intake. Subsequently, researchers at Iowa State University (ISU) developed and modified approaches that permit estimating the usual intake distributions with a higher degree of accuracy. This method, proposed by Nusser et al., (1996), is known as the ISU method for estimating usual nutrient intake distributions, and is now widely used by the nutrition community (see, for example, Carriquiry, 1999; IOM, 2000a). Software packages are available that produce estimates of the mean and variance of usual intake in the group, as well as estimates of any percentile of interest. Importantly, these software packages produce estimates of the usual intake distributions of groups and are not appropriate for estimation of the usual intake of individuals.

What proportion of the subgroup has inadequate usual intake?

Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in a group requires estimating the proportion of individuals in the group whose usual intakes of a nutrient do not meet requirements. For most nutrients with an EAR, the committee used the EAR cut-point method to estimate the prevalence of

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

inadequacy among categorical WIC subgroups. The EAR cut-point method involves estimating the proportion of individuals in a group whose usual nutrient intakes are less than the EAR. Under certain assumptions, the proportion with usual intakes less than the EAR is an estimate of the proportion of a group whose usual intakes do not meet requirements (Beaton, 1994; Carriquiry, 1999; IOM, 2000a).

Given the available information about the distribution of requirements for most nutrients, it appears that the underlying assumptions of the EAR cut-point method hold for most nutrients except iron in premenopausal women and energy. To assess iron adequacy, the probability approach proposed in the National Research Council report (1986) was used. With this approach, a probability model, based on the requirement distribution for iron, was used to estimate the probability of inadequacy at each level of usual iron intake.

When more than one EAR applied to a WIC subgroup (e.g., because the age range of the subgroup did not match an age range of the DRIs), the analytic approach to estimating the percentage with usual intakes involved (1) dividing observed intakes by the EAR, (2) adjusting the ratio using the usual intake adjustment software, and (3) estimating the percentage with the ratio less than 1. This approach was used for low-income children ages 1 through 4 years, vitamin C for smokers and nonsmokers, and, in some cases, for low-income pregnant and lactating women.

In the case of energy, the reference value used is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). Since populations in balance should have usual intake and EER distributions with roughly equal mean values, the analysis compares the mean usual intake of food energy with the mean EER for each subgroup to examine energy adequacy. In addition, for protein, carbohydrate, and fat, tables present (1) the usual distributions of intake as a percentage of observed energy intake and (2) estimates of the proportion outside the AMDR.

For nutrients without an EAR—that is, for nutrients with an AI—usual intake distributions are presented and mean intakes are compared with the AI. Importantly, however, limited inferences can be made regarding the prevalence of inadequacy for nutrients with an AI. If mean intake levels are equal to or exceed the AI, it is likely that the prevalence of inadequacy is low; but if mean intakes are less than the AI, no conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence of inadequacy (IOM, 2000a).

What proportion is at risk of excessive intake levels?

The proportion with usual intakes exceeding the UL is an estimate of the proportion of each subgroup at risk of excessive intake levels. Because ULs have not been established for all nutrients, this question can be ad-

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

dressed only for those nutrients with ULs. Because the data used in the analysis do not include intakes from supplements, the assessment of the risk of excessive intake was limited to considering nutrient intake from foods. This means that the committee could not assess the risk of excessive intake for those nutrients whose ULs refer to intakes from supplements only, and the assessment of risk is incomplete to the extent that subgroup members took nutrient supplements. The committee estimated the proportion at risk of excessive intake levels for calcium; iron; zinc; vitamins A, B6, and C; and folate (folic acid). Risk of excessive intake levels for magnesium and vitamin E were not assessed.

DATA SET

The primary data set used in this analysis is the 1994–1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). The 1994–1996 CSFII provides information on food and nutrient intake over two non-consecutive days for 16,103 individuals of all ages and gender, and of a variety of income levels, racial and ethnic groups, and sociodemographic characteristics. The three-year survey was designed so that the information collected on any one year would constitute a nationally representative sample of individuals of all ages. The samples were selected using stratified, clustered multistage sampling procedures, with an oversampling of low-income individuals. Food intake data were collected using 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires, which included information on the type and amounts of all foods consumed by individuals over two non-consecutive days. In addition, the survey provides sociodemographic information, including income and participation in food assistance programs.

The 1998 Supplemental Children’s Survey was designed to be a one-time supplement to the 1994–1996 CSFII, using the same design and survey methodology of the CSFII. Dietary intake data were collected from 5,559 infants and children aged 0 through 9 years over two non-consecutive days between November 1997 and October 1998. The sample was designed to be a stand-alone, nationally representative sample of children in that age range; also, however, it could be combined with the dietary information collected for infants and children up to nine years of age in the 1994–1996 CSFII. Combining the data from the Supplemental Children’s Survey sample and the 1994–1996 CSFII provides a large sample of children for the committee’s analysis.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Analysis Sample1

The analysis sample includes respondents from the CSFII 1994–1996 and 1998 who completed 24-hour dietary recalls and were in one of the following categorical subgroups.

  • WIC Infants, Non-Breastfed, Less Than One Year of Age—The analysis sample included WIC infants 0 through 3 months of age [sample size (n) = 152], WIC infants 4 through 5 months of age (n = 104), and WIC infants 6 through 11 months of age (n = 275). Because data are not available on the quantity of breast milk consumed, breast-fed infants were excluded from most analyses of nutrient intake.

  • Infants, Breast-Fed, 6 Through 11 Months of Age (n = 143)—Because of concerns about the adequacy of iron and zinc intakes of older breast-fed infants, the committee assessed the adequacy of these nutrients for breast-fed infants 6 through 11 months of age. (Since the iron and zinc content of breast milk is very low for older breast-fed infants, the absence of data on the quantity of breast milk consumed does not affect the analysis of iron and zinc adequacy.) Because of small sample sizes for WIC (or low-income) breast-fed infants 6 through 11 months of age, the analysis examined all breast-fed infants in this age group.

  • WIC Children, 1 Through 4 Years of Age—The analysis sample included WIC children one year of age (n = 287), and WIC children 2 through 4 years of age (n = 872).

  • Pregnant Women and Lactating Women, Ages 14 Through 44 Years (n = 123)—This analysis sample included all pregnant women and all lactating women combined, regardless of participation in the WIC program; otherwise the samples would have been too small to analyze meaningfully.

  • Women, Non-Breastfeeding, up to One Year Postpartum, Ages 14 Through 44 Years (n = 105)—Because of small sample sizes for non-breastfeeding women up to six months postpartum and low-income non-breastfeeding women up to one year postpartum, the analysis included all low-income and high-income non-breastfeeding women up to one year postpartum.

1  

In all of the analyses of the CSFII data, including the C-SIDE estimation procedures, the appropriate (one-day) weights were used to statistically allow for the complex design of the data set (that is, the appropriate weights were used to statistically allow the data set to be representative of the national population).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Nutrients Examined

The nutrients and dietary components examined include:

  • Nutrients currently targeted by the WIC program—calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and protein;

  • Macronutrients—food energy and the percentage of food energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat; and

  • Other nutrients and dietary components considered of public health significance—selenium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, fiber, and cholesterol; also saturated fat and added sugars as a percentage of food energy intake.

An important issue is to ensure that comparable units for each nutrient are used among the various resources used. Specific issues arise regarding the units for vitamin E, niacin and folate.

  • Vitamin E—The DRIs report vitamin E as AT [(alpha)-tocopherol]. Thus, the EARs for vitamin E apply only to RRR-(alpha)-tocopherol, the form of (alpha)-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoisomeric forms, a portion of the (alpha)-tocopherol used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Analysis of dietary intake (CSFII) was based on data in which the units for reporting vitamin E were ATE [(alpha)-tocopherol equivalents which include the contribution of eight naturally occurring tocopherols]. Because of the differences in the units between the intake data and the EARs, the estimated prevalences of inadequacy of vitamin E intakes in this report are likely to be underestimates.

  • Niacin—Analysis of dietary intake of niacin was based solely on preformed niacin; however, the EAR is based on niacin equivalents (which allows for some conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to niacin). Thus, the estimated prevalence of inadequacy of niacin intakes is likely to be an overestimate.

  • Folate in Dietary Folate Equivalents—The DRIs report folate as microgram DFE (Dietary Folate Equivalents). Dietary intake data (CSFII) reports folate in micrograms. For this report, the amount of folate was calculated by applying the nutrient values from the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FSRG, 2004) to the CSFII folate data. The CSFII data included some food codes not included in the FNDDS; for those food codes the committee applied conversions developed by USDA’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP database received from Tracy Von Ins, OANE, FNS, USDA, October, 2004) to obtain the total amount of folate (as microgram DFE) consumed per day for all foods eaten. The values of “folate as dietary folate equivalents” were compared to the EARs.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
  • Folate as Folic Acid—The UL for folate applies only to folic acid, the form of folate used in fortification and supplementation. For estimates of intake used in comparison to the UL for folate, the variable folic acid was obtained from the nutrient data, calculated by applying the nutrient values from the FNDDS Nutrient Values file (FSRG, 2004) to the amount of food eaten. This represents folate from fortification only. The committee was not able to obtain folic acid data for all foods because the CSFII data included some food codes not included in the FNDDS; the conversion database developed by CNPP did not contain folic acid values. The net effect of this small amount of missing data is to slightly underestimate the percentage with dietary intakes above the UL.

The following is a list of the data tables presented in this appendix.

Table C-2

 

Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes:

 

 

A

 

WIC Infants, 0 Through 3 Months, Non-Breastfed,

 

274

B

 

WIC Infants, 4 Through 5 Months, Non-Breastfed,

 

275

C

 

WIC Infants, 6 Through 11 Months, Breast-Fed and Non-Breastfed,

 

276

D

 

WIC Children, 12 Through 23 Months,

 

277

E

 

WIC Children, 2 Through 4 Years,

 

278

F

 

Adolescent and Adult Women, Pregnant or Lactating,

 

280

G

 

Adolescent and Adult Women, Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum,

 

282

Table C-3

 

Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Macronutrients (Cholesterol and Fiber)

 

 

A

 

WIC Infants, 0 Through 3 Months, Non-Breastfed,

 

284

B

 

WIC Infants, 4 Through 5 Months, Non-Breastfed,

 

284

C

 

WIC Infants, 6 Through 11 Months, Non-Breastfed,

 

285

D

 

WIC Children, 12 Through 23 Months,

 

285

E

 

WIC Children, 2 Through 4 Years,

 

286

F

 

Adolescent and Adult Women, Pregnant or Lactating,

 

287

G

 

Adolescent and Adult Women, Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum,

 

288

Table C-4

 

Usual Intakes and Percentages with Reported Usual Intakes of Macronutrients and Added Sugars Outside Dietary Guidance,

 

289

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2A Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: WIC Infants, 0 Through 3 Months, Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

AI*

UL

%>UL

Calcium

mg

350

430

530

562

660

810

210*

ND

Iron

mg

7.5

9.5

11.8

12.7

14.8

18.8

0.27*

40

0.2

Zinc

mg

3.7

4.6

5.8

6.1

7.2

8.7

2*

4

86.0

Selenium

mcg

10

12

16

17

19

24

15*

45

0.3

Magnesium

mg

38

47

59

63

74

94

30*

naa

Phosphorus

mg

217

269

343

368

437

547

100*

ND

Sodium

mg

129

158

200

216

256

323

120*

ND

Potassium

mg

470

560

690

736

860

1,060

400*

ND

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

362

440

550

586

692

854

400*

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

367

445

547

581

677

833

 

600

38.3

Vitamin Eb

mg

6.5

8.2

10.2

11.1

12.9

16.4

4*

ND

Vitamin C

mg

44

55

71

78

93

121

40*

ND

Thiamin

mg

0.36

0.44

0.55

0.60

0.70

0.90

0.2*

ND

Riboflavin

mg

0.53

0.66

0.84

0.92

1.08

1.39

0.3*

ND

Niacinb

mg

4.5

5.4

6.8

7.5

8.7

11.3

2*

nac

Folateb

mcg DFE

95

123

158

166

200

246

65*

ND

Vitamin B6

mg

0.26

0.32

0.40

0.42

0.50

0.61

0.1*

ND

Vitamin B12

mcg

1.14

1.40

1.76

1.92

2.24

2.87

0.4*

ND

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2A: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants from birth through 3.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 152). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2B Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: WIC Infants, 4 Through 5 Months, Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

AI*

UL

%>UL

Calcium

mg

467

562

665

675

776

893

210*

ND

Iron

mg

10.6

13.1

16.1

16.7

19.5

23.5

0.27*

40

0.3

Zinc

mg

4.9

5.9

6.9

7.0

8.1

9.3

2*

4

96.8

Selenium

mcg

14

17

20

20

23

27

15*

45

<0.1

Magnesium

mg

62

72

85

87

100

115

30*

naa

Phosphorus

mg

309

370

447

456

532

616

100*

ND

Sodium

mg

179

206

242

247

282

323

120*

ND

Potassium

mg

730

830

960

974

1,100

1,250

400*

ND

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

536

606

687

693

773

859

400*

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

453

533

620

626

712

806

 

600

56.3

Vitamin Eb

mg

8.8

10.1

12.2

12.6

14.7

16.9

4*

ND

Vitamin C

mg

78

93

115

124

145

181

40*

ND

Thiamin

mg

0.52

0.64

0.80

0.84

1.00

1.22

0.2*

ND

Riboflavin

mg

0.81

0.96

1.15

1.19

1.38

1.61

0.3*

ND

—Niac

inb

mg

6.8

8.2

10.0

10.5

12.1

14.7

2*

nac

Folateb

mcg DFE

137

163

194

196

227

258

65*

ND

Vitamin B6

mg

0.41

0.46

0.53

0.53

0.60

0.67

0.1*

ND

Vitamin B12

mcg

1.40

1.71

2.06

2.07

2.43

2.76

0.4*

ND

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2B: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants 4–5.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 104). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2C Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: WIC Infants, 6 Through 11 Months, Breast-Fed and Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

EAR or AI*

% Inadeq

UL

%>UL

Breast-Fed Infants

Iron

mg

2.7

4.9

8.5

10.0

13.5

19.3

6.9

39.5

40

0.3

Zinc

mg

0.6

1.1

2.0

2.5

3.4

5.0

2.5

60.3

5

10.0

Non-Breastfed Infants

Calcium

mg

450

560

690

720

850

1,030

270*

ND

Iron

mg

10.5

13.4

16.8

17.5

20.8

25.2

6.9

1.7

40

0.3

Zinc

mg

4.8

5.8

7.0

7.2

8.4

9.7

2.5

0.3

5

87.6

Selenium

mcg

19

24

31

34

41

52

20*

60

5.1

Magnesium

mg

77

95

118

124

147

177

75*

naa

Phosphorus

mg

362

450

569

601

714

871

275*

ND

Sodium

mg

270

380

600

739

970

1,410

370*

ND

Potassium

mg

880

1,060

1,290

1,349

1,560

1,880

700*

ND

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

547

639

745

763

865

1,000

500*

ND

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

350

451

562

618

736

974

 

600

42.7

Vitamin Eb

mg

5.6

8.2

10.8

10.9

13.3

16.0

5*

ND

Vitamin C

mg

77

98

124

130

155

190

50*

ND

Thiamin

mg

0.63

0.79

0.98

1.03

1.22

1.49

0.3*

ND

Riboflavin

mg

0.92

1.13

1.38

1.44

1.68

2.02

0.4*

ND

Niacinb

mg

7.9

9.7

12.0

12.4

14.7

17.5

4*

nac

Folateb

mcg DFE

153

187

228

236

275

329

80*

ND

Vitamin B6

mg

0.53

0.64

0.78

0.82

0.95

1.15

0.3*

ND

Vitamin B12

mcg

1.43

1.76

2.17

2.56

2.81

4.00

0.5*

ND

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2C: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants 6–11.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 275). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2D Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: WIC Children, 12 Through 23 Months

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

EAR or AI*

% Inadeq

UL

%>UL

Calcium

mg

540

700

900

937

1,130

1,380

500*

2.5

0.1

Iron

mg

6.5

8.4

11.1

11.9

14.6

18.3

3.0

1.6

40

<0.1

Zinc

mg

4.9

5.9

7.3

7.8

9.2

11.2

2.5

0.2

7

55.7

Selenium

mcg

34

43

54

56

67

79

17

0.3

90

4.0

Magnesium

mg

127

153

184

188

219

254

65

0.1

naa

Phosphorus

mg

645

784

952

980

1,143

1,349

380

0.6

3,000

<0.1

Sodium

mg

970

1,300

1,730

1,816

2,230

2,770

1,000*

1.5

63.5

Potassium

mg

1,380

1,650

1,980

2,029

2,350

2,740

3,000*

ND

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

361

447

570

612

730

914

210

0.5

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

282

358

465

495

600

748

 

600

25.0

Vitamin Eb

mg

2.8

3.6

4.7

5.3

6.3

8.5

5

55.3

200

<0.1

Vitamin C

mg

55

74

101

109

136

174

13

<0.1

400

<0.1

Thiamin

mg

0.78

0.93

1.12

1.15

1.34

1.58

0.4

0.1

ND

Riboflavin

mg

1.24

1.48

1.78

1.82

2.11

2.46

0.4

<0.1

ND

Niacinb

mg

7.0

9.1

11.9

12.6

15.3

18.9

5

2.5

nac

Folateb

mcg DFE

200

260

343

378

455

597

120

1.2

Folic acidb,d

mcg

300

7.7

 

Vitamin B6

mg

0.83

1.00

1.24

1.30

1.53

1.86

0.4

<0.1

30

<0.1

Vitamin B12

mcg

2.00

2.55

3.27

3.47

4.17

5.21

0.7

0.1

ND

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2D: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed children 12–23.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 287). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2E Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: WIC Children, 2 Through 4 Years

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Calcium

mg

530

650

810

833

990

1,160

Iron

mg

8.8

10.6

13.0

13.6

16.0

19.1

Zinc

mg

6.1

7.2

8.7

9.1

10.6

12.6

Selenium

mcg

50

60

71

73

84

98

Magnesium

mg

141

169

203

208

242

283

Phosphorus

mg

720

857

1,021

1,041

1,204

1,388

Sodium

mg

1,700

2,030

2,440

2,519

2,930

3,440

Potassium

mg

1,480

1,790

2,160

2,211

2,580

3,000

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

394

483

603

657

764

975

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

313

381

468

513

586

756

Vitamin Eb

mg

3.4

4.3

5.4

6.0

7.0

9.0

Vitamin C

mg

65

86

113

118

146

178

Thiamin

mg

0.95

1.11

1.32

1.36

1.56

1.82

Riboflavin

mg

1.27

1.51

1.80

1.85

2.15

2.49

Niacinb

mg

10.7

13.0

15.9

16.4

19.2

22.8

Folateb

mcg DFE

335

404

494

517

604

727

Folic acidb,d

mcg

Vitamin B6

mg

1.04

1.24

1.50

1.55

1.81

2.13

Vitamin B12

mcg

2.30

2.71

3.25

3.57

4.01

5.11

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2E: Analysis sample was data for children 2–4.9 y of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 872). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

EAR or AI*a

% Inadeq

ULe

%>UL

500* / 800*

2.5

<0.1

3.0 / 4.1

0.4

40

<0.1

2.5 / 4.0

0.1

7 / 12

58.1

17 / 23

<0.1

90 / 150

9.1

65 / 110

0.5

naa

380 / 405

0.2

3,000

<0.1

1,000* / 1,200*

1.5 / 1.9

92.8

3,000* / 3,800*

ND

210 / 275

0.4

 

600 / 900

16.1

5 / 6

47.0

200 / 300

<0.1

13 / 22

<0.1

400 / 650

<0.1

0.4 / 0.5

<0.1

ND

0.4 / 0.5

<0.1

ND

5 / 6

0.1

nac

120 / 160

<0.1

 

300 / 400

11.8

0.4 / 0.5

<0.1

30 / 40

<0.1

0.7 / 1.0

<0.1

ND

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2F Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: Adolescent and Adult Women, Pregnant or Lactating

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Calcium

mg

590

740

920

956

1,140

1,360

Iron

mg

10.8

12.8

15.6

16.5

19.2

23.6

Zinc

mg

8.6

9.9

11.4

11.7

13.2

15.1

Selenium

mcg

71

84

99

103

117

139

Magnesium

mg

196

234

282

291

339

398

Phosphorus

mg

964

1,137

1,343

1,359

1,564

1,775

Sodium

mg

2,630

2,940

3,310

3,330

3,690

4,060

Potassium

mg

2,030

2,410

2,860

2,909

3,360

3,850

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

444

605

834

902

1,124

1,446

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

299

405

552

589

732

926

Vitamin Eb

mg

4.9

6.1

7.8

8.3

9.9

12.3

Vitamin C

mg

49

75

116

134

173

242

Thiamin

mg

1.08

1.31

1.60

1.67

1.96

2.34

Riboflavin

mg

1.43

1.73

2.12

2.19

2.57

3.04

Niacinb

mg

14.5

17.5

21.1

21.8

25.3

29.9

Folateb

mcg DFE

322

411

535

570

691

863

Folic acidb,d

mcg

Vitamin B6

mg

1.20

1.49

1.88

1.95

2.33

2.81

Vitamin B12

mcg

3.05

3.75

4.63

4.79

5.66

6.74

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2F: Analysis sample was data for pregnant or lactating adolescent and adult women ages 14–44 y (n = 123). Because of sample size limitations, the analysis sample combined all pregnant women and all lactating women. The DRIs shown in the table are for women ages 19–30 y of age only; however, the analysis was conducted on the entire sample. See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following Table C-2G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

EAR or AI* (19–30 y)

UL (19–30 y)

Pregnant

Lactating

% Inadeq

Pregnant

Lactating

%>UL

1,000*

1,000*

2,500

2,500

<0.1

22

6.5

7.5

45

45

0.1

9.5

10.4

23.8

40

40

<0.1

49

59

1.4

400

400

<0.1

290

255

49.4

naa

naa

580

580

0.4

3,500

4,000

<0.1

1,500*

1,500*

2,300

2,300

97.2

4,700*

5,100*

ND

ND

550

900

31.2

ND

ND

 

 

3,000

3,000

<0.1

12

16

94.4

1,000

1,000

<0.1

70

100

32.7

2,000

2,000

<0.1

1.2

1.2

17.2

ND

ND

1.2

1.3

3.8

ND

ND

14

13

8.1

nac

nac

520

450

41.5

 

 

1,000

1,000

<0.1

1.6

1.7

34.0

100

100

<0.1

2.2

2.4

1.5

ND

ND

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-2G Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Micronutrients and Electrolytes: Adolescent and Adult Women, Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units (per day)

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Calcium

mg

430

530

640

668

780

930

Iron

mg

11.1

12.2

13.6

13.7

15.0

16.4

Zinc

mg

9.2

9.4

9.7

9.7

10.0

10.2

Selenium

mcg

72.2

79.0

87.0

87.8

95.8

104.4

Magnesium

mg

161

183

210

213

240

269

Phosphorus

mg

832

925

1,034

1,042

1,151

1,263

Sodium

mg

2,320

2,580

2,890

2,912

3,220

3,540

Potassium

mg

1,570

1,790

2,060

2,086

2,350

2,630

Vitamin A

mcg RAE

316

406

528

556

675

831

Vitamin A, preformed

mcg

195

264

361

388

482

615

Vitamin Eb

mg

5.2

5.9

6.8

6.9

7.8

8.7

Vitamin C

mg

34

49

72

79

101

135

Thiamin

mg

1.03

1.18

1.36

1.38

1.57

1.77

Riboflavin

mg

1.15

1.34

1.57

1.60

1.83

2.10

Niacinb

mg

13.0

15.2

17.9

18.1

20.7

23.7

Folateb

mcg DFE

312

377

463

482

566

675

Folic acidb,d

mcg

Vitamin B6

mg

1.01

1.17

1.37

1.39

1.59

1.80

Vitamin B12

mcg

2.20

3.10

4.60

5.48

6.80

9.90

NOTES FOR TABLE C-2G: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfeeding postpartum adolescent and adult women ages 14–44 y (n = 105). See additional notes for Tables C-2A through C-2G following this table.

NOTES FOR TABLES C-2A THROUGH C-2G: AI = Adequate Intake, used when EAR could not be determined, indicated by an asterisk (*); DFE = dietary folate equivalents; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; na = not applicable; ND = not determined, EAR could not be determined or UL not determined due to lack of data of adverse effects; RAE = retinol activity equivalents; RE = retinol equivalents; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level; %>UL, percentage with usual intake greater than UL; % Inadeq = percentage with inadequate intakes as estimated from percentage with usual intake less than EAR.

aThe UL for magnesium represents intake from pharmacological agents only and does not include intake from food and water.

bFor discussion of important issues regarding differences between the DRI and dietary intake data in the units used for vitamin E, niacin, and folate, please see the section Data Set—Nutrients Examined—here in Appendix C.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

EAR or AI* (19–30 y)

UL (19–30 y)

Pregnant

Lactating

% Inadeq

Pregnant

Lactating

%>UL

1,300*

1,000*

2.5

2.5

<0.1

7.9

8.1

9.5

45

45

<0.1

7.3

6.8

<0.1

34

40

<0.1

45

45

<0.1

400

400

<0.1

300

265

87.5

naa

naa

 

1,055

580

0.7

4,000

4,000

<0.1

1,500*

1,500*

2.3

2.3

90.7

4,700*

4,700*

ND

ND

485

500

44.1

ND

ND

 

 

2,800

3,000

<0.1

12

12

99.8

800

1,000

<0.1

56

60

42.2

1,800

2,000

<0.1

0.9

0.9

3.2

ND

ND

0.9

0.9

1.2

ND

ND

11

11

3.3

nac

nac

330

320

12.0

 

 

800

1,000

<0.1

1

1.1

17.1

80

100

<0.1

2

2

6.6

ND

ND

cThe UL for niacin represents intake of free niacin likely to be ingested only in supplements or fortified foods.

dFor folic acid, the form of folate used in food fortification, the intake distribution could not be calculated because available dietary intake data were incomplete. For detailed explanation, please see the section Data Set—Nutrients Examined—here in Appendix C.

eValues are for children ages 2–3.9 y and children age 4 y, respectively. For this analyses, the intake of each child was compared to the age-appropriate DRI.

DATA SOURCES: Intake data are from 1994–1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) (FSRG, 2000); data set does not include intake from dietary supplements (e.g., multivitamin and mineral preparations). Intake distributions were calculated using C-SIDE (ISU, 1997).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-3A Usual Intake Distributions of Selected Macronutrients: WIC Infants, 0 Through 3 Months, Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

437

523

635

673

778

951

EERa

kcal/d

406

468

559

555

640

687

Protein

g/d

9.4

11.4

14.1

14.9

17.6

21.5

 

% of energy

8

8

9

9

9

10

Carbohydrate

g/d

47

57

71

75

87

106

 

% of energy

41

43

44

44

46

48

Fat, total

g/d

22

27

33

35

40

49

 

% of energy

43

45

47

46

48

49

Saturated fatty acids

g/d

9

11

13

14

16

20

 

% of energy

16

18

19

19

20

21

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3A: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants from birth through 3.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 152). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

TABLE C-3B Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients and Fiber: WIC Infants, 4 Through 5 Months, Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

603

684

786

802

903

1,021

EERa

kcal/d

471

541

614

623

675

765

Protein

g/d

12.6

14.9

17.5

17.8

20.3

23.2

 

% of energy

8

8

9

9

9

10

Carbohydrate

g/d

73

83

96

98

111

126

 

% of energy

43

46

48

49

52

57

Fat, total

g/d

28

33

38

38

44

49

 

% of energy

37

40

42

42

45

47

Saturated fatty acids

g/d

11

13

15

15

17

20

 

% of energy

14

16

17

17

18

19

Fiber

g/d

<1

<1

1

2

3

5

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3B: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants 4–5.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 104). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-3C Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients, Cholesterol, and Fiber: WIC Infants, 6 Through 11 Months, Non-Breastfed

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

691

821

970

992

1,137

1,319

EERa

kcal/d

570

641

740

754

854

958

Proteinb

g/d

15.9

19.7

24.9

26.7

31.8

39.9

 

% of energy

8

9

10

11

12

13

Carbohydrate

g/d

91

107

128

131

151

176

 

% of energy

47

50

53

54

57

60

Fat, total

g/d

27

33

40

40

47

55

 

% of energy

30

34

37

36

40

43

Saturated fatty acids

g/d

11

13

16

16

19

22

 

% of energy

11

13

15

14

16

18

Cholesterol

mg/d

13

23

47

71

92

160

Fiber

g/d

2

3

5

5

6

8

bFor protein, 0.6% of WIC infants ages 6–11.9 mo had inadequate intakes.

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3C: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed infants 6–11.9 mo of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 275). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

TABLE C-3D Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients, Cholesterol, and Fiber: WIC Children, 12 Through 23 Months

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

901

1,065

1,262

1,288

1,482

1,708

EERa

kcal/d

729

827

935

942

1,050

1,165

Proteinb

g/d

32

38

46

48

56

66

 

% of energy

12

13

15

15

16

18

Carbohydrate

g/d

115

137

164

168

194

226

 

% of energy

46

49

53

53

57

61

Fat, total

g/d

32

39

48

49

58

68

 

% of energy

28

31

33

33

36

39

Saturated fatty acids

g/d

14

17

21

21

25

30

 

% of energy

11

13

15

15

17

18

Cholesterol

mg/d

97

130

176

192

238

309

Fiber

g/d

4

6

8

8

10

12

bFor protein, <0.1% of WIC children ages 1–1.9 y had inadequate intakes.

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3D: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfed children 12–23.9 months of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 287). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-3E Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients, Cholesterol, and Fiber: WIC Children, 2 Through 4 Years

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

1,112

1,312

1,553

1,585

1,822

2,095

EERa-Low Active

kcal/d

1,000

1,146

1,285

1,282

1,412

1,545

EERa-Active

kcal/d

1,019

1,207

1,411

1,389

1,567

1,700

Proteinb

g/d

40

47

56

57

67

77

 

% of energy

13

14

15

15

16

17

Carbohydrate

g/d

146

173

208

213

247

286

 

% of energy

48

51

54

54

57

60

Added sugars

g/d

6

8

12

13

17

21

 

% of energy

7

9

12

13

16

20

Fat, total

g/d

39

47

57

58

68

80

 

% of energy

28

30

33

33

35

38

Saturated fatty acidsc

g/d

15

18

22

22

26

30

 

% of energy

10

11

13

13

14

15

Cholesterold

mg/d

134

165

206

216

257

311

Fiber

g/d

7

8

11

11

13

16

bFor protein, <0.1% of WIC children ages 2–4.9 y had inadequate intakes.

cFor saturated fatty acids, 9% of WIC children ages 2–4.9 y had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit to less than 10% of food energy intake.

dFor cholesterol, 88% of WIC children ages 2–4.9 y had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit intake to less than 300 mg per day.

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3E: Analysis sample was data for children 2–4.9 y of age participating in the WIC program at the time of the survey (n = 872). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-3F Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients, Cholesterol, and Fiber: Adolescent and Adult Women, Pregnant or Lactating

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

1,557

1,798

2,088

2,115

2,403

2,707

EERa-Low Active

kcal/d

2,279

2,355

2,451

2,465

2,560

2,671

Proteinb

g/d

58

68

79

79

90

102

 

% of energy

14

15

16

16

16

17

Carbohydrate

g/d

199

235

279

285

328

378

 

% of energy

49

51

54

54

56

59

Added sugars

g/d

10

14

20

22

27

35

 

% of energy

8

11

15

16

19

24

Fat, total

g/d

55

64

76

77

88

99

 

% of energy

28

30

32

32

35

37

Saturated fatty acidsc

g/d

19

23

27

27

32

37

 

% of energy

9

10

12

12

13

14

Cholesterold

mg/d

173

210

260

271

320

385

Fiber

g/d

10

13

17

18

21

26

bFor protein, 17% of pregnant and lactating women had inadequate intakes.

cFor saturated fatty acids, 19% of pregnant and lactating women had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit to less than 10% of food energy intake.

dFor cholesterol, 68% of pregnant and lactating women had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit intake to less than 300 mg per day.

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3F: Analysis sample was data for pregnant or lactating adolescent and adult women ages 14–44 y (n = 123). Because of sample size limitations, the analysis sample combined all pregnant women and all lactating women. See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following Table C-3G.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-3G Usual Intake Distributions of Macronutrients, Cholesterol, and Fiber: Adolescent and Adult Women, Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum

 

 

Intake Distribution (percentiles and mean)

Nutrient

Units

10th

25th

Median

Mean

75th

90th

Food energy

kcal/d

1,363

1,540

1,754

1,774

1,986

2,210

EERa-Low Active

kcal/d

1,988

2,058

2,148

2,163

2,253

2,359

Proteinb

g/d

50

57

64

65

72

80

 

% of energy

12

14

15

15

16

18

Carbohydrate

g/d

159

189

226

229

266

305

 

% of energy

47

49

52

52

55

57

Added sugars

g/d

8

13

19

21

27

36

 

% of energy

8

12

17

18

24

30

Fat, total

g/d

55

60

66

66

72

77

 

% of energy

32

32

33

33

34

35

Saturated fatty acidsc

g/d

17

20

23

23

26

29

 

% of energy

10

11

11

11

12

12

Cholesterold

mg/d

152

179

213

219

253

292

Fiber

g/d

7

9

12

12

15

18

bFor protein, 4% of non-breastfeeding postpartum women had inadequate intakes.

cFor saturated fatty acids, 4% of non-breastfeeding postpartum women had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit to less than 10% of food energy intake.

dFor cholesterol, 92% of non-breastfeeding postpartum women had intakes that followed dietary guidance to limit intake to less than 300 mg per day.

NOTES FOR TABLE C-3G: Analysis sample was data for non-breastfeeding postpartum adolescent and adult women ages 14–44 y (n = 105). See additional notes for Tables C-3A through C-3G following this table.

NOTES FOR TABLES C-3A THROUGH C-3G: EER = Estimated Energy Requirement; kcal = kilocalories.

aMean EER (kcal/d) was calculated based on CSFII data (FSRG, 2000) using the method described in the DRI report (IOM, 2002/2005). For pregnant women, EER calculations assumed the second trimester. For lactating women, EER calculations assumed the first 6 month period postpartum.

DATA SOURCES: Intake data are from 1994–1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) (FSRG, 2000); data set does not include intake from dietary supplements (e.g., multivitamin and mineral preparations). Intake distributions were calculated using C-SIDE (ISU, 1997).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

TABLE C-4 Usual Intakes and Percentages with Reported Usual Intakes of Macronutrients and Added Sugars Outside Dietary Guidance

 

Participant Category

Nutrient (Dietary Guidance)

WIC Children, 1–1.9 y

(n = 287)

WIC Children, 2–4.9 y

(n = 872)

Pregnant Women and Lactating Women

(n = 123)

Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum Women

(n = 105)

Protein (AMDR†a as percentage of food energy)

(5–20†)

(5–20†, 2–3.9 y)

(10–30†, 4–4.9 y)

(10–30†, <19 y)

(10–35†, ≥ 19 y)

(10–35†)

Mean usual intake (g/d)

48

57

79

65

%<AMDR

<0.1

0.5

<0.1

0.3

%>AMDR

1.5

1.0

<0.1

<0.1

Carbohydrate, total (AMDR†a as percentage of food energy)

(45–65†)

(45–65†)

(45–65†)

(45–65†)

Mean usual intake (g/d)

168

213

285

229

%<AMDR

7.5

2.0

1.5

4.8

%>AMDR

2.8

1.1

0.2

0.1

Added Sugars (<25% of food energy)

Mean usual intake (g/d)

13

22

21

%>25% of energy

na

2.9

7.3

20.4

Fat, total (AMDR†a as percentage of food energy)

(30–40†)

(30–40†, 2–3.9 y)

(25–35†, 4–4.9 y)

(25–35†, <19 y)

(20–35†, ≥ 19 y)

(25–35†, <19 y)

(20–35†, ≥ 19 y)

Mean usual intake (g/d)

49

58

77

66

%<AMDR

20.8

18.1

0.2

<0.1

%>AMDR

5.5

10.4

24.5

4.9

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×

 

Participant Category

Nutrient (Dietary Guidance)

WIC Children, 1–1.9 y (n = 287)

WIC Children,

2–4.9 y (n = 872)

Pregnant Women and Lactating Women (n = 123)

Non-Breastfeeding Postpartum Women (n = 105)

Fat, saturated (<10% of food energy)b

Mean usual intake (g/d)

21

22

27

23

%>10% of energy

na

91.0

80.9

96.2

aAMDRs are presented as a range of intakes expressed as percentage of food energy intake (IOM, 2002/2005). For this analyses, the intake of each individual was compared to the age-appropriate AMDR.

bThe dietary guidance in this table for saturated fat is a part of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DHHS/USDA, 2005). The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) guidance for saturated fat is to consume amounts as low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet (IOM, 2002/2005).

NOTES: This table is similar to Table 2-5; more detail is presented here in Appendix C. AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range indicated by a dagger (†); n = sample size; na = not applicable; %<AMDR, percentage with usual intake less than AMDR; %>AMDR, p ercentage with usual intake greater than AMDR.

DATA SOURCES: Intake data were obtained from 1994–1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) (FSRG, 2000). All young children were non-breastfed. Usual intake distributions were calculated using C-SIDE (ISU, 1997). AMDRs and dietary guidance for added sugars were obtained from the DRI report (IOM, 2002/2005). Dietary guidance for saturated fat was obtained from the Dietary Guidelines (DHHS/USDA, 2005) (see note b).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 269
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 270
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 276
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 277
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 278
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 282
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 283
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 284
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 285
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 286
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 287
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 288
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 289
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C Nutrient Intake of WIC Subgroups." Institute of Medicine. 2006. WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11280.
×
Page 290
Next: Appendix D Evaluating Potential Benefits and Risks of the Revised Food Packages »
WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $64.00 Buy Ebook | $49.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) has promoted the health of low-income families for more than 30 years by providing nutrition education, supplemental food, and other valuable services. The program reaches millions of families every year, is one of the largest nutrition programs in the United States, and is an important investment in the nation’s health. The U.S. Department of Agriculture charged the Institute of Medicine with creating a committee to evaluate the WIC food packages (the list of specific foods WIC participants obtain each month). The goal of the study was to improve the quality of the diet of WIC participants while also promoting a healthy body weight that will reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The committee concluded that it is time for a change in the WIC food packages and the book provides details on the proposed new food packages, summarizes how the proposed packages differ from current packages, and discusses the rationale for the proposed packages.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!