TABLE C.1 Assessment of Current Sea Strike Capability Dependency on the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC), and Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Space Mission Areas
|
Capability |
Projected ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Projected METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Strike |
Critical |
Useful |
|
Target identification, location, and tracking; decoy discrimination |
|
|
|
Conduct strike operations |
Critical |
Useful |
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|
—Engage fixed land targets |
Critical |
Effective |
NRO, USAF |
Persistency, area coverage |
|
|
|
—Engage moving targets |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
GMTI required; area coverage, ocean coverage, low-latency communications |
|
|
|
Conduct special operations |
Critical |
Useful |
|
|||
|
—Provide precision targeting |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
Persistency, FIA improvements late, SBR/GMTI |
|
|
|
—Conduct direct action |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO |
Persistency |
Critical |
Useful |
|
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
|
Carrier operations, weather prediction, mission planning |
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, NAVAIR, USNO |
Weapons system integration, limited resistance to interference, time synchronization |
|
NOAA |
Inconsistent reliability, availability and latency of data |
Critical |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|||
|
Critical |
Limited |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
USN, NOAA, Commercial, NTM |
Tactical decision aids; littoral characterization. Latency, tasking, spectral resolution, spatial resolution, only passive systems via NOAA executive agency, no transition path from advanced technology development to operations. |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
Capability |
Projected ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Projected METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Conduct offensive information operations |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
—Jam potential threats |
Limited |
Limited |
|
Better done from air or ground |
|
|
|
—Conduct network attack |
Limited |
Limited |
|
Better done from air or ground |
||
|
Provide aircraft survivability |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO |
Tactical ELINT, and operational ELINT improvements |
||
|
Naval Fire Support |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
||
|
Provide preparation fires |
Limited |
Limited |
|
Contributory |
Useful |
|
|
Provide close supporting fires |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide precision supporting fires |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide volume fires |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Ship to Objective Maneuver |
Critical |
Useful |
||||
|
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|
||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, SPAWAR, USNO |
Integrated GPS, time synchronization |
||
|
NOAA, USAF |
International ownership, reliability, availability, and latency |
Limited |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
|||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, SPAWAR, USNO |
Limited resistance to interference |
||
|
Capability |
Projected ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Projected METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Project forces, reposition forces |
Critical |
Useful |
USAF, NRO |
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Useful |
|
Assault centers of gravity and critical vulnerabilities |
Critical |
Useful |
USAF, NRO |
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Limited |
|
|
Conduct concurrent follow-on missions |
Critical |
Useful |
USAF, NRO |
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage, battle damage assessment |
Critical |
Useful |
|
Strategic Deterrence |
Critical |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Conduct nuclear strike |
Critical |
Useful |
USAF, NRO |
Targeting, reconnaissance, area coverage |
|
|
|
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
USN, NOAA, commercial, NTM |
Trafficability, littoral needs. Latency, tasking, spectral resolution, spatial resolution, only passive systems via NOAA executive agency, no transition path from advanced technology development to operations. |
Critical |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|||
|
Commercial, NTM |
Battle damage assessment, trafficability, nowcasting. Latency, tasking, spectral resolution, spatial resolution, no transition path from advanced technology development to operations. No hyperspectral or SBR support. |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, USN SSPO, USNO |
Antijam communications, timing synchronization |
|
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|
||
|
Capability |
Projected ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Projected METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Provide assured survivability |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF, NRO |
Theater AMTI, BMD, terrorist |
|
|
|
NOTES: Acronyms are listed in Appendix G. “Critical” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability strongly dependent on the indicated space mission area. “Contributory” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability whose performance can be enhanced by access to the indicated space mission area. “Effective” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is at an appropriate level to meet Navy needs. “Useful” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is helping support Navy needs, but could see improvement. “Limited” indicates little or no connection between capability areas or little Navy interaction to link the capability areas. |
||||||
TABLE C.2 Assessment of Current Sea Shield Capability Dependency on the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC), and Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Space Mission Areas
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Potential METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Force Protection |
Contributory |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Protect against SOF and terrorist threats |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, GMTI, AMTI, low cross-section targets, area coverage |
Contributory |
Limited |
|
Mitigate effects of CBRNE |
Limited |
Limited |
NRO |
Hyperspectral |
|
|
|
Surface Warfare |
Critical |
Useful |
|
|||
|
Neutralize near-horizon surface threats |
Contributory |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
ELINT, IMINT: FIA, SBR/GMTI, no AMTI |
Limited |
Limited |
|
Neutralize OTH surface threats |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
ELINT, IMINT: FIA, SBR/GMTI, no AMTI |
Limited |
Limited |
|
Undersea Warfare |
Contributory |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Provide self-defense against subsurface threats |
Contributory |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, ocean coverage, area coverage |
|
|
|
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
USAF, USNO, NAVSEA |
Limited resistance to interference |
|
USN, USAF, NTM |
Wave height, currents, surface temperature; ELINT, spatial resolution |
Limited |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Limited |
Limited |
|
||
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, USNO, NAVAIR |
|
|
|
NOAA |
Atmospheric ducting, mission can be accomplished using onboard sensors |
Limited |
Effective |
|
|
|
NOAA |
Atmospheric ducting |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, USNO, SYSCOMs |
Persistence |
|
|
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Potential METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Neutralize submarine threats in the littorals |
Contributory |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Limited |
|
Neutralize mines in shallow to deep water |
Contributory |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, ocean coverage, area coverage |
Critical |
Useful |
|
Breach surf zone, minefields, obstacles, and barriers |
Contributory |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Limited |
|
Theater Air and Missile Defense |
Critical |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Provide self-defense against air and missile threats |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
SBIRS-H, no planned AMTI |
|
|
|
Provide maritime air and missile defense |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
SBIRS-H, no planned AMTI |
||
|
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
NTM, commercial |
Currents, surf, sediment, turbidity, bioluminescence, bathymetry; spatial and temporal resolution, spectral range/resolution |
Critical |
Limited |
|
|
|
USN, USAF, NOAA |
Wave height, currents, surface temperature; spatial resolution |
Limited |
Limited |
||
|
NTM, commercial, NTM |
Wave height, currents, surface temperature; water-penetrating spectral sensors, active microwave; no passive or active hyperspectral, no SBR, poor littoral temporal and spatial resolution |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
|
Critical |
Limited |
USAF, MDA, USNO |
Limited resistance to interference, LPI and LPD communications, time synchronization |
|
|
Critical |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Critical |
Limited |
||||
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Potential METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Provide overland air and missile defense |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
SBIRS-H, no planned AMTI |
|
|
|
Maintain sea-based NRO missile defense |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
SBIRS-H, no planned AMTI |
||
|
NOTES: Acronyms are listed in Appendix G. “Critical” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability strongly dependent on the indicated space mission area. “Contributory” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability whose performance can be enhanced by access to the indicated space mission area. “Effective” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is at an appropriate level to meet Navy needs. “Useful” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is helping support Navy needs, but could see improvement. “Limited” indicates little or no connection between capability areas or little Navy interaction to link the capability areas. |
||||||
TABLE C.3 Assessment of Current Sea Basing Capability Dependency on the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC), and Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Space Mission Areas
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Potential METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Deploy and Employ |
Contributory |
Useful |
|
|||
|
Close the force and maintain mobility |
Contributory |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
|
|
|
Provide at-sea arrival and assembly |
Contributory |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Effective |
|
Allow selective offload |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Reconstitute and regenerate at sea |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide Integrated Joint Logistics |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide sustainment for operations at sea |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide sustainment for operations ashore |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide focused logistics |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
USAF |
Global coverage, persistence |
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
|
|||
|
NOAA, USAF |
Ocean routing; existing infrastructure is working; space and time resolution gradually improving. |
Limited |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|
||
|
Limited |
Effective |
USAF, DLA |
Global coverage, persistence |
||
|
Limited |
Effective |
|
|||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Executive Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Potential METOC Dependency |
Current Space Support |
|
Provide shipboard and mobile maintenance |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Provide force medical services |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Provide advanced base support |
Limited |
Limited |
||||
|
Pre-position Joint Assets Afloat |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
|
Integrate and support joint personnel and equipment |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
Provide afloat command and control exploitation physical infrastructure |
Contributory |
Useful |
NRO, USN |
Space ISR processing, fusion, |
|
|
|
Provide AFSB capability for joint operations |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|||
|
NOTES: Acronyms are listed in Appendix G. “Critical” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability strongly dependent on the indicated space mission area. “Contributory” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability whose performance can be enhanced by access to the indicated space mission area. “Effective” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is at an appropriate level to meet Navy needs. “Useful” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is helping support Navy needs, but could see improvement. “Limited” indicates little or no connection between capability areas or little Navy interaction to link the capability areas. |
||||||
|
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/ Limitations |
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
|
||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
Limited |
Effective |
||||
|
NOAA, USAF |
Ocean routing; existing infrastructure is working; space and time resolution gradually improving. |
Critical |
Effective |
USAF |
Global GPS coverage needed, limited signal resistance to interference |
|
|
Limited |
Effective |
|
||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
|
Critical |
Effective |
||||
TABLE C.4 Assessment of Current FORCEnet Capability Dependency on the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Space Mission Areas
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
|
Communications and Data Networks |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Provide communications infrastructure |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Provide network protection |
Contributory |
Limited |
|
|
Provide network synchronization |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Provide information transfer |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance |
Critical |
Useful |
|
|
Conduct sensor management and information processing |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
Detect and identify targets |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
—Fixed land targets |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
—Moving land targets |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
|
—Air and missile targets |
Critical |
Limited |
USAF |
|
—Surface targets |
Critical |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
|
—Submarine targets |
Contributory |
Limited |
USAF, NRO |
|
Comments/Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/Limitations |
|
|
Critical |
Limited |
USAF, DISA, SPAWAR |
Global coverage, persistence, limited resistance to interference |
|
Critical |
Limited |
|
||
|
Monitor/warn of threats to nodes and communications |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
Critical |
Limited |
|||
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, NGA |
Global coverage, persistence, time synchronization |
|
|
Space sensor ISR tasking, processing, fusion, exploitation; SBR, FIA, SBIRS |
Critical |
Effective |
|
|
|
Space sensor ISR tasking, processing, fusion, exploitation; SBR, FIA, SBIRS |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
Persistence, FIA, SBR/SAR |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
Persistence, SBR/GMTI |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
AMTI, SBIRS |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
ELINT, FIA, SBR/SAR |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
Capability |
Potential ISR Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
|
—Mines |
Contributory |
Limited |
USAF, NRO |
|
Provide cueing and targeting information |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
Assess engagement results |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
Common Operational and Tactical Picture |
Critical |
Useful |
|
|
Provide mission planning |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO |
|
Provide battle management synchronization |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Provide common PNT and environmental information |
Limited |
Limited |
|
|
Integrate and distribute sensor information |
Contributory |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
Track and facilitate engagement of time-sensitive targets |
Critical |
Limited |
NRO, USAF |
|
Track and facilitate engagement of non-time-sensitive targets |
Critical |
Useful |
NRO, USAF |
|
NOTES: Acronyms are listed in Appendix G. “Critical” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability strongly dependent on the indicated space mission area. “Contributory” indicates a Sea Power 21 capability whose performance can be enhanced by access to the indicated space mission area. “Effective” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is at an appropriate level to meet Navy needs. “Useful” indicates that Navy support to link the space and Sea Power 21 capabilities is helping support Navy needs, but could see improvement. “Limited” indicates little or no connection between capability areas or little Navy interaction to link the capability areas. |
|||
|
Comments/Limitations |
Space PNT Dependency |
Current Space Support |
Lead Agency |
Comments/Limitations |
|
Persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Limited |
|
|
|
ELINT, FIA, SBR/GMTI/SAR; persistence, area coverage, ocean coverage |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
BDA, IMINT, ELINT; SBR, MTI, SAR |
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
USAF, USN |
Time synchronization, limited resistance to interference |
|
BDA, IMINT, ELINT; SBR, MTI, SAR |
Critical |
Effective |
|
|
|
|
Critical |
Effective |
||
|
Critical |
Effective |
|||
|
Space ISR fusion with theater and force assets |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
DSP only today: future SBIRS, SBR/GMTI, FIA; no planned ATMI; persistence, area and ocean coverage |
Critical |
Limited |
||
|
DSP, ELINT, IMINT today: future SBIRS, SBR/GMTI, FIA; no planned ATMI |
Critical |
Effective |
||
