The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries
Selected Studies
Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen, Editors
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Washington, D.C.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by a cooperative agreement between the National Academy of Sciences and the United States Agency for International Development (CCP-3078-A-00-5024) and from grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the World Bank. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries : selected studies / Cynthia B. Lloyd … [et al.], editors ; Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries ; Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-309-09680-4 (pbk.)—ISBN 0-309-55130-7 (pdf)
1. Young adults—Developing countries. 2. Youth—Developing countries. 3. Adulthood—Developing countries. 4. School-to-work transition—Developing countries. I. Lloyd, Cynthia B., 1943- . II. National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. III. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Population.
HQ799.8.D45C43 2005
305.242′091724—dc22
2005017524
Additional copies of this report are available from the
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Suggested citation: National Research Council. (2005). The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies. Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen, eds. Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. Committee on Population. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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PANEL ON TRANSITIONS TO ADULTHOOD IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
CYNTHIA B. LLOYD (Chair),
Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
CARLOS E. ARAMBURÚ,
Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social, Lima, Peru
NAN MARIE ASTONE,
Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
KAUSHIK BASU,
Department of Economics, Cornell University
JERE R. BEHRMAN,
Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
ANASTASIA J. GAGE,
Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University
SHIREEN J. JEJEEBHOY,
Population Council, New Delhi, India
RICHARD JESSOR,
Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder
BARTHÉLÉMY KUATE-DEFO,
Department of Demography, University of Montreal
DAVID A. LAM,
Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
ROBERT J. MAGNANI,
Family Health International, Arlington, VA
BARBARA S. MENSCH,
Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
SUSHEELA SINGH,
The Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York
NELLY P. STROMQUIST,
School of Education, University of Southern California
Liaison to Committee on Adolescent Health and Development
ROBERT BLUM,
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
COMMITTEE ON POPULATION 2003-2005
KENNETH W. WACHTER (Chair),
Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley
ANNE C. CASE,
Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
CHARLES B. KEELY,
Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
DAVID I. KERTZER,
Department of Anthropology, Brown University
BARTHÉLÉMY KUATE DEFO,
Department of Demography, University of Montreal
CYNTHIA B. LLOYD,
Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
THOMAS W. MERRICK,
Center for Global Health, George Washington University
RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT,
Department of Sociology and Center for Research on Immigration, Population, and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine
JAMES W. VAUPEL,
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
ROBERT J. WILLIS,
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
BARNEY COHEN, Director
CONTRIBUTORS
JERE R. BEHRMAN, Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
JOHN B. CASTERLINE, Department of Demography, Pennsylvania State University
BARNEY COHEN, Committee on Population, The National Academies, Washington, DC
MONICA J. GRANT, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
SHIVA S. HALLI, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
KELLY HALLMAN, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
EMILY HANNUM, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania
PAUL C. HEWETT, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
SHIREEN J. JEJEEBHOY, Population Council, New Delhi, India
JAMES C. KNOWLES, Independent consultant, Bangkok, Thailand
BARTHÉLÉMY KUATE-DEFO, Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Canada
DAVID A. LAM, Department of Economics and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
JIHONG LIU, Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health
CYNTHIA B. LLOYD, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
LETÍCIA MARTELETO, Department of Demography, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
BARBARA S. MENSCH, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York
AGNES R. QUISUMBING, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, DC
PIYALI SENGUPTA, Independent research consultant, Wilmington, DE
SUSHEELA SINGH, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, New York
NELLY P. STROMQUIST, School of Education, University of Southern California
Acknowledgments
In 2001 the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to assess how the transition to adulthood is changing in the developing world and what the implications of those changes might be for the design and improvement of programs and policies affecting young people. In December 2004 the panel released its report, Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries, with the panel’s findings, analysis, and conclusions. This companion volume contains the detailed background papers that the panel commissioned to help its work.
The papers in this volume have been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the NRC. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published volume as sound as possible and to ensure that the volume meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to charge. The review comments remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of one or more papers in this volume: Samer Al-Samarrai, Department of Economics, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, United Kingdom; Mary Arends-Kuenning, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Magali Barbieri, Institut National Etudes Démographiques, France; David Bishai, Department of Population and Family Health Science, Johns Hopkins University; John Bongaarts, Population
Council, New York; Deborah Davis, Department of Sociology, Yale University; Deborah DeGraff, Department of Economics, Bowdoin College, Maine; Anil Deolalikar, Department of Humanities, University of California, Riverside; Andrew Foster, Department of Economics, Brown University; Elizabeth Fussell, Department of Sociology, Tulane University; Paul Glewwe, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota; Daniel Goodkind, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC; Margaret Greene, Center for Global Health, George Washington University; Leah C. Gutierrez, Asian Development Bank, Philippines; John Hobcraft, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, United Kingdom; Allen Kelley, Department of Economics, Duke University; Reed Larson, Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Deborah Levison, Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota; Anju Malhotra, Population and Social Transitions, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC; Peter McDonald, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Australia; Elena Nightingale, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC; Constantijn W.A. Panis, Center for the Study of Aging, RAND, California; David Post, Department of Education Policy Studies, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Prouty, World Bank, Washington, DC; George Psacharopoulos, State MP, Greece; Vijayendra Rao, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC; Ronald R. Rindfuss, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Najma Sharif, Department of Economics, Saint Mary’s University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Susan Short, Department of Sociology, Brown University; Tom A.B. Snijders, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Insan Tunali, Department of Economics, University of Kansas; Etienne van de Walle, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of any of the papers nor did they see the final version of any paper before this publication. The review of this volume was overseen by Cynthia B. Lloyd, Population Council; Jere R. Behrman, University of Pennsylvania; and Nelly P. Stromquist, University of Southern California. Appointed by the NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the papers was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this volume rests entirely with the authors.
Contents
Introduction |
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Changing Contexts in Which Youth Are Transitioning to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Converging Toward Developed Economies? |
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Small Families and Large Cohorts: The Impact of the Demographic Transition on Schooling in Brazil |
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Progress Toward Education for All: Trends and Current Challenges for sub-Saharan Africa |
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Trends in the Timing of First Marriage Among Men and Women in the Developing World |
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Marriage Patterns in Rural India: Influence of Sociocultural Context |
Marriage in Transition: Evidence on Age, Education, and Assets from Six Developing Countries |
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Adolescent Transitions to Adulthood in Reform-Era China |
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Growing Up in Pakistan: The Separate Experiences of Males and Females |
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Multilevel Modeling of Influences on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Cameroon |
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Assessing the Economic Returns to Investing in Youth in Developing Countries |
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Contents: Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries |
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