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Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention (2007)

Chapter: Appendix A Data Sources and Methods

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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A
Data Sources and Methods

The Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes was asked to evaluate the state of the science on the causes and consequences of preterm birth. The committee assessed the various factors contributing to preterm birth; reviewed the economic, medical, social, psychological, and educational outcomes for children and families; addressed research gaps and needs; and explored changes in health policies.

To provide a comprehensive response to the study charge, the committee examined data from a variety of sources. These data sources included a review of recent scientific literature, public input through a series of workshops, and commissioned papers on selected topics. The study was conducted over a 21-month period.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE

A study committee composed of 17 members was assembled to assess the available data and make recommendations. The committee membership included individuals with expertise in obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, environmental health, epidemiology, psychology, economics, genetics, and public health. The committee convened for six 2-day meetings in March 2005, June 2005, August 2005, October 2005, December 2005, and January 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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LITERATURE REVIEW

Three strategies were combined to identify literature in support of the committee’s charge. First, a search on the EMBASE and Medline databases was conducted to obtain articles from peer-reviewed journals. The searches focused on preterm birth and low birth weight, including their genetic, behavioral, biological, and environmental causes, as well as their economic, educational, health, and family consequences. Second, the reports of federal agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, relevant to preterm birth and low birth weight were also gathered. Finally, committee members and workshop participants submitted articles and reports on those topics. The resulting database included more than 800 articles and reports.

COMMISSIONED PAPERS

The study committee commissioned three papers intended to provide in-depth information on selected topics, beyond the independent analysis of the literature conducted by the committee. The topics of these papers included geographic variations in rates of preterm birth, prematurity-related ethical issues, and the economic costs associated with preterm birth. The members of the committee determined the topics and the authors of the papers. These papers were not intended to serve as substitutes for the committee’s own review and analysis of the literature. The committee independently deliberated on these topics before it received the drafts of the papers.

PUBLIC WORKSHOPS

The committee hosted three public workshops to gain additional information on specific aspects of the study charge. These workshops were held in conjunction with the March, June, and August meetings. The study committee determined the topics and the speakers.

The first workshop was intended to provide an overview of key issues in the area of preterm birth and to discuss the committee’s charge. Content focused on the biological pathways associated with preterm birth, as well as the educational, economic, and family consequences. Additionally, representatives from the study’s sponsors were invited to discuss the charge to the committee. The second workshop focused on the role of maternal conditions, such as infection, inflammation, and preeclampsia in preterm birth; the epidemiology of preterm birth; public policies that may address the problem of preterm birth; controversial issues in the care of preterm infants; and racial disparities in the rates of preterm birth. The third and final

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

workshop focused on barriers to clinical research. Specifically, presenters addressed issues related to the current state of the workforce, key issues in career development, ethics and liability issues in research, funding of research, drug development research, and the leadership required for the development of research capacity within departments of obstetrics and gynecology. Each workshop was open to the public; and individuals were invited to present information to the committee, discuss their presentations, and address inquiries from the committee. The agendas of these workshops, including the names of the workshop participants, are included in Boxes A-1 through A-3.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

BOX A-1

Institute of Medicine


Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes


The National Academies Building

2100 C Street, NW

Washington, D.C.

Room 150


AGENDA

Wednesday March 30, 2005

12:30 p.m.

WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS

Richard E. Behrman, M.D.

Chair, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes

 

OVERVIEW OF KEY ISSUES

12:45 p.m.

Pathogenesis of Prematurity

Charles J. Lockwood, M.D.

Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Yale School of Medicine

1:15 p.m.

Discussion

1:30 p.m.

Educational and Family Sequelae of Prematurity: Findings from Naturalistic and Experimental Studies

Sharon Landesman Ramey, Ph.D.

Professor, School of Nursing and Health Studies

Georgetown University

1:50 p.m.

Economic Consequences of Prematurity

Scott Grosse, Ph.D.

Senior Health Economist, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

2:10 p.m.

Impact of Prematurity: A Parent Perspective

Kathy Paz

President and Founder

Preemies Today

2:30 p.m.

Discussion

3:00 p.m.

BREAK

3:15 p.m.

DELIVERY OF STUDY CHARGE

Duane Alexander, M.D.

Director, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

National Institutes of Health

Scott Grosse, Ph.D.

Senior Health Economist, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities

Eve M. Lackritz, M.D.

Chief, Maternal and Infant Health Branch, Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

3:45 p.m.

DISCUSSION OF STUDY CHARGE

Richard Schwarz, M.D.

Vice Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Maimonides Medical Center

Michael Katz, M.D.

Senior Vice President for Research and Global Programs

March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation

Enriqueta C. Bond, Ph.D.

President

The Burroughs Wellcome Fund

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

 

Ann Koontz, C.N.M., Dr.P.H.

Associate Director, Division of Perinatal Systems and Women’s Health

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration

Loretta Finnegan, M.D.

Medical Advisor for the Director, Office of Research on Women’s Health

National Institutes of Health

Debra Hawks, M.P.H.

Director, Practice Activities

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

Sean Tipton

Director of Public Affairs

American Society for Reproductive Medicine

Arnold Cohen, M.D.

Chairman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine

5:15 p.m.

ADJOURN

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

BOX A-2

Institute of Medicine

Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes


The National Academies Building

2100 C Street, NW

Washington, D.C.

Room 180


AGENDA

Wednesday, June 22, 2005

7:30 a.m.

WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS

Richard E. Behrman, M.D.

Chair, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes

7:45 a.m.

THE ROLE OF INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION IN PREMATURE BIRTH

Prenatal Infection and Inflammation

Robert Goldenberg, M.D.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

8:30 a.m.

Discussion

8:45 a.m.

Antenatal and Postnatal Inflammation Effects on the Preterm Lung

Alan Jobe, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Pediatrics

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

9:05 a.m.

Inflammation and Perinatal Brain Damage

Michael O’Shea, M.D., M.P.H.

Department of Pediatrics

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

9:25 a.m.

Discussion

10:00 a.m.

BREAK

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

10:15 a.m.

Preeclampsia: Maternal/Fetal Mortality and Morbidity

John Hauth, M.D.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Alabama School of Medicine

10:45 a.m.

Discussion

11:15 a.m.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRETERM BIRTH

Michael Kramer, M.D.

Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Biostatistics

McGill University

12:00 a.m.

Discussion

12:30 p.m.

LUNCH

1:30 p.m.

OVERVIEW OF POLICIES RELATING TO PRETERM DELIVERY

Wendy Chavkin, M.D., M.P.H.

Department of Population and Family Health

Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health

2:00 p.m.

Discussion

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

2:15 p.m.

CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN NEONATAL CARE

F. Sessions Cole, M.D.

Department of Pediatrics

Washington University School of Medicine

Jerold F. Lucey, M.D.

Department of Pediatrics

University of Vermont College of Medicine

Robert M. Nelson, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine

The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

4:00 p.m.

ADJOURN—Reception

Thursday, June 23, 2005

Room 180

8:30 a.m.

Racial Disparities in Preterm Delivery: Health Care and Research Issues

Carol Rowland Hogue, Ph.D., M.P.H.

Department of Epidemiology

Emory University School of Public Health

9:30 a.m.

ADJOURN

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

BOX A-3

Institute of Medicine

Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes


Keck Center of the National Academies

500 Fifth Street, NW

Washington, D.C.

Room 100


Public Workshop on Barriers to Clinical Research Related to Premature Birth

Wednesday, August 10, 2005

8:30 a.m.

Welcome and Introductions

Richard Behrman, M.D., J.D.

Chair, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes

8:45 a.m.

Nurse-Midwife Workforce

Kerri Durnell Schuiling, Ph.D., C.N.M, F.A.C.N.M.

Professor and Associate Dean for Nursing Education

Northern Michigan University

Senior Staff Researcher, American College of Nurse-Midwives

9:00 a.m.

Discussion

9:15 a.m.

Career Development

Jerome F. Strauss III, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor and Director, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health

University of Pennsylvania Medical Center

9:30 a.m.

Diane Magrane, M.D.

Associate Vice President, Faculty Development and Leadership Programs

Association of American Medical Colleges

9:45 a.m.

Discussion

10:15 a.m.

BREAK

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

10:30 a.m.

Funding of Research on Premature Birth

John V. Ilekis, Ph.D.

Health Scientist Administrator, Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch

Center for Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine

National Institutes of Health

National Institute of Child Health and Development

10:50 a.m.

William Callaghan, M.D., M.P.H.

Senior Scientist, Maternal and Infant Health Branch

Division of Reproductive Health

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

11:05 a.m.

Enriqueta C. Bond, Ph.D.

President

Burroughs Wellcome Fund

11:20 a.m.

Nancy Green, M.D.

Medical Director

March of Dimes

11:35 a.m.

Discussion

1:00 p.m.

Ethical and Liability Issues in Reproductive Research

Robert M. Nelson, M.D., Ph.D.

Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

1:10 p.m.

Robert Goldenberg, M.D.

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

1:20 p.m.

John M. Gibbons, Jr., M.D.

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Past President, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

1:30 p.m.

Discussion

2:00 p.m.

Training Required for Future Reproductive Research

Sudhansu K. Dey, Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Pharmacology

Vanderbilt University

2:15 p.m.

Jeff Reese, M.D.

Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics

Vanderbilt University

2:30 p.m.

Discussion

3:00 p.m.

Theodore M. Danoff, M.D., Ph.D

Director, Discovery Medicine

Hypertension, PTL, Renal and Thrombosis Disease Area Glaxo Smith Kline

3:15 p.m.

Discussion

3:35 p.m.

BREAK

3:50 p.m.

Robert Goldenberg, M.D.

Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Alabama at Birmingham

Jerome F. Strauss III, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor and Director, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health

University of Pennsylvania Medical Center

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×

 

Linda J. Heffner, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Boston University Medical Center

David Eschenbach, M.D.

Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Washington

Garland D. Anderson, M.D.

Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

University of Texas Medical Branch

Katherine E. Hartmann, M.D., Ph.D.

Director, Center for Women’s Health Research

University of North Carolina

4:45 p.m.

Discussion

5:30 p.m.

Adjourn

Thursday, August 11, 2005

Room 110

9:00 a.m.

Economic Costs of Premature Birth

Stavros Petrou, M.Phil., Ph.D.

National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit

University of Oxford

10:30 a.m.

Adjourn

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A Data Sources and Methods ." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11622.
×
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Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Get This Book
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The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups.

While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems.

Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.

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