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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

DECADAL SURVEY OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS

Foundation for the Future

Steering Committee for the Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics

Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. NNH05CC15C between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

DECADAL SURVEY OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS

Steering Committee

PAUL G. KAMINSKI (NAE), Chair,

Technovation, Inc., Fairfax Station, Virginia

WILLIAM W. HOOVER, Co-chair,

U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia

INDERJIT CHOPRA,

University of Maryland, College Park

EUGENE E. COVERT (NAE),

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

ALAN C. ECKBRETH,

Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, Hartford

THOMAS M. HARTMANN,

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Palmdale, California

ILAN KROO (NAE),

Stanford University, Stanford, California

NANCY G. LEVESON (NAE),

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

IVETT A. LEYVA,

Microcosm, Inc., El Segundo, California

AMY PRITCHETT,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

EDMOND L. SOLIDAY,

United Airlines (retired), Valparaiso, Indiana

JOHN VALASEK,

Texas A&M University, College Station

DAVID VAN WIE,

Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland

ROBERT WHITEHEAD,

Aerospace Consultant, Henrico, North Carolina

DIANNE S. WILEY,

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, California

Panel A: Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics

DAVID VAN WIE, Chair,

Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland

PAUL BEVILAQUA (NAE),

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Palmdale, California

CHARLES BOCCADORO,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, El Segundo, California

THOMAS CORKE,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

ILAN KROO (NAE),

Stanford University, Stanford, California

ROBERT LIEBECK (NAE),

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, California

DAN MARREN,

Arnold Engineering Development Center—White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland

STEPHEN RUFFIN,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

FREDRIC H. SCHMITZ,

University of Maryland, College Park

JOHN SULLIVAN,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

KAREN WILLCOX,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Panel B: Propulsion and Power

ALAN C. ECKBRETH, Chair,

Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, Hartford

ROBERT BAKOS, ATK GASL,

Ronkonkoma, New York*

MEYER J. BENZAKEIN (NAE),

Ohio State University, Columbus

JAMES L. BETTNER,

Rolls-Royce Corporation (retired), Pittsboro, Indiana

DAVID E. CROW (NAE),

University of Connecticut, Glastonbury

MEHRDAD EHSANI,

Texas A&M University, College Station

JEFFREY W. HAMSTRA,

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Fort Worth, Texas

IVETT A. LEYVA,

Microcosm, Inc., El Segundo, California

TIMOTHY LIEUWEN,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

LOURDES QUINTANA MAURICE,

Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C.

JAMES C. McDANIEL, JR.,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

TRESA M. POLLOCK (NAE),

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

WILLIAM TUMAS,

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico

*

Resigned October 12, 2005.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

Panel C: Materials and Structures

DIANNE S. WILEY, Chair,

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, California

SATYA N. ATLURI (NAE),

University of California at Irvine*

GREGORY CARMAN,

University of California at Los Angeles

INDERJIT CHOPRA,

University of Maryland, College Park

JANET DAVIS,

Rockwell Scientific, Thousand Oaks, California

RAVI B. DEO,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, El Segundo, California

PRABHAT HAJELA,

Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York

MARK K. HINDERS,

College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia

ROBERT SCHAFRIK,

GE Aircraft Engines, Cincinnati, Ohio

NANCY R. SOTTOS,

University of Illinois, Urbana

GREGORY WASHINGTON,

Ohio State University, Columbus

TERRENCE A. WEISSHAAR,

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia

Panel D: Dynamics, Navigation, and Control, and Avionics

NANCY G. LEVESON (NAE), Chair,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

RICHARD ABBOTT,

Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Palmdale, California

CLARK R. BADIE,

Honeywell International, Phoenix, Arizona

JEFFERY ERICKSON,

Boeing Phantom Works, Huntington Beach, California

EPHRAHIM GARCIA,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

CHARLES L. GUTHRIE,

Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems, Long Beach, California

ELLIS F. HITT,

Strategic Systems Solutions, Inc., Westerville, Ohio

JAMES C. NEIDHOEFER,

Aerotonomy, Inc., Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia

DARRYLL J. PINES,

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia

JAMES RANKIN,

Avionics Engineering Center, Ohio University, Athens

JASON L. SPEYER (NAE),

University of California at Los Angeles

JOHN VALASEK,

Texas A&M University, College Station

Panel E: Intelligent and Autonomous Systems, Operations and Decision Making, Human Integrated Systems, and Networking and Communications

EDMOND L. SOLIDAY, Chair,

United Airlines (retired), Valparaiso, Indiana

ELLA ATKINS,

University of Maryland, College Park

TAMER BASAR (NAE),

University of Illinois, Urbana

THOMAS Q. CARNEY,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

JOHN-PAUL CLARKE,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

MICHAEL DeWALT,

Aviation Systems Certification Services, Eastbound, Washington

FRANK L. FRISBIE,

Apptis Inc., Washington, D.C.

ANDREW LACHER,

MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia

RAYMOND R. LaFREY,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory (retired), New Braunfels, Texas

CARL McCULLOUGH,

U.S. Air Force Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

AMY PRITCHETT,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

DONALD W. RICHARDSON,

West Palm Beach, Florida

NADINE SARTER,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

*

Resigned January 19, 2006.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

Staff

ELIZABETH ALBRIGO,

Senior Program Assistant

ALAN ANGLEMAN,

Study Director (from December 2005)

ANNA FARRAR,

Financial Associate

JAMES GREGORY,

NRC Science and Technology Policy Fellow (through December 2005)

KAREN HARWELL,

Study Director (through December 2005)

GEORGE LEVIN,

Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board

HEIDI MURRAY,

Senior Program Assistant

JOHN SISLIN,

Program Officer

KERRIE SMITH,

Co-Study Director

JOHN WENDT,

Senior Program Officer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD

RAYMOND S. COLLADAY, Chair,

Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired), Golden, Colorado

WILLIAM L. BALLHAUS,

BAE Systems National Security Solutions, Reston, Virginia

CHARLES F. BOLDEN, JR.,

Jack and Panther, LLC, Houston, Texas

EDWARD M. BOLEN,

National Aviation Association, Washington, D.C.

ANTHONY J. BRODERICK,

Aviation Safety Consultant, Catlett, Virginia

JOHN-PAUL CLARKE,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

PHILIP M. CONDIT (NAE),

The Boeing Company, Redmond, Washington

ROBERT L. CRIPPEN,

Thiokol Propulsion (retired), Palm Beach Gardens, Florida

RICHARD M. GOODY (NAS),

Harvard University (emeritus), Falmouth, Massachusetts

PRESTON HENNE (NAE),

Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, Georgia

WILLIAM W. HOOVER,

U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia

SYDNEY MICHAEL HUDSON,

Rolls-Royce North America (retired), Indianapolis, Indiana

JOHN M. KLINEBERG,

Space Systems/Loral (retired), Redwood City, California

ILAN KROO (NAE),

Stanford University, Stanford, California

MOLLY K. MACAULEY,

Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.

FORREST S. McCARTNEY,

Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired), Indian Harbour Beach, Florida

ELON MUSK,

Space Exploration Development Corporation–SpaceX, El Segundo, California

AMY PRITCHETT,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

ROBERT R. RANKINE, JR.,

Hughes Space and Communications Company (retired), Clearwater, Florida

DEBRA L. RUB-ZENKO,

The Boeing Company, Anaheim, California

CYNTHIA SAMUELSON,

Logistics Management Institute, McLean, Virginia

PETER STAUDHAMMER (NAE),

University of Southern California, La Quinta

HANSEL E. TOOKES II,

Raytheon International, Inc. (retired), Palm Beach Gardens, Florida

RAY VALEIKA,

Delta Airlines, Inc. (retired), Powder Springs, Georgia

ROBERT S. WALKER,

Wexler & Walker Public Policy Associates, Washington, D.C.

ROBERT E. WHITEHEAD,

National Institute of Aerospace, Henrico, North Carolina

THOMAS L. WILLIAMS,

Northrop Grumman, El Segundo, California

Staff

GEORGE LEVIN, Director

Page viii Cite
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

Preface

The air transportation system is important to the economic vitality, public well-being, and national security of the United States. The aerospace industry has historically made a large contribution to the positive balance of trade for the U.S. economy. In 2005, it had a $37 billion positive balance of trade, of which $29 billion was for civil aeronautics.1 In addition, the United States has had a long history as the unchallenged world leader in civil and military aeronautics, though this position is now in jeopardy in areas such as research capability, technological expertise, and the performance of civil aircraft and air traffic management systems.

With leadership comes opportunity, particularly with regard to setting international standards for aircraft certification and operations. A position of continued leadership would allow the United States to ensure that viable global standards continue to be established for the application of emerging technologies and operational concepts. Without such standards the global aviation market and the global transportation system will be fractured into separate fiefdoms ruled by national and regional aviation authorities acting independently. This would impede the ability of passengers and cargo to move seamlessly—and safely—from country to country. The United States needs “world-class science and engineering—not simply as an end in itself, but as the principal means of creating new jobs for its citizenry as a whole as it seeks to prosper in the global marketplace of the 21st century.”2 Strong action is needed to ensure that U.S. leadership continues to assure the future of the domestic and global air transportation systems.3

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is explicitly chartered to preserve the role of the United States as a leader in aeronautics technology. To pursue that goal, NASA contracted with the National Research Council’s Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) to complete a decadal survey of civil aeronautics, to prioritize research projects to be undertaken in the next 10 years. For the last 50 years, the National Research Council has conducted decadal surveys in astronomy. The idea of conducting a decadal survey of aeronautics originated in discussions among the ASEB, the Office of Management and Budget, and congressional committees with an interest in civil aviation. Although this study takes special note of NASA’s priorities for civil aeronautics research, it also identifies national priorities for non-NASA researchers. Additionally, the study points out synergies between civil aeronautics research and research objectives associated with national defense, homeland security, and the space program.

In FY 2004, NASA’s budget for aeronautics was just over $1 billion. NASA’s aeronautics budget for FY 2006 was $884 million, and it will be reduced to $724 million in FY 2007 if Congress accepts the President’s budget. If that happens, in just 3 years NASA’s budget for aeronautics will have sustained a reduction of 32 percent, even as NASA’s total budget increases by 9 percent. This budgetary trend will make it increasingly difficult for NASA to build a solid foundation for the future. However, regardless of the overall funding level, NASA’s aeronautics program should focus on the key strategic objectives,

1

D. Napier. 2005. 2005 Year-End Review and 2006 Forecast—An Analysis. Arlington, Va.: Aerospace Industries Association (AIA). Available online at <www.aia-aerospace.org/stats/yr_ender/yrendr2005_text.pdf>.

2

National Research Council. 2005. Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future, p. 30. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at <http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html>.

3

National Research Council. 2003. Securing the Future of U.S. Air Transportation: A System in Peril, p. 11. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available online at <http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/10815.html>.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

themes, and high-priority research and technology challenges described herein. The present survey was completed in parallel with ongoing efforts to create a national policy on aviation and separate efforts by NASA Headquarters to assess the aeronautics program. The authors of this report are confident that all three efforts will work toward the common goal of assuring that long-term national investments in aeronautics research and technology substantially improve the air transportation system and achieve other appropriate national objectives.

Paul Kaminski, Chair

Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics Steering Committee

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the National Research Council (NRC). The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:


Tony Broderick, Aviation Safety Consultant

Dianne Chong, The Boeing Company

Raymond Colladay, Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired)

John Douglass, Aerospace Industries Association of America

Alan Epstein, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Kenneth Rosen, NAE, General Aero-Science Consultants, LLC

David Schmidt, University of Colorado

Gunter Stein, NAE, Honeywell (retired)

Tom Williams, Northrop Grumman


Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Sheila E. Widnall, NAE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Appointed by the NRC, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes

TABLES

ES-1

 

Fifty-one Highest Priority Research and Technology Challenges for NASA Aeronautics, Prioritized by R&T Area,

 

2

2-1

 

Sample QFD Prioritization,

 

11

3-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area A: Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics,

 

14

3-2

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area B: Propulsion and Power,

 

22

3-3

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area C: Materials and Structures,

 

30

3-4

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area D: Dynamics, Navigation, and Control, and Avionics,

 

38

3-5

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area E: Intelligent and Autonomous Systems, Operations and Decision Making, Human Integrated Systems, and Networking and Communications,

 

47

5-1

 

Fifty-one Highest Priority Research and Technology Challenges for NASA Aeronautics, Prioritized by R&T Area,

 

66

5-2

 

NASA Technology Readiness Levels 1 to 9 for Aeronautics Research,

 

69

A-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area A: Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics,

 

74

B-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area B: Propulsion and Power,

 

90

C-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area C: Materials and Structures,

 

112

D-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area D: Dynamics, Navigation, and Control, and Avionics,

 

137

E-1

 

Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area E: Intelligent and Autonomous Systems, Operations and Decision Making, Human Integrated Systems, and Networking and Communications,

 

153

FIGURES

1-1

 

Terminology breakdown tree,

 

7

3-1

 

NASA and national priorities for Area A: aerodynamics and aeroacoustics,

 

15

3-2

 

NASA and national priorities for Area B: propulsion and power,

 

23

3-3

 

Actual and predicted exposure to significant noise (65-dB day-night average sound level) and enplanement trends forthe United States, 1975-2005,

 

23

3-4

 

Considerable gas turbine fuel efficiency improvements are still possible,

 

24

3-5

 

NASA and national priorities for Area C: materials and structures,

 

31

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2006. Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics: Foundation for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11664.
×

3-6

 

NASA and national priorities for Area D: dynamics, navigation, and control, and avionics,

 

39

3-7

 

NASA and national priorities for Area E: intelligent and autonomous systems, operations and decision making, human-integrated systems, and networking and communications,

 

46

3-8

 

R&T Thrusts related to Area E: intelligent and autonomous systems, operations and decision making, human integrated systems, and networking and communications,

 

52

B-1

 

Actual and predicted exposure to significant noise (65-dB day-night average sound level) and enplanement trends for the United States, 1975-2005,

 

91

B-2

 

Considerable gas turbine fuel efficiency improvements are still possible,

 

95

B-3

 

Technology issues in supersonic combustion ramjets,

 

103

BOXES

ES-1

 

Recommendations to Achieve Strategic Objectives for Civil Aeronautics Research and Technology,

 

3

1-1

 

Terminology,

 

7

2-1

 

NASA’s Mission as Reflected by Selected Items from the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (As Amended),

 

11

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The U.S. air transportation system is very important for our economic well-being and national security. The nation is also the global leader in civil and military aeronautics, a position that needs to be maintained to help assure a strong future for the domestic and international air transportation system. Strong action is needed, however, to ensure that leadership role continues. To that end, the Congress and NASA requested the NRC to undertake a decadal survey of civil aeronautics research and technology (R&T) priorities that would help NASA fulfill its responsibility to preserve U.S. leadership in aeronautics technology. This report presents a set of strategic objectives for the next decade of R&T. It provides a set of high-priority R&T challenges—-characterized by five common themes—-for both NASA and non-NASA researchers, and an analysis of key barriers that must be overcome to reach the strategic objectives. The report also notes the importance of synergies between civil aeronautics R&T objectives and those of national security.

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