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Chapter: The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies

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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies1

Wm. A. Wulf

National Academy of Engineering

PREFACE

This document provides an overview of National Academies’ activities that are relevant to various aspects of homeland security and countering terrorism, particularly catastrophic acts of terrorism. A longer report summarizes a number of individual reports; here we only list their titles.

While much of the National Academies’ work—as well as interest in that work—has occurred since September 11, 2001, this paper includes relevant studies and other activities many years before that infamous date. This summary also identifies activities other than studies resulting in academy reports, such as workshops, roundtables, and colloquia that have been and are currently being carried out across the National Academies in this area. Finally, a number of activities in the advanced planning stages are identified.

Many of these activities were spawned directly or indirectly by the delivery of the June 2002 National Academies report, Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism.2

This summary is not exhaustive, especially as to planning efforts. However, it is extensive, including many of the past, present, and planned efforts across the National Academies in these important areas.

1

Activities as of May 2004.

2

NRC Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism. 2002. Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

INTRODUCTION

The horrific events of September 11, 2001, overshadowed much in all of our lives for many months following. Many in the science and technology community have held that while advanced technology often is used as an instrument of terrorism, technological tools can also be a vital source of prevention and deterrence of, and defense against, acts and agents of terrorism.

The National Academies responded to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in several ways. First, the presidents of the National Academies at the time, including National Academy of Sciences (NAS) President Bruce Alberts,3 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) President Wm. A.Wulf, and Institute of Medicine (IOM) President Kenneth Shine,4 convened a meeting of leaders from the science, technology, and health care communities with leading former government officials to consider initiatives that might be carried out by the National Academies that would benefit the nation. This meeting, the Presidents’ Meeting on Countering Terrorism, was convened on September 26, 2001, just two weeks after the terrorist attacks.

A number of key activities resulted from the presidents’ meeting, the most prominent of which was the initiation of a major National Academies’ fast-track study, A Science and Technology Agenda for Countering Terrorism, aimed at defining very quickly (within six months) a research agenda for enhancing the role of science and technology in countering terrorism in the United States. That study resulted in the previously mentioned landmark report, Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. That report was used prominently in developing the legislation establishing the mission, structure, and other features of the Science and Technology Directorate in what was to become the U.S. cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security (DHS). As the U.S. government began to implement various measures for homeland security, the implications for the scientific and engineering community became clearer, and in October 2002 the presidents of the National Academies issued a statement on behalf of the National Academies, “Science and Security in an Age of Terrorism.”5

In addition, as federal agencies began reorganizing activities in waging the war on terrorism, including the 22 agencies that would ultimately comprise DHS, the new focus in government precipitated a variety of other activities across the National Academies. These complemented the significant number of relevant

3

Bruce Alberts’ term as NAS president was from July 1, 1993–June 30, 2005, and he was succeeded by Ralph J. Cicerone on July 1, 2005.

4

Kenneth Shine’s term as IOM president concluded on June 30, 2002, and former Harvard University Provost Harvey Fineberg was appointed the IOM’s seventh president, beginning a six-year term on July 1, 2002.

5

Available on the National Academies Web site: www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

National Research Council (NRC) projects that predated the events of September 11, 2001, including completed reports and work under way. As a result, there is now a very substantial portfolio of relevant products, projects, and other activities, including the continuing initiation of new work to aid the nation’s response to the threat of catastrophic terrorism.

This document summarizes the current portfolio of completed reports, other products, current projects, projects in preparation, and other efforts in support of government agencies and other sponsors.

COMPLETED REPORTS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES

Some of the activities initiated at the National Academies in recent years have been aimed at providing immediate near-term advice to the government, some refocused ongoing efforts to better meet the needs of federal agencies after September 11, 2001, and some were aimed at helping design a long-term agenda for the role of science and technology in countering catastrophic terrorism. The list is long and growing.

A Science and Technology Agenda for Countering Terrorism

This keystone project, noted earlier, initiated in the weeks following September 11, 2001, was aimed at helping the federal government, and more specifically the Executive Office of the President through the Office of Science and Technology Policy and Office of Homeland Security, to use effectively the nation’s and the world’s scientific and technical community in a timely response to the threat of catastrophic terrorism. A committee of distinguished scientists and engineers, supported by similarly distinguished panels, developed an integrated science and technology program plan and research strategy.

In all, 164 distinguished and knowledgeable individuals, comprising 24 committee members, 94 members of the supporting panels, and 46 expert reviewers, contributed to the effort, which was sponsored entirely by internal resources from the National Academies. The final report, Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism, was released in June 2002. The report provides a framework for the application of science and technology for combating terrorism and proposes research agendas in nine key domains: biological; chemical; nuclear and radiological; information technology; transportation; energy facilities, cities, and fixed infrastructure; behavioral, social, and institutional issues; robotics; and systems analysis and engineering.

Through its influence on the programs and planning within government agencies that have responsibilities for homeland security and countering terrorism, this report has provided the context for many of the follow-on efforts described in this document.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Near-term Assistance to the U.S. Government

To provide timely assistance on those urgent topics where the government needs immediate assistance, the National Academies initiated a new kind of activity. The National Academies’ management and staff called upon and continue to call upon a formidable network of scientific, engineering, and health expertise to arrange one-day meetings between scientific experts and government representatives in areas where urgent knowledge was being sought by government agencies. Although no written reports have been produced and no formal advice is provided, the dialogue has proved to be very beneficial to federal agencies, especially the interagency Technical Support Working Group (TSWG) on counterterrorism, the intelligence community, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Postal Service, and the Department of Justice (DOJ).

The meetings arranged to date in the areas of homeland security and countering terrorism include the following agencies and topics:

  • Postal Service on sanitizing the mail (November 14, 2001)

  • FAA on analyzing human factors for the FAA’s sky marshal program (December 5–6, 2001)

  • DOJ on analyzing the anthrax-infected letter to Senator Leahy (December 7, 2001)

  • TSWG on surveying the state of the art on biological and chemical forensics (December 11, 2001)

  • TSWG on surveying the state of the art on biological and chemical decontamination (December 14, 2001)

  • TSWG on through-structure imaging and explosives detection (March 26, 2002)

  • GAO on biometric identification (April 25–26, 2002) and on privacy concerns and policy implications of new biometric technologies (May 16–17, 2002)

  • Federal Bureau of Investigation on high-performance computing (September 4–5, 2002)

  • GAO on assessment of cybersecurity technologies for critical infrastructure protection (October 1–2, 2003)

  • GAO on assessment of DHS/Transportation Security Administration (TSA) transportation security research and development (March 2, 2004)

  • GAO on security efforts for federal real property (March 4–5, 2004)

Some of these efforts have led to more extensive National Academies projects.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Reports Available from the National Academies Press

In response to requests by government agencies, the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine have initiated new activities and called upon a substantial body of work already completed. Many of these requests and responses are designed to result in traditional NRC or IOM committee reports. The following compilation is a collection of reports and other documents relevant to the subjects of homeland security and countering terrorism that are available from the National Academies Press.6 The documents are grouped in general chronological order, but substantively span the following five principal areas, although many of these reports (and other activities) cover more than one topic area. The principal areas covered are the following:

  1. critical infrastructure protection

  2. detection and mitigation of catastrophic terrorist threats, including radiological and nuclear, chemical, biological, and explosives

  3. border and transportation security

  4. information analysis, management, and infrastructure protection

  5. threat and vulnerability, testing, and assessment, including addressing the root causes of terrorism, coping with new risks, emergency preparedness and response, and international issues

Reports Published in 2004

Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence

Distribution and Administration of Potassium Iodide in the Event of a Nuclear Incident

Advanced Energetic Materials

Improving the Characterization Program for Contact-Handled Transuranic Waste Bound for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism

University Research Centers of Excellence for Homeland Security: Summary Report of a Workshop

The Mathematical Sciences’ Role in Homeland Security: Proceedings of a Workshop

Advancing Prion Science: Guidance for the National Prion Research Program

Summary of the Power Systems Workshop on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community: October 9-10, 2003, Washington, D.C.

6

Either in printed form from the National Academies Press or the Joseph Henry Press, or available on the National Academies Press Web site at http://www.nap.edu. The Terrorism and Security Collection may be viewed at http://www.nap.edu/collections/terror/index/html.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Overcoming Impediments to U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation: Report of a Joint Workshop

Terrorism—Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: Proceedings of a U.S.-Russian Workshop

Reports Published in 2003

Review of EPA Homeland Security Efforts: Safe Buildings Program Research Implementation Plan

A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan: Parts I and II

Assuring the Safety of the Pentagon Mail: Letter Report

Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy

Cybersecurity of Freight Information Systems: A Scoping Study—Special Report 274

Who Goes There? Authentication Through the Lens of Privacy

An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology

Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security: Report I

ISC Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects: A Review and Commentary

Tracking and Predicting the Atmospheric Dispersion of Hazardous Material Releases: Implications for Homeland Security

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law: An Overview of Key Issues

The Internet Under Crisis Conditions: Learning from September 11

Information Technology for Counterterrorism: Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities

National Security and Homeland Defense: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century

Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response

Accelerating the Research, Development, and Acquisition of Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents: Interim Report

Advancing Prion Science: Guidance for the National Prion Research Program—Interim Report

Reports Published in 2002

Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism

Cybersecurity Today and Tomorrow: Pay Now or Pay Later

IDs—Not That Easy: Questions About Nationwide Identity Systems

Countering Terrorism: Lessons Learned from Natural and Technological Disasters

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities: Workshop Summary

Protecting Our Forces: Improving Vaccine Acquisition and Availability in the U.S. Military

The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work?

Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology

An Assessment of the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program

Summary—Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security: Second Report: Progress Toward Objectives

Preparing for Terrorism: Tools for Evaluating the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program

Discouraging Terrorism: Some Implications of 9/11

High-Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop

Summary—Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security

2001-2002 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory7

Letter Report of the Committee on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation

Reports Published in 2000 and 2001

Protecting People and Buildings from Terrorism: Technology Transfer for Blast-effects Mitigation

Firepower in the Lab: Automation in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism

Summary of Discussions at a Planning Meeting on Cyber-Security and the Insider Threat to Classified Information

Blast Mitigation for Structures: 1999 Status Report on the DTRA/TSWG Program

Reports Published Before 2000

Improving Surface Transportation Security: A Research and Development Strategy, 1999

Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Interior Materials for Commercial Transport Aircraft, 1995

Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors: A Proceedings, 1995

7

This report is not available on the National Academies Press Web site, and may be accessed by contacting the Public Access Records Office of the National Academies at 202-334-3543.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

New Materials for Next-Generation Commercial Transports, 1996

Protecting Buildings from Bomb Damage: Transfer of Blast-Effects Mitigation Technologies from Military to Civilian Applications, 1995

Use of Underground Facilities to Protect Critical Infrastructures: Summary of a Workshop, 1998

Airline Passenger Security Screening: New Technologies and Implementation Issues, 1996

Black and Smokeless Powders: Technologies for Finding Bombs and the Bomb Makers, 1998

Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response, 1999

Configuration Management and Performance Verification of Explosives-Detection Systems, 1998

Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors, 1998

Detection of Explosives for Commercial Aviation Security, 1993

The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, 1999

Balancing Scientific Openness and National Security Controls at the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories, 1999

Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age, 1991

Computing and Communications in the Extreme: Research for Crisis Management and Other Applications, 1996

Cryptography’s Role in Securing the Information Society, 1996

Realizing the Potential of C4I: Fundamental Challenges, 1999

Summary of a Workshop on Information Technology Research for Crisis Management, 1999

Trust in Cyberspace, 1999

Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus, 1999

Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security: First Report, 1999

Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety: A Proceedings, 1997

Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries, 1999

Improving Civilian Medical Response to Chemical or Biological Terrorist Incidents: Interim Report on Current Capabilities, 1998

Proliferation Concerns: Assessing U.S. Efforts to Help Contain Nuclear and Other Dangerous Materials and Technologies in the Former Soviet Union, 1997

Protecting Nuclear Weapons Material in Russia, 1999

The Protection of Federal Office Buildings Against Terrorism, 1988

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Other Projects

Safety of the Nation’s Water Supplies

Forum on How Natural Disaster Research Can Inform the Response to Terrorism

Interdependent Vulnerabilities for Critical Infrastructure Protection

Balancing National Security and Open Scientific Communication: Implications of September 11 for the Research University

General Education of the Media and Public on Terrorism Vulnerabilities and Responses

Forum on Microbial Threats

IOM Council Statement on Vaccine Development

Scientific Openness and National Security

Additional International Projects

International Workshop on Implications of Trends in Chemical Science and Technology for Chemical Weapons and Chemical Terrorism

Facilitating International Scientific Meetings in the United States

Monitoring Foreign Students

U.S. Government Efforts/Needs to Restrict Dissemination of Data in Light of New National Security Concerns

ONGOING NATIONAL ACADEMIES ACTIVITIES

A wide range of traditional NRC/IOM studies and other activities are under way in the general area of counterterrorism. The following summarizes many of those activities.

Active Committees and Reports in Preparation

Army Science and Technology for Homeland Defense: C4ISR-Phase II

An Assessment of Naval Forces’ Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats

Improving Cybersecurity Research in the United States

U.S. Government Research and Development in Support of Cyberassurance for the Critical Infrastructure of the United States

Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

Review of Testing and Evaluation Methodology for Biological Point Detectors

Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Transportation Security

Educational Paradigms for Homeland Security

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Establishing Priorities for U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Countering Radiological Terrorism

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Review of Research Proposals for Cooperation with Former Soviet Biological Weapons Personnel and Institutes

Future Contributions of the Biosciences to Public Health, Agriculture, Basic Research, Counterterrorism, and Nonproliferation Activities in Russia

Roundtable on Scientific Communication and National Security

Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Workshop to Counter Terrorism

Protection, Control, and Accounting of Nuclear Materials: International Challenges and National Programs—Workshop Summary

Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats

Other Activities Under Way or in Advanced Planning Stages

In addition to traditional NRC studies and related program initiation activities, many units across the National Academies have initiated other kinds of activities relevant to the general area of countering terrorism. The follow summarizes some of those projects.

  • The News Media and First Response

  • Transportation Research Board (TRB) Cooperative Research Programs

  • National Cooperative Highway Research Program Security Projects

    • Transportation Security

    • A State DOT Field Personnel Security Manual

    • Methods for Determining Transportation and Economic Consequences of Terrorist Attacks

    • Secure Communication Infrastructure

    • Emergency Traffic Operations Management

    • Transportation Response Options: Scenarios of Infectious Disease, Biological Agents, Chemical, Radiological, or Nuclear Exposure

    • Bridge/Tunnel/Highway Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Workshops

  • Transit Cooperative Research Program Security Projects

    • A Guide to Public Transportation Security Resources

    • Prevention and Mitigation

    • Security-related Training and Customer Communications: Lessons Learned from September 11 by Transportation Providers

    • Intrusion Detection for Public Transportation Facilities

    • Emergency Response Mobilization Strategies and Guidelines for Transit

    • Use of Portable Explosive Detection Devices

    • Robotic Devices

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
  • Communication of Threats: A Guide

  • Transit Security Use of Dogs: A Guide

In response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, TRB initiated a number of new activities and expanded existing activities aimed at providing tools to assist state, local, and national transportation agencies in deterring, preventing, detecting, mitigating, responding to, and recovering from terrorist attacks. These tools include the following:

  • TRB Transportation Security Web site

  • Transportation Security

  • A Guide to Updating Highway Emergency Response Plans for Terrorist Incidents

  • A Guide to Highway Vulnerability Assessment for Critical Asset Identification and Protection

  • Methods for Improving Transit Security

  • Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism

  • Terrorism Prevention and Mitigation for Transit Systems

  • Public Transportation Security, Volume 1: Communication of Threats

  • Future Tools and Resources

  • TRB Program Initiation Activities

PROSPECTIVE ACTIVITIES: NRC/IOM STUDIES AND OTHER WORKSHOPS, MEETINGS, AND PROJECTS IN PLANNING STAGES

Reducing the Physical and Economic Vulnerability of the United States to Threats to the Chemical Supply Chain

Joint Committee on U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation

Response to Global Terrorism: Continuation of the U.S.-Russian Interacademy Project on Conflicts in Multiethnic Societies

Science and Technology in U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs—Implications for AID and its Partners

U.S.-Russian Interacademy Project on Counterterrorism

International Forum on Biosecurity

Indo-U.S. Cooperation to Counter Infrastructure Terrorism: Workshop on Threats to Communications Systems and Public Transportation Systems

Emergency Preparedness for Terrorist Events: Emerging Opportunities for Science and Technology

Understanding Terrorism

Examining the Science Base for Microbial Forensics

Policy Consequences and Legal/Ethical Implications of Offensive Information Warfare

Maintaining the Safety and Security of U.S. Water Systems

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×

Understanding, Coping with, and Combating Terrorism: Potential New Initiatives in DBASSE

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

Defining the role of science and technology in homeland security and countering terrorism has emerged over the past year as a prominent theme of activities across the National Academies. The National Academies portfolio spans the spectrum to varying degrees of the domains of prevention, detection, response, and recovery as well as analyzing key areas of potential terrorist threat, including biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological threats; cyberterrorism; and vulnerability of the nation’s infrastructure, including transportation, energy facilities, cities, and other fixed infrastructure. Finally, the portfolio also includes a number of efforts aimed at a better understanding of the root causes of terrorism.

The heightened sentiments regarding sensitive but not classified features of many of these activities have added a dimension of complexity to the National Academies’ approach to dealing with these issues, which had traditionally fallen fairly clearly into classified and unclassified domains with routine procedures for handling information and disseminating reports in either case. This complexity is exacerbated in the context of our public disclosure obligations under Section 15 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act. Many officers and staff are involved in fashioning ways to function in the new environment, while federal policy continues to evolve.

Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
Page 122
Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
Page 123
Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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Suggested Citation:"The Role of Science and Technology in Homeland Security and Countering Terrorism: Overview of Key Activities at the National Academies ." National Research Council. 2006. Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11698.
×
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In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism.

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