National Academies Press: OpenBook

Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation (2007)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation

Committee on State of the Science of Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board

Division of Earth and Life Studies

Board on Health Sciences Policy

Institute of Medicine

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. DE-AM01-04PI45013, Task Order DE-AT01-06ER64218 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Energy and Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Cover: Photo courtesy of Peter Conti, University of Southern California.

Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine


The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.


The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.


The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.


The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.


www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

COMMITTEE ON STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE

HEDVIG HRICAK (Chair),

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York

S. JAMES ADELSTEIN,

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

PETER S. CONTI,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

JOANNA FOWLER,

Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York

JOE GRAY,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California

LIN-WEN HU,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JOEL KARP,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

THOMAS LEWELLEN,

University of Washington, Seattle

ROGER MACKLIS,

Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio

C. DOUGLAS MAYNARD,

Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

THOMAS J. RUTH,

Tri-University Meson Facility, Vancouver, Canada

HEINRICH SCHELBERT,

University of California, Los Angeles

GUSTAV VON SCHULTHESS,

University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland

MICHAEL R. ZALUTSKY,

Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

Staff

NAOKO ISHIBE, Study Director

MARILYN FIELD, Senior Program Officer

TRACEY BONNER, Program Assistant

SHAUNTEÉ WHETSTONE, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

NUCLEAR AND RADIATION STUDIES BOARD

RICHARD A. MESERVE (Chair),

Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C.

S. JAMES ADELSTEIN (Vice Chair),

Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

JOEL S. BEDFORD,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins

SUE B. CLARK,

Washington State University, Pullman

ALLEN G. CROFF,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired), St. Augustine, Florida

DAVID E. DANIEL,

University of Texas at Dallas

SARAH C. DARBY,

Clinical Trial Service Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom

ROGER L. HAGENGRUBER,

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

DANIEL KREWSKI,

University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

KLAUS KÜHN,

Technische Universität Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany

MILTON LEVENSON,

Bechtel International (retired), Menlo Park, California

C. CLIFTON LING,

Memorial Hospital, New York, New York

PAUL A. LOCKE,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

WARREN F. MILLER,

Texas A & M University, College Station

ANDREW M. SESSLER,

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California

JOHN C. VILLFORTH,

Food and Drug Law Institute (retired), Derwood, Maryland

PAUL L. ZIEMER,

Purdue University (retired), West Lafayette, Indiana

Staff

KEVIN D. CROWLEY, Director

EVAN B. DOUPLE, Scholar

RICK JOSTES, Senior Program Officer

MICAH D. LOWENTHAL, Senior Program Officer

JOHN R. WILEY, Senior Program Officer

NAOKO ISHIBE, Program Officer

TONI GREENLEAF, Financial and Administrative Associate

LAURA D. LLANOS, Financial and Administrative Associate

COURTNEY GIBBS, Senior Program Assistant

MANDI BOYKIN, Program Assistant

SHAUNTEÉ WHETSTONE, Program Assistant

JAMES YATES, JR., Office Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

BOARD ON HEALTH SCIENCES POLICY

FRED H. GAGE (Chair),

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California

C. THOMAS CASKEY,

University of Texas—Houston Health Science Center

GAIL H. CASSELL,

Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana

JAMES F. CHILDRESS,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

ELLEN WRIGHT CLAYTON,

Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee

LINDA C. GIUDICE,

University of California, San Francisco

LYNN R. GOLDMAN,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

LAWRENCE O. GOSTIN,

Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.

MARTHA N. HILL,

Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland

ALAN LESHNER,

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C.

DAVID KORN,

Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, D.C.

JONATHAN D. MORENO,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

E. ALBERT REECE,

University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore

LINDA ROSENSTOCK,

University of California, Los Angeles

MICHAEL J. WELCH,

Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

OWEN N. WITTE,

University of California, Los Angeles

IOM Staff

ANDREW M. POPE, Director

AMY HAAS, Board Assistant

GARY WALKER, Senior Financial Officer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

Simon Cherry, University of California, Davis

Chaitanya Divgi, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Ora Israel, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel

Jeanne Link, University of Washington, Seattle

Michael Phelps, University of California, Los Angeles

Theodore Phillips, University of California, San Francisco

Donald Podoloff, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Richard Reba, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Kirby Vosburgh, Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Michael Welch, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
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Chris Whipple, ENVIRON International Corporation, Emeryville, California

Paul Ziemer, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the report’s conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Floyd Bloom, Professor Emeritus, The Scripps Research Institute, and John Ahearne, Manager of the Ethics Program, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. Appointed by the National Research Council. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

Preface

It has been an honor and a privilege to chair the committee on the state of science in nuclear medicine. As a diagnostic radiologist, a clinician-scientist, and the chairperson of a large academic radiology department, I have been exposed to the many advances in nuclear medicine and have observed their clinical benefits up close. Participating in this review, however, has allowed me to step back and appreciate the magnitude of the progress that has been achieved, and the crucial role that government funding has played in it. Investments in chemistry, physics, engineering, and training are responsible for the state-of-the-art radiopharmaceuticals and imaging instruments that we now rely on to improve our understanding of human physiology through non-invasive disease detection and treatment monitoring.

These advances have already had a major impact on all branches of imaging and medicine, yet, they pale in comparison to those on the horizon. Nuclear medicine offers a unique, non-invasive view into intracellular processes and enzyme trafficking, receptors and gene expression, and forms the theoretical and applied foundation for molecular medicine. The contributions of nuclear medicine are creating the possibility of a future of personalized medicine, in which treatments and medications will be based on an individual’s unique genetic profile and response to disease processes.

Although the progress in nuclear medicine research in the United States has been spectacular, potential obstacles to its continuation have been noted in previous reports, including a critical shortage of chemists and other personnel trained in nuclear medicine, and an inadequate supply of

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

radionuclides for research and development. In addition, uncertainty has arisen about how, and to what degree, the government should continue to fund nuclear medicine research. For years, the basic chemistry and physics research behind the growth of the field has been supported by the Medical Applications and Sciences Program of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research. However, the uniqueness of this program relative to the nuclear medicine research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has long been under debate. The DOE and the NIH commissioned this study on the state of the science in nuclear medicine because of the uncertainty surrounding the support of the Medical Applications and Sciences Program. Specifically, the sponsoring agencies asked that the National Academies assess areas of need in nuclear medicine research, examine the program and make recommendations to improve its impact on nuclear medicine research and isotope production.

In response to this request, the National Research Council of the National Academies appointed a committee of 14 experts to carry out this study. The committee gathered information from members of the public, experts on nuclear medicine, scientific and medical societies, and federal agencies. In composing its report, the committee decided to describe the needs in nuclear medicine research primarily in terms of future opportunities in the field. Thus the report, in my view, is an exciting, forward-looking document that makes clear the potential of the field for further advancing medicine, and suggests practical steps to facilitate progress. I hope and believe that it will have a positive impact on the future of nuclear medicine.


Hedvig Hricak, Chair

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
×

Acknowledgments

The committee is grateful to the speakers and panelists (listed in Appendix A) who participated in the information-gathering sessions for the study. In addition, the committee wishes to thank Belinda Seto, Peter Preusch, and Dan Sullivan at the National Institutes of Health (NIH); and Mike Viola, John Pantaleo, Prem Srivastava, and Peter Kirschner at the Department of Energy (DOE) for contributing their time, efforts, and insights to the study.

I would like to personally thank my fellow committee members for their dedication to carrying out a thorough study and writing a useful report. They all cared deeply about the topic, and their probing questions and lively discussions ensured that we covered a wide range of issues and considered them from multiple angles.

Studies such as this are often long on information and short on time, and the committee would like to thank the many National Research Council staff members whose help was essential in producing this report. Among these, the committee particularly wishes to acknowledge Kevin Crowley, Director of the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, for providing guidance on the study process and keeping the committee focused on its charge; Shaunteé Whetstone and James Yates for their administrative support; Toni Greenleaf for making sure that we stayed on budget; and Rick Jostes for his technical contributions to the report. I would especially like to thank the

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 2007. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11985.
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Study Director, Naoko Ishibe, for her devotion to the project, and particularly for her superb work in coordinating the writing of the report. Finally, I am grateful to the DOE and NIH for sponsoring this study.


Hedvig Hricak, Chair

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Nearly 20 million nuclear medicine procedures are carried out each year in the United States alone to diagnose and treat cancers, cardiovascular disease, and certain neurological disorders. Many of the advancements in nuclear medicine have been the result of research investments made during the past 50 years where these procedures are now a routine part of clinical care. Although nuclear medicine plays an important role in biomedical research and disease management, its promise is only beginning to be realized.

Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation highlights the exciting emerging opportunities in nuclear medicine, which include assessing the efficacy of new drugs in development, individualizing treatment to the patient, and understanding the biology of human diseases. Health care and pharmaceutical professionals will be most interested in this book's examination of the challenges the field faces and its recommendations for ways to reduce these impediments.

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