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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1990. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224.
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INDEX 401 Index A extrapolation to low dose rates, 76 A-bomb survivors extrapolation to other populations, 3, 218 age and cancer risks, 5 first-generation mortality sample, 94-95 bone cancer in, 307, 310 follow-up, 183, 208, 223, 268 brain and nervous system tumors in, genetic risk assessment in, 4, 69, 75-76, 311-312 94-97 breast cancer in, 183, 207-212, 222, infant and childhood mortality, 95 223, 253, 255, 257, 266 intelligence test scores of, 359-360 cancer mortality, 165, 183 leukemia in, 22, 165, 183, 242-248 cancer risk assessment, 5, 162-165 Life Span Study, 163-164, 170, 171, cataracts in, 363 174, 175, 182-184, 190-191, 194, chromosome nondisjunction in, 84 196, 207, 219, 229, 242-248, 254, cohort source and exposure, 162-164, 255, 257, 266, 268, 269, 273, 301, 182-183 307, 318-319 colon cancer in, 183, 301-303 liver cancer in, 304 Committee's analysis of data, 198-206 lung cancer in, 152-153, 183, 268-269, confounding in studies of, 46 271, 273 control group, 162 malignant lymphoma in, 329 cytogenetic study of children of exposed mental retardation in, 7, 355-359 parents, 95 model selection for this study, 200-203 data used in this study, 198-200 multiple myeloma in, 183, 328 deaths from cancer, 162, 163 nasal cancer in, 324 digestive system cancer in, 165, 170, 171 neutron RBE for, 165, 192-194 dose-response relationships, 5, 165 noncancer deaths, 184 dosimetry changes for, 2, 4-5, 30, 55, organ-specific transmission factors, 164, 165, 175, 182-183, 190 -195, 194-195 198, 242, 254, 269, 278 ovarian cancer in, 183, 313 doubling dose for, 69, 72, 75-76, 95-96, pancreatic cancer in, 333-334 98, 99, 125 prostate cancer in, 316-317 esophageal cancer in, 183, 299 rare electrophoretic variants in children excess cancer risk in, 50 of exposed parents, 95

INDEX 402 rectal cancer in, 302, 303 liver cancer, 305 salivary gland tumors in, 331 lung cancer, 275-278 school performance by, 360-362 mammary cancer, 263 sex ratio distortions among, 94 prostate cancer, 318 smoking effects in, 272 small-intestine cancer, 300, 301 somatic and fetal effects in, 3, 353, species differences in particle clearance, 355-362 41 stomach cancer in, 183, 278, 279, 280 Thorotrast toxicity, 304 strengths and limitations of studies of, see also specific animals 183-184 Ankylosing spondylitis patients testicular cancer in, 315 bone cancer in, 306 thyroid cancer in, 281, 286 brain and nervous system tumors in, uncertainties in data from, 162, 163, 311-312 165, 183, 222 breast cancer in, 171 urinary tract cancer in, 183, 318-319 cancer deaths, 184 uterine cancer in, 314 colon cancer, 166, 185, 301-302 Absorbed dose dosimetry, 165, 184 and biological effect, 24 esophageal cancer in, 299 defined, 11, 12, 24 follow-up, 184-185, 269 determination of, 12 laryngeal cancer in, 330 measurement of, 11-12 leukemia in, 242, 243, 245, 247-248, 249 Actinide radionuclides, 41, 305, 306 liver cancer in, 304-305 Adenocarcinomas, 263, 300-302 lung cancer in, 171, 268, 269-270 Adenomas, 276, 297, 321-323 malignant lymphoma in, 329 S-Adenosylmethionine, 36 modeling cancer risk in, 165-166, 169, Alopecia, 42 170-171 Alpha particles multiple myeloma in, 329 and bone cancer, 307-310 nasal cancer in, 324 and carcinogenesis, 144-145 ovarian cancer in, 313 chromosome aberrations from, 116, 117 pancreatic cancer in, 333 dosimetry uncertainties, 20 prostate cancer in, 317 LET value, 11 respiratory cancer in, 169 and liver cancer, 305 source of cohort and exposure, 184-185 and lung cancer, 270-272 stomach cancer in, 280 mutation rates from, 105, 111 strengths and limitations of, 185 from nonelastic scattering processes, 16 temporal variations in risk, 162 RBE, 105, 111, 116, 144, 145, 309 testicular cancer in, 315 5-Aminobenzamide, 145 urinary tract cancer in, 319-320 Angiosarcomas, 303 uterine cancer in, 314 Animal studies Antiinflammatory steroidal agents, 138 of bone cancer, 308-310 Antioxidants, 138 extrapolation to humans, 2, 4, 8, 41, Antipain, 24, 145, 147 42-44, 67-68 Ataxia telangiectasia, 35, 37, 151 of genetic effects of radiation, 69, Auger electrons, 9 81-82, 97-125 Autocrine growth factors, 139 of growth and development effects, Autopsy data, on internally deposited 354-355 radionuclides, 41 on internally deposited radionuclides, 41, 42 B life-shortening effects of radiation in, Background radiation, see Natural back- 363-364 ground radiation

INDEX 403 BEAR Committee, 65 thyroid cancer from, 287 doubling dose method for humans, Bile duct carcinomas, 303, 305 73-74, 74 Biological damage genetic death concept, 73-74 critical sites for, 13 BEIR I Committee process during energy transfer, 13-15 dominant disorder risks, 77 RBE, 309 doubling dose method for humans, 74-75 see also Chromosomal aberrations; genetic effects estimation, 68 DNA damage; principles of risk estimation, 67 Genetic effects translocation risks, 81 Bladder cancer, 183; BEIR III Committee see also Urinary tract cancer bone cancer dosimetry, 307-308 Bleomycin, 14 cancer risk models, 6, 53, 175-176, 200, Bloom's syndrome, 35, 37, 151 201 Bone cancer chromosome nondisjunction risks, 83 animal studies of, 308-310 comparison with risk estimates in this high-LET radiation and, 307-308 report, 6, 174-175, 176 human data on, 306-308 dominant disorders in first generation, 77 latency, 306-307 dose-response model in, 52, 175 low-LET radiation and, 306-307 doubling dose method for humans, 75-76 from nuclear weapons tests, 374 DREF estimates, 23, 174 temporal distribution of, 52 equilibrium excess of irregularly inher- Brain tumors, 310-313, 374 ited disorders, 85-86 Breast cancer excess cancers from low-LET radiation, in A-bomb survivors, 165, 183, 49 207-210, 222, 253, 255, 257, 266 extrapolation modeling for animal data, additive risk, 208 119 age-specific rates of, 152, 169-170, 207, genetic effects estimation, 68, 81 210, 216, 225-226, 258-260, 267 lifetime excess cancer risk method, 174 age at exposure and, 169, 213-214, 219, liver cancer risk values, 303 253, 256-258, 260, 261 lung cancer risk values, 271, 272 animal studies of, see Mammary cancer; mutation rate estimation, 112 and specific animals neutron RBE, 192 in ankylosing spondylitis patients, 171 NUREG/CR-4214 results compared background rates, 207-209, 254, 257 with, 82-83 cohort descriptions, 207, 223 RBE for leukemia, 55 cohort effects in risk assessment, 208-212 translocation risks, 81-82 diet and, 266 BEIR IV Committee dose-response relationships, 211, liver cancer risk estimates, 304, 305 212-213, 261-263, 267 lung cancer risk assessments, 270-275, in fluoroscopy recipients, 187, 207-209, 277 211, 212, 253, 254, 255, 262 osteosarcoma risks from, 308 hormones and, 152, 253, 261, 262, Benign uterine bleeding, urinary tract can- 264-267, 267 cer in radiotherapy recipients, 320 incidence and mortality, parallel analy- Bergonie, J., 42 ses of, 253-255 Beta particles latency, 169, 214-216, 224, 226, 257, bone cancer from, 307-309 260, 261, 267 colon carcinoma from, 302 in mastitis treatment group, 187, 207, and liver cancer, 305 255, 256, 267 lung cancer studies in animals, 276-277 menarche and, 265, 266 nasal cancer from, 324-325 menopause and, 265

INDEX 404 modeling, 169-170, 206-218, 254, age-specific, 166, 201, 219, 248 255-260 all sites, 161-238 mortality, 210-211, 213-214, 256 alternative models, 6, 203-206 from nuclear weapons tests, 374 baseline mortality data, 171, 219 pregnancy and, 265-266, 267 for bone cancer, 52 relative risk, 208-217 cohort effects in, 208-212, 240-241, susceptibility to, 152 284-285 type of exposure and, 253, 255, 262, 267 cross-over dose in, 234 uncertainties in risk models for, 224 data used for, 198-200 Burkitt's lymphoma, 35 diagnostic examination of models, 197, 227-234 C dose-rate effectiveness factor in, 22, 23, Calcium-45, 308 220, 234-238 Canadian fluoroscopy study, 186-187, exclusion of high doses in, 199-200 207-209, 211, 212, 254, 255, 257, 262 extrapolation of animal data to humans, Canadian National Mortality Data Base, 43 187 extrapolation of high dose rates to low Cancer dose rates, 171, 174 acute exposure and, 174, 175 human data for, 2; age and incidence of, 135, 152 see also Epidemiological studies; age at exposure and, 6, 174, 175 Human studies categories for this study, 198-199 for leukemia, 22, 52, 200 in childhood following in utero expo- lifetime risk, point estimates, 6, 50, 162, sure, 352-354 163, 165, 171-181 genes, 36; model selection for this study, 200-203 see also Oncogenes probability of causation in, 224-227 inherited predisposition for, 2, 149 probability tables for, 50 latency period, 135, 137, 168 relative risk model, 5-6, 53, 152, 162, lifetime risks of, 6, 172-173, 174 168, 197, 200-203, 208-212, 248, misclassification of disease status, 45, 254-260, 285 48, 50 sex adjustments in, 201, 219 mortality, 161, 177, 180 stratified-background relative risk around nuclear installations, 378-379 model, 201-202 from nuclear reactor accidents, 377 temporal variations in risk, 162, 219 from nuclear weapons testing, 373-377 uncertainty in, 162, 176-181, 217-224 recessively inherited conditions and, 35, see also A-bomb survivors; 38 Model fitting; rates, temporal distribution of, 52 Models/modeling; sex and, 153, 177, 180 Risk assessment; site-specific risks, 174, 175; and specific cancer sites see also specific sites Capture reactions, 16-17 stages, 135 Carcinogenesis see also Carcinogenesis; age and, 135, 152-153 Tumorigenesis alpha particles and, 144-145 Cancer cells benign growths converted to malignan- chromosome aberrations in, 33, 35 cies, 139 killing with alkylating agents, 38 chromosome aberrations and, 21, 35 methyl transferase in, 38 dose fractionation and, 141-142 see also Cell cultures; dose incidence ratios, 43 In vitro transformation assays dose protractions and RBE in, 28 Cancer risk assessment and dose-rate effects, 22, 141-142 absolute risk model, 53, 200-201 additive model, 152, 162, 163, 166, 201, 202, 248, 254, 285

INDEX 405 dose response, 21, 136, 140-141 target for, 20 genetic polymorphism for metabolism Cerium-144, 42, 302, 305 of carcinogens, 151 Cervical cancer patients and gene expression, 136, 138, 239 bone cancer in, 306 genetics of, 136, 145-152 colon cancer in, 301 and hereditary fragile sites, 151-152 esophageal cancer in, 298-299 hormones and, 139 leukemia in, 245-246, 249 initiation, promotion, and progression liver cancer in, 305 in, 136-139, 152 lung cancer in, 270 irreversibility of, 136 malignant lymphoma in, 329 LET of radiation and, 21, 142-144 ovarian cancer in, 313 mechanisms of radiation induction of, 7, pancreatic cancer in, 333 136-145 radiotherapy cohort, 185-186, 245-246, modifiers of, 24, 139, 145, 152-153, 270, 279, 298-299, 320-321 161, 183 rectal carcinoma in, 302 mortality rates, 135 small-intestine cancer in, 300 multistep process, 135 stomach cancer in, 279 mutational steps in, 135, 136, 137-138, and urinary tract cancer, 320-321 145, 147 uterine cancer and, 314 protooncogenes, 147-149 Cervical tubercular adenitis, 321-322 radiobiological factors affecting onco- Cesium-137, 42, 110, 261, 262, 305 genic transformation, 139-140 Chemical effects of radiation, 12-15 RBE variation with LET for, 21, 29, 31 Childhood/children recessive breakage and repair disorders, brain and central nervous system tumors 151 in, 310-311, 312 sex and, 152-153 breast cancer in women exposed during, smoking and, 152-153 261 somatic mutation theory of, 136 cancer risks in, 6, 352-354 thyroid cancer phases, 295-297 cancer risk estimated for, 201-203, 219 tissue irritation and, 138 in utero radiation exposure, 8, 247, tumor progression, 137 310-311 tumor-suppressor genes, 149-150 leukemia in, 203, 247, 373-375, 376 Carcinogens respiratory tract cancer in, 169 genetic polymorphism for metabolism thymus gland radiography in infancy, 326 of, 151 thyroid cancer in, 281, 283-286, 298 Cataracts, 78, 103, 124, 363 Cholangiocarcinomas, 303 Cell cultures Chromatid aberrations, 33, 82, 105, 114, chromosome breaks in irradiated lym- 117, 118 phocytes, 33 Chromosome aberrations see also In vitro transformation assays age and, 83, 118, 122 Cell killing/lethality aneuploidy, 84, 124, 139 by alpha particles, 144 balanced, 106 and cell cycle phase, 22 breaks, 33, 35, 37, 119, 151 chemical modification of radiation and cancer, 33, 35 effects, 23-24 and cell stage in spermatogenesis, 117 dose-rate effects on, 22, 110 deletions, 33, 34, 35, 98, 117-119, dose-response relationships, 20-21, 51 122-123, 149-150 oocyte sensitivity to, 98, 112, 113 dicentric, 21, 33, 34, 119 by neutrons, 144 and dose of radiation, 33, 34, 84, RBE variation with LET for, 21, 27-28, 116-117, 118 29, 31, 143 double minute chromosomes, 35, 149

INDEX 406 fragments, 118, 119 Dermatitis, 42 heritable fragile sites, 34-35, 151-152 Development, see Growth and develop- homogeneous staining regions, 35 ment effects interchanges, 118 Diagnostic radiography inversions, 108 adult-onset myeloid leukemia from, linear-quadratic formulations from, 21 247, 371-373 in mammals other than mice, 118-120 brain and central nervous system tumors during meiotic stage in gametogenesis, from, 310-311 119-120 in utero, 247, 310-311 in mice, 114-118 salivary gland tumors from, 331 monosomy, 35 and thyroid cancer, 287, 288-289 from natural background radiation, 384, see also Medical uses of radiation 385 Diet, and heart disease, 90 nondisjunction, 83-84, 122, 150 Digestive system cancer oncogene activation, 21, 148 in A-bomb survivors, 165, 170, 171, RBE for, 26 194, 280-281 rearrangements, 33-35, 117, 118, 120, age and, 170, 224, 280-281 148, 151 deaths from, 282 screening for, 114-115, 117-118 risk model for, 224, 231-234, 280-281 somatic, 35 sex and, 280-282 spontaneous frequencies of, 91, 92, 118 uncertainty in risk models, 224, 231-234 trisomy, 32-33, 83-84 see also Colon cancer; from tumor promoters, 139 Esophageal cancer; UV-induced, 35 Rectal cancer; see also Translocations Stomach cancer Cigarette smoke, see Smokers/smoking DNA damage Cobalt-60 adenine deamination, 36, 37 LET value for electrons, 11 approximation of, 13-14 RBE of, 26 apyrimidinic site, 37 spermatogonial mutation rates from, assessments of, 14-15 103, 110 base removal, destruction, or mutation, Colon cancer, 166, 183, 185, 301-302 36-37 Compton scattering, 9, 10, 11 chain breakage, 37 Congenital disorders cytosine deamination, 36, 37 doubling dose for, 99 deoxyribose residue destruction, 37 in mice, 103, 120-121 from free radicals, 139 rates of induction, 120-121, 123 guanine methylation, 36 risk estimates for, 86-88 individual moieties, 14 spontaneous frequencies of, 91, 92 intracellular, causes, 14 Consumer products radiation, U.S. popula- ligase deficiency, 37 tion exposure to, 17, 19 local energy deposition in, 15 Cosmic radiation, 19 locally multiply damaged sites (LMDS), Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, 36 14-15 mechanisms in, 20, 36 D necessary to kill 63% of mammalian Death certificates cells, 14 lung cancer mortality data, 273 probability from energetic electrons, 11 reliability of data from, 45, 165, quantity of, 14 198-199, 218, 304, 316, 319 single-strand breaks, 14, 139 Dental radiography, meningiomas from, UV-induced, 36 312

INDEX 407 DNA-histone complex, 14 protracted, see Protracted exposure DNA-membrane complex, 13 and RBE, 31 DNA radical, 13 summing doses of different-quality radi- DNA repair ations, 25 of adenine or cytosine deamination, 37 temporal patterns of distribution, 38-39 of base removal, 37 uncertainties in estimates of, 222 classical excision pathway, 36 see also Absorbed dose; defects in, 36, 37, 151, 138, 144, 151 Effective dose equivalent; enzyme-mediated excision repair, 37 Tissue dose; of guanine methylation, 37-38 Total dose of individual damage moieties, 14 Dose fractionation of locally multiply damaged sites, 15 and bone cancer, 306 of purine or pyrimidine ring disruption, and breast cancer risk, 255-256, 262, 267 37 and carcinogenesis, 6, 7, 141-142, 187 DNA structure, 31-32 and chromosome aberrations, 116-117, Dogs 121 beta particle exposure, 276, 277, 302, and damage repair, 118 305, 324-325 and leukemia risk, 245, 251 bone cancer in, 308-310 and mutation rates in spermatogonia, 111 colon carcinoma in, 302 and radiation injury, 23 fission products in, 42 RBE variation with, 28, 30-31, 144 hepatic turnover of actinide and lan- and skeletal abnormalities in mice, 103 thanide radionuclides, 41 Dose rate leukemia in, 251 and mammary cancer, 262 liver cancer studies, 305 and carcinogenesis, 141-142 mammary cancer in, 253 and cell lethality, 22 nasal cancer in, 324-325 and chromosome aberrations, 34, 117, particle clearance from pulmonary 118 regions, 41 and dose-rate effectiveness factor, 23, 25 Pu-238 or -239 in, 42 extrapolation of low doses from high Ra-226 or -228 in, 42, 309 doses, 76, 161-162 Sr-90 in, 42, 308-310 and mutation rate, 105-107, 110, 124-125 Th-228 in, 42 and RBE, 26, 31 Dominant lethal mutations sex differences in effects, 98 chromosome aberrations causing, 105 Dose-rate effectiveness factor (DREF) measurement of, 104-105 from animal data, 23 postgonial stages in mice, 105-106, 107 bias and variance of sample estimate of, stem cell (gonial) stage in mice, 106-107 234-237 Dose extrapolation of acute exposures to low and carcinogenesis, 4, 136 dose rates, 171, 174, 220 and chromosome aberrations, 33, 34, 84 factors affecting, 23 conversion factor for acute to chronic, 98 for leukemia, 22, 234-237 cross-over, 234 measure of, 234 dose-rate influences, 22 sex differences in, 113 extrapolation of high dose rates to low Dose-response relationships dose rates, 7, 171-172, 307-308 for A-bomb survivors, 5, 165 of internally deposited radionuclides, 38 for breast cancer, 211, 212-213, 262, linear-quadratic function of, 20-21, 25, 33 264, 267 and mental retardation, 7 for carcinogenesis, 21, 140-141, 146, 165 misclassification, 187 and chromosome aberrations, 33, 119 organ, 191-192, 194, 199

INDEX 408 for congenital abnormalities, 120 gametic, 72, 73, 95 for DNA chain breaks, 37 for increase in mutation rates, 71-72 in exposure-time-response models, 51 for mice, 72, 75, 95, 98-99, 102, 125 for internally deposited radionuclides, minimum, 97 38-39 point estimate, 75 in laboratory animals, 5 pregnancy outcome and, 76 for leukemia, 200, 234-237, 242-243 sex-specific, 72 and LET of radiations, 5, 20-21 uncertainties in, 76 linear, 72, 175, 243 zygotic, 72, 73 linear-quadratic formulations, 20-21, 75, Down syndrome, 32-33, 34, 83-84, 384, 262 385 mutations, 44 Drosophila melanogaster, 42, 81, 97, 122 noncancer deaths, 184 and RBE, 21, 24, 29 E single-track effects with repair factor, 21 Effective dose equivalent temporal relationships in, 5, 211 calculation, 17-18 for thyroid cancer, 284-286 for partial body irradiation, 18 and tumor promoters, 24 by source of radiation, 18-19 Dosimeters, biological, 33-34 uncertainties in, 19-20 Dosimetry of ionizing radiation Elastic scattering, 16, 17 for A-bomb survivors, 4-5, 20, 164, 175, Electrons 182-183, 190-195, 198 binding energy, 10 for ankylosing spondylitis cohort, 184 hydrated, 12 cervical cancer treatment cohort, 185 spectral distributions and LET, 11 DS86 system, 96, 164-165, 175, Energy absorption 190-195, 198, 211, 222, 242, 243, chemical effects following, 12-15 254, 269, 304, 315, 316-318, 319 see also Absorbed dose fluoroscopy studies, 186, 188 Energy transfer processes Monte Carlo simulations, 184, 186, 188 of low-LET radiation, 9-12 neutron component, 164 biological damage process during, 13-15 postpartum mastitis study, 187 of high-LET radiation, 15-17 T65D, 96, 175, 190-194, 198, 268, 272, direct effects of, 13, 20 299, 304, 316, 318-319 indirect effects of, 13, 20 uncertainties in, 222, 224, 270 Epidemiological studies see also Microdosimetry; adult-onset myeloid leukemia, 371-373 Physics of ionizing radiation ankylosing spondylitis, 184-185 Doubling dose breast cancer, 207 from A-bomb survivor data, 69, 72, Canadian fluoroscopy study, 186-187 75-76, 95-96, 98, 99, 125 cancer in childhood following in utero acute, 95 exposure, 352-354 basis for, 71-73 case-control, 47-48, 49 BEAR Committee estimates, 74 cervical cancer treatment cohort, 185-186 BEIR I Committee estimates, 74-75 confounding in, 46, 48, 50 BEIR III Committee estimates, 75-76 control group, 48 confidence limits of, 95-96 ecological, 47-48 for congenital malformations, 99 extrapolation of risks from, 46, 47, 50 definition, 72 fallout from nuclear weapons testing, dose rate and, 125 373-377 extrapolation from mice to humans, 4, 75 high-dose studies, 44-46 first-generation mortality and, 76

INDEX 409 of high natural background radiation, Fibroadenomas, 262, 263 383-385 Fluoroscopy information bias, 45, 48 and breast cancer, 253, 255, 257, 262 low-dose studies, 46-49, 371-385 Canadian epidemiological study, lung cancer, 267-272 186-187, 207, 211, 212, 254, 255, methodologic limitations, 44-49 257, 262 multiple comparisons in, 49 Massachusetts epidemiological study, multivariate analyses of, 51, 54-55 188, 212 New York State Postpartum Mastitis Folate deficiency, 35 Study, 187-188 Free radicals of nuclear workers, 379-383 DNA damage from, 139 pooling data from multiple studies, 55 production during energy transfer pro- probability tables from, 50 cesses, 13, 20 random error in, 47 tumor promoter induction of, 139 recall bias in, 48 residents near nuclear installations, G 377-379 Gamma rays respective cohort type, 45 action producing biological damage, 20 sample sizes, 49 from capture reactions, 17 sampling variability in, 45, 47 carcinogenesis, 141, 143 selection bias in, 45, 48, 50 chromosome aberrations induced by, selective reporting in, 48 118, 119-120 of somatic and fetal effects of radiation cataracts in mice from, 103 exposure, 352-354, 362 cobalt-60, 11, 26 summary of studies used in this report, deexcitation, 16 182-189 dose-rate effect, 17, 106, 141 systematic biases in, 47-48 dosimetry for A-bomb survivors, 5, see also A-bomb survivors; 191-193 and other specific studies extrapolation to x-ray exposures, 218 Escherichia coli, SOS system, 138 kerma, 191, 194 Esophageal cancer, 183, 298-300 high-energy, 31 Estrogen, 263, 264-265 mutations in mice from, 77-78, 103, Exposure-time-response models 105, 106 cancers (except leukemia and bone can- photon energies, 10 cer), 52-53 RBE of, 26, 30, 55, 82, 220 dependence on time, 52 spatial rate of energy loss, 11 dose-response relations in, 51-52 Gene expression, and carcinogenesis, 136, leukemia and bone cancer, 52 138, 139 risk factors incorporated in, 53-54 Genes Exposure to ionizing radiation characteristics, 32 A-bomb geometry, 195 protooncogenes, 147-149 misclassification of, 45, 48 tumor-suppressor, 149-150 single, excess cancers from, 49 Genetic effects of radiation U.S. population, 17-20 age of onset, 88 see also Protracted exposure animal studies of, 67, 97-125 background data from humans, 90-97 F detection of, 66-67 Fallout, see Nuclear weapons testing difficulties in measuring, 66 Familial polyposis coli, 149 estimates of, 68, 70-71 Fanconi's anemia, 35, 151 multifactorial disorders, 3, 8, 92 Fertility, 364-366 Fetal effects of radiation, see Somatic and fetal effects of radiation

INDEX 410 spontaneous genetic burden, 90-92 Guinea pigs see also Chromosome aberrations; chromosome aberrations in, 118 DNA damage; mammary cancer in, 253 Mutations particle clearance from pulmonary Genetic risk assessment regions, 41 in A-bomb survivors, 68, 74-75, 94-97 sex differences in mutation rates, 105 bases for, 2-3, 43-44 calculation of risk estimates, 68, 77-90 H confidence intervals, 69 Hamsters confounding in, 113 carcinogenic effects of alpha radiation direct method, 68, 73 in, 138 dominant disorders, 69, 77-80 chromosome aberrations in, 118 doubling dose method, 66-69, 71-73, sex differences in mutation rates, 105 74-76 Heart disease, mutational component of, 90 extrapolation of animal data to humans, 8 Hemangiosarcomas, 303, 305 factors considered in, 66 Hepatic cell carcinomas, 303, 305 first generation and equilibrium effects, High-LET radiation 68, 77-90 and bone cancer, 307-308 gene number method, 73-74 carcinogenesis, 143 irregularly inherited traits, 84-90 damage mechanisms, 51 need for, 65-66 dose-rate effects, 22, 28 nondisjunction, 83-84 dose-response curve for, 25, 26 in NUREG/CG 4214, 82-83 epidemiological studies, 44-46 overestimation, 96 mutation rates from, 105 principles of, 67 physics and dosimetry of, 15-17 recessive disorders, 80-81 protracted exposure, 57 spontaneous mutation rates, calculation RBE for, 105, 121 of, 92-94 see also Alpha particles; spontaneous mutations, genetic burden, Neutrons 90-92 HLA histocompatibility complex, 88-89 translocations, 81-82 Hormones, 24 uncertainties in, 4, 82, 85, 86 and breast cancer, 253, 262, 264-267 in UNSCEAR 1982 report, 83 and carcinogenesis, 139, 145 X chromosome-linked disorders, 69, 80 and thyroid cancer, 282, 287, 294-298 Genetics Human genome, 31-32, 38 of cancer, 145-152 Human studies Genome, 31-32, 37 of bone cancer, 306-308 Glioblastomas, 311 of growth and development effects, Glucocorticoids, 261, 264, 265 355-362 Glutathione peroxidases, 145 inadequacies for risk assessment, 43 Glycosylases, 37 intelligence test scores, 359-360 Goats, radiation effects on testes, 42 of internally deposited radionuclides, 41 Goiter, 282, 291 liver cancer, 303-305 Graves' disease, 289 of leukemia, 242-247 Growth and development effects of mental retardation, 355-359 animal studies of, 354-355 school performance, 360-362 human studies of, 355-362 sources of, 2 intelligence test scores, 359-360 see also Epidemiological studies mental retardation, 3, 355-359 Hydrogen peroxide, 14 school performance, 360-362 Hydroxyl radical

INDEX 411 production during energy transfer pro- direct effects of, 13, 14 cesses, 12-13 efficiency of cell killing, 14 damage mechanisms of, 13 electromagnetic, 9; Hydroxyurea, 137 see also Gamma rays; Hyperthyroidism, 318, 321-323 X rays Hypopharyngeal cancer, 330-331 fractionation pattern, see Dose fractiona- Hypothyroidism, 282, 288, 295, 296 tion genetic effects of, 2, 31-38 I indirect effects of, 13, 14 In vitro transformation assays late effects of, 1 advantages of, 139-140 particulate, 9 of alpha particles, 144-145 physics and dosimetry of, 9-17 application to whole organisms, 141 sensitivity to, species differences in, 68, BALB/3T3 cells, 144 76 C3H10T1/2 cells, 141, 143, 144-145 sensitization to, 35 classes of, 140 sources, 1, 17 dose protractions in, 28 U.S. population exposure, 17-20 dose-response relationships in, 141, 143, Israel Tinea Capitis Study, 283-286, 298, 145-146 362 focal assays, 140 of neutrons, 143-144 K NIH/3T3 cell transfection system, 148 Kerma oncogene activation in, 149 defined, 12 rat thyroid and mammary cells, 140-141 determination of, 12 RBE in, 28, 31, 143 FIA, 190, 191 short-term, 140 neutron, 164-165, 191 suppression of, 138, 147 Klinefelter syndrome, 34 see also Cell cultures Inelastic scattering, 16, 17 L Internally deposited radionuclides Laboratory animals animal studies of, 277 see also Animal studies; dose-modifying factors, 38, 40-41 and specific animals dose rates, 38 Lanthanide radionuclides, 41 dose-response relationships, 38, 40 Laryngeal cancer, 330-331 effective dose equivalent from, 19 LET, see Linear energy transfer liver cancer from, 305, 306 Leukemia metabolic and dosimetric data, 40 in A-bomb survivors, 22, 165, 183, response modifying factors, 41-42 242-248 routes of intake, 40 acute lymphatic, 311 thyroid cancer from, 287-294 acute myeloid, 243, 245 International Commission on Radiological adult-onset myeloid, 247, 371-373 Protection, 21, 40, 271 age and, 167, 203, 224, 246, 248-249, 253 Iodine-131, 41, 42 analysis of human data on, 247-250 and prostate cancer, 318 animal studies of, 250-252 and parathyroid neoplasia, 323 BEIR III risk estimates, 175, 176 and salivary gland tumors, 331 chromosome aberrations and, 35 and thyroid cancer, 287-294, 298 chronic granulocytic, 247 and urinary tract cancer, 321 chronic lymphatic, 245 Ionizing radiation chronic lymphocytic, 243 chemical effects following energy chronic myelocytic, 35 absorption, 12-15 cross-over dose, 234-238

INDEX 412 deaths, 178-180, 242-244 animal studies of, 305 developmental effects of radiation treat- death certificate data for, 199 ment of, 362 human studies of, 303-305 diagnostic irradiation and, 246-247 latency period, 303-304 dose-rate effectiveness factor, 22, 171, Long-acting thyroid-stimulating protein, 223, 234-238, 248 287, 295 dose response, 200, 234-237, 248, 250, Low-LET radiation 251 age at exposure and cancer risk, 53-54 from global fallout, 376 and bone cancer, 306-307 granulocyte precursors, 251 carcinogenic effects, 141 human data, 242-247 damage mechanisms, 51 latency period, 167, 219, 224, 248, 249, dose-response curve for, 25, 26, 30 252 dose-response relationships for cell model, 167-168, 171, 247-249 lethality, 20-21 myeloid, 246, 250-252 dose-response relationships for lesions, myelomonocytic, 151 51 monocytic, 247 epidemiological studies, 46-49 from nuclear reprocessing plants, human risk estimates for, 30, 42, 46-47, 377-378 49 from nuclear weapons tests, 373-375 mutation rates from, 98, 100, 105, 106, in radiologists, 247 110 RBE for, 55 protracted exposure, 56-57 risk assessment for, 22, 52, 167-168, RBE variation with dose rate, 22 171, 178-180, 234-237, 247-249 sources of, 47 risks of, 242-253 see also Gamma rays; sex differences in, 178-180, 219, 243 X rays T-cell, 250 Lung cancer, 50 temporal distribution of, 52 in A-bomb survivors, 152-153, 183, uncertainties in risk assessment, 224, 268-269, 271 231-238 additive risk model, 152-153, 271 x-ray treatments for benign gynecologic age and, 239, 240, 269, 274 disorders and, 246 age at exposure and, 269, 274 Life expectancy, 363-364 and alpha particle exposure, 152 Linear energy transfer (LET) animal studies of, 275-278 and carcinogenesis, 142-144 in ankylosing spondylitis patients, 171, and cell lethality, 20-21 268, 269-270 defined, 11 in cervical cancer patients, 270 as a measure of radiation quality, 26-27 chromosome aberrations and, 35 microdosimetric analogue to, 11 comparison of risk estimates by other for quantitative predictions, 26 groups, 271 variation of RBE with, 27-28 deaths, 268, 269, 271 see also High-LET radiation; dosimetry, 269-270, 276 Low-LET radiation lifetime risks of, 240, 271-272 Linear-quadratic models from polonium-210 in tobacco, 19 with cell lethality as endpoint, 20-21 pulmonary adenomas in mice, 124 for dose-rate effectiveness factor esti- from radon, 53, 239-241 mates, 22-23, 171 risk estimates, 267-278 for oocyte response to x rays, 112 sex and, 153, 274-275 origins, 21 small-cell carcinoma, 35, 149 RBE derivation, 26 smoking and, 45, 53, 152-153, 272-275 Liver cancer uncertainties in risk assessments, 240-241

INDEX 413 in underground miners, 196, 239, U.S. population exposure to, 17, 18, 19, 270-272 47 see also Respiratory tract cancer see also Diagnostic radiography Lymphoid neoplasia, 151 Meningiomas, 35, 311, 312 Lymphoma Mental retardation, 3, 7, 8 malignant, 329-330 dose-response models, 356-358 murine, 147, 149 dosimetry, 355 gestational age, 355-356 M Methyl transferase, 37-38 Mammary cancer Metropathic hemorrhagica, 301, 320 dose and, 261, 262, 267 Mice hormones and, 261, 263 age-related responses to radiations, latency, 263, 267 113-114 neutrons and, 263-264 BALB/c, 114, 262, 263-264 oncogene, 149 cataracts in, 78, 103, 124 in rats, 261-262 chromosome aberrations in, 114-118, see also Breast cancer; 121-123 and specific animals chromosome nondisjunction from, 84, Mammary tumor virus, 149 122 Marmoset colon carcinoma in, 302 translocation rates in, 119, 124 complex traits, 120-125 x ray effects in, 81-82, 83 congenital abnormalities in, 103, 120-121 Massachusetts fluoroscopy study, 188, DBA/2, 114 207-209, 212, 254, 255 dominant lethal mutations in, 104-107 Mastitis patients dominant mutations in, 101, 103-104 breast cancer in, 255, 256, 267 doubling dose for, 4, 72, 73, 75, 95, epidemiological study, 187-188, 98-99, 102, 125 207-209, 213, 254 extrapolation of data to humans, 2, 4, Maternal radiation, effects of, 84 75, 95-96 Mathematical models, see Models/ females, mutation studies in, 104, modeling 112-113, 117-118 Maximum likelihood principle, 54, 166, genetic effects of radiation in, 101, 168, 221-222, 237-238 103-118 Medical uses of radiation hepatic turnover of actinide and lan- biological effects in patients, 41, 281 thanide radionuclides, 41 and bone sarcoma, 306 heritable translocations in, 121-122 brain and central nervous system tumors induced mutation rates in, 97 from, 310-312 leukemia in, 250-251 and chromosomal breaks, 33 lung cancer in, 276 doses from, 66, 222 lymphoid neoplasms in, 329-330 epidemiological studies of exposure, 45, males, mutation studies in, 103, 46, 371-373 110-111, 115-117 ovarian irradiation, 300, 301 mammary cancer in, 253, 262, 263-264 parathyroid cancer from, 321-323 multilocus deletions in, 122-123 prostate cancer from, 318 oncogenes, 149 rectal cancer from, 302 oocyte sensitivity to cell killing, 98 salivary gland tumors from, 331 ovarian tumors in, 313 sources of, 19, 65 particle clearance from pulmonary small-intestine cancer from, 300 regions, 41 thymus gland enlargement, 326 pulmonary adenomas in, 124 and thyroid cancer, 281, 287, 288, 298

INDEX 414 recessive autosomal lethal mutations in, cell killing terms in, 251 107-108 cigarette smoking effects, 272-273 recessive visible mutations in, 108-113 cohort effects under relative risk and rectal carcinoma in, 302-303 additive risks, 208-212 sensitivity to mutations, 69 confidence limits, 167 sex-linked lethal/detrimental mutations construction, approaches, 51-54 in, 108 diagnostics, 55, 197, 227-234 skeletal abnormalities, 73, 77-78, 101, digestive cancer, 170 103, 124 dose-response, 50, 51-52, 212-213 small-intestine carcinomas, 300, 301 exposure-time-response, 5, 51, 56, 166, teratogenesis in, 42-43 180 tester stocks for specific-locus tests, 78, extrapolation from high dose to low 109, 111, 114 dose, 44, 171 traits influenced by new mutations, but extrapolation from one population to not analyzable for risk, 123-124 another, 3, 46, 186, 188, 218, 222 Microdosimetry extrapolation of animal data to humans, principles, 11-12 119 and radiation quality, 27 leukemia risk, 167-168 Midonidazole, 303 logistic, for probability of disease, 51 Model fitting multivariate, 50-51 AMFIT program, 54, 166, 196-197, need for, in risk assessment, 49-51 254, 283 nested alternative models, 167 breast cancer data, 169-170 preferred risk models, 167-171 deviance and, 228-230 probabilities of causation, 224-227 digestive cancer data, 170 proportional hazards, 51, 272, 277, to epidemiologic data, 54-55 309-310 Freeman-Tukey residual, 228-235 see also Cancer risk assessment; leukemia data, 167-168, 248 Genetic risk assessment; maximum likelihood estimates, 54, 166, Uncertainties in risk assessment 196, 221-222, 236, 237-238 Monte Carlo analysis methods, 163-166 extrapolation of individual organ doses, Newton-Raphson algorithm, 196 184, 186, 188, 269-270, 317 nonleukemia cancers, summing of, of radiation field within Japanese 170-171 houses, 190 other-cancers group, 170 of uncertainty in cancer risk, 57, 168, Pearson chi-squared residual, 228-230 177-180 Poisson regression methods, 54, 166, Multiple dystrophy, 32 196, 227-228 Muller, H. J., 42 preferred risk models, 167-171 Multiple myeloma, 183, 327-329 respiratory cancer data, 168-169 Mutagenesis statistical methods, 166-167 at apyrimidinic site, 37 test of fit, 167, 227-232 and cell cycle phase, 22 uncertainties from, 176, 222-224 of chronic irradiation, 98 Models/modeling dose protractions and RBE in, 28 A-bomb survivor data, 163-165, 200-206 and dose-rate effects, 22, 98 additive risk, 152, 162, 163, 166, 176, mechanisms in, 36 211, 248 RBE variation with LET for, 21, 28, 29, age-at-exposure effects, 169, 213-216, 31 223 Mutation rates background rates of cancer, 167, 207-208 age and, 105-106, 113-114 breast cancer, 169-170, 206-217, 255-260 and cell stage, 105, 122

INDEX 415 in children of A-bomb survivors, 4, 95 harmful effects, 69 congenital abnormalities, 120-121 histocompatibility, 103 for dominant disorders, 79-80 intragenic, 122-123 for dominant lethals, 104-107, 118, 124 lethal, 33, 81, 97-98, 103, 105, 107-108, dose rate and, 4, 105, 124-125 122, 123 and fitness of a population, 123-124 limb and tail structure, 103 increases in, calculation of, 72 in mice, 77-78, 101, 103-104 for irregularly inherited traits, 85 partially dominant, 81 for histocompatibility loci, 103 recessive, 80, 81, 92, 97-98, 107-113 locus-to-locus differences in, 97 relative risk, 72 log-normal distributions, 93-94 in somatic cells, 32 of low-LET radiation, 98, 100, 124 specific-locus, 23, 78, 97, 110, 111, 115, in mice, 75, 97-124 118, 121, 125 in postgonial stages, 105-106, 108, 110 from thymine photoproducts, 36 in postspermatogonial stage, 97, 101 and tumor susceptibility, 123-124 and radiation quality, 97, 98, 100, 101, viability effects, 98 122 visible dominant, 103-104, 111, 121, recessive, 75 123, 124 recessive autosomal lethals, 107-108 visible recessive, 98, 108-113 sex differences in, 105 X chromosome-linked, 69, 75, 80, sex-linked lethals, 108 90-94, 108 in spermatogonial stage, 97, 101, 103, see also Chromosome aberrations; 107, 110 DNA damage; tester stock or locus at risk and, 114 Genetic effects of radiation; Mutations Spontaneous mutations animal studies extrapolated to humans, Myxedema, 289 44; see also specific animals N autosomal dominant, 80, 90-92 Nasal cavity, cancer of, 324-325 autosomal recessive, 91, 94, 107-108 National Council on Radiation Protection broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabil- and Measurements, 40, 271, 293-294 ity and, 85-86 National Institutes of Health and carcinogenesis, 135, 136, 137-138, probability tables, 50-51 145, 147, 149 Radioepidemiological Tables, 220 chromatid breaks, 33, 82, 105, 114 Natural background radiation through chromosome alterations, 32, 98 cancer risk from, 5, 49 coat color, 103 chromosome aberrations from, 34 complex, 69 confounding from, 48 congenital abnormalities, 120-121, 123 in Guarapari, Brazil, 384 defined, 32 high, epidemiological studies of, 383-385 detection of, 103, 107 in Kerala, India, 384 dominant, 69, 71, 73, 75, 101, 88, sources of, 18-19 90-94, 98, 103-104, 121, 149 U.S. population exposure to, 17, 18-19, dose and, 44, 120 47 in Drosophila melanogaster, 42, 81, 97, in Yanjing County, Guangdong 122 Province, People's Republic of dwarfism, 121 China, 384-385 eye and ear size, 103 Nervous system, cancer of, 310-313 first-generation, 69, 73 Neuroblastoma, 35 in germ cells, 32, 42, 69 chromosome aberrations and, 35 growth rate changes, 103, 120, 123 oncogene activation, 149 hair texture, 103 Neurospora species, 122

INDEX 416 Neutrons Nuclear membrane damage, 13 brain and central nervous system tumors Nuclear workers from, 312 epidemiological studies of, 379-383 carcinogenesis, 7-8, 141-142, 143-144 multiple myeloma in, 329 cataracts from, 363 prostate cancer in, 317 chromosome aberrations from, 33, 116, Nuclear weapons testing, 47, 65 117, 118, 121, 123 British tests, 375 colon carcinoma from, 302 Canadian studies, 375-376 DS86 dosimetry, 164, 183, 191-194 cancer among participants in, 375-376 dose-rate effects of, 106, 141-142 cancer among residents downwind of dose response for, 30, 33 test site, 373-375 fission, 98, 100, 103, 105-107, 110-111, global fallout, cancer from, 291-292, 376 113-114, 116, 117, 125, 141 and thyroid cancer, 281, 287, 289-292 fractionation of doses, 116 U.S. tests, 375 high-energy, 116 NUREG/CR-4214 human risk estimates for, 30 dominant disorders in first generation, interactions with tissue elements, 15-17 78-79 kerma, 191, 194, 222 genetic risk estimates in, 82-83 and lung cancer, 276 and mammary cancer, 263-264 O mutation rates from, 7-8, 98, 100, 103, Occupational radiation exposure 105-107, 110-111, 113-114, 123, 125 bone cancer from, 307 protracted exposure to, 105, 111, 116 and chromosomal breaks, 33 RBE for, 31, 33, 55, 103, 105-107, 111, effective dose equivalent of U.S. popula- 113, 116, 117, 121, 125, 142, tion, 17, 18 143-144, 164-165, 191, 192, 194, risk estimates from, 47 199, 250, 254, 263, 276 setting dose limits, 25 T65D dosimetry, 191 see also specific occupations and cohorts tumor-promoting agents and RBE of, 31 Oncogenes, 139 Newton-Raphson search, 54 activation, 21, 36, 147-148 New York State Postpartum Mastitis introduction into mice, 149 Study, 187-188, 207-209, 213, myc family, 147-148, 149 254-256, 267 see also Protooncogenes Nonelastic scattering, 16, 17 Osteosarcoma, 35, 150, 307, 308; Nonhuman primates see also Bone cancer brain and central nervous system tumors Ovarian cancer, 183, 313-314 in, 312 Oxygen chromosome aberrations in, 118-119 sensitization of cells to radiation, 23-24 crab-eating monkeys, 119 hepatic turnover of actinide and lan- P thanide radionuclides, 41 Pair-production process, 9, 10 Pu-239 in baboons, 42 Pancreatic cancer, 199, 333-334 Nuclear installations, 1, 65 Parathyroid glands, cancer of, 321-323 fuel processing plants, 247, 377-378 Pharyngeal cancer, 330-331 leukemia from, 377-378 Phorbol esters, 139 nonleukemia cancers from, 378-379 Phosphorus-32, 308 nuclear reactor accidents, 1, 375-376, 377 Photoelectric process, 9-10 U.S. population exposure to radiation Photons from, 17 Nuclear medicine, U.S. population radia- tion exposure from, 19

INDEX 417 absorption and scattering of, 9-12 see also A-bomb survivors, Life Span energy transfer from, 12 Studies high-energy, 10 Radiation protection low-energy, 9 exposure situations, 195 spectral distributions, 10 quality factor used in, 21 Physics of ionizing radiation RBE used in, 25, 26 photon absorption and scattering, 9-12 Radiation quality radiation chemical effects following and chromosome aberrations, 34 energy absorption, 12-15 and doubling dose estimation, 76 neutron interactions with tissue ele- LET as a measure of, 26 ments, 15-17 and mutation frequency, 97, 122 Polonium-210, 19, 138, 302 see also Quality factor Plutonium-238, 42, 144, 277, 305 Radiation workers Plutonium-239, 42, 111, 277 pancreatic cancer in, 334 Poly-ADP-ribose synthetase, 145 skin cancer in, 325 Primates, see Nonhuman primates Radical scavengers, 24 Prolactin, 261, 264, 265 Radiologists Prostate cancer bone cancer in, 307 animal studies of, 318 brain and nervous system tumors in, human studies of, 316-318 311-312 Protease inhibitors, 24, 138, 145, 147 leukemia in, 247 Protooncogenes, 147-149, 150 lymphosarcoma in, 329 Protracted exposure pancreatic cancer in, 334 and breast cancer risk, 262 prostate cancer in, 317-318 and cancer induction, 7, 22, 23 Radionuclides and chromosome aberrations, 116 dose-modifying factors, 40-41 errors in risk estimates for, 46 response-modifying factors, 41-42 lifetime risk estimates for, 56 see also Internally deposited radionu- and leukemia risk, 251 clides; and lung cancer, 276 and specific radionuclides and mutation rates, 22, 23, 105, 111, 113 Radium dial painters, 307, 324 and RBE, 28, 30-31 Radium-224, 247 spermatogonial mutation rates from, 103 Radon Proximity functions, 276-Pyrimidine effective dose equivalent to U.S. popula- pyrimidone, 36 tion, 18-19 and lung cancer, 53, 275 Q response-modifying factors, 41-42 Quality factor (Q) sources of, 1, 19 basis for, 21 uncertainties in exposure estimates, 19-20 defined, 25 see also Underground miners value for neutron-induced carcinogene- Radon-220, 270 sis, 31 Radon-222, 41, 270 Radon-224, 41, 307-308 R Radon-226, 41, 42, 307-309, 324-325 Rabbits Radon-228, 307-308, 324 chromosome aberrations in, 118 Rats sex differences in mutation rates, 105 ACI strain, 262, 263 Radial dose distributions, 27 Ce-144 in, 42 Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 190-191, 194, 196, 198, 199, 207;

INDEX 418 colon carcinoma in, 302 Renal carcinoma, chromosome aberra- hepatic turnover of actinide and lan- tions and, 35 thanide radionuclides, 41 Research recommendations I-131 in, 293, 294 carcinogenesis mechanisms, 7 Long-Evans strain, 293, 294 carcinogenicity of low doses and high lung carcinomas in, 276, 277 doses, 8, 307 mammary cancer in, 253, 261, 262, 263 complex genetic disorders, 8, 71 mutations rates in, 107-108 effectiveness of dose fractionation or particle clearance from pulmonary protraction, 7 regions, 41 extrapolation of animal data to humans Pu-239 in, 42, 277 for genetic risk assessment, 8 sarcomas in, 42 mental retardation, 8 skin cancer in, 326-327 neutron effectiveness, 7-8 small-intestine carcinomas, 300, 301 Respiratory cancer Sprague-Dawley strain, 262, 263, 276 age and, 273, 274 thyroid cancer studies in, 293, 294, age at exposure and, 219, 224, 273-274 296-297 dose and, 268 teratogenesis in, 42-43 latency, 273 testicular cancer in, 315-316 model, 168-169, 273 x-irradiation of, 42, 293 mortality in A-bomb survivors, 165 Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) sex and, 169 of alpha particles, 105, 111, 116, 144, uncertainty in risk models, 224, 231-234 145, 276-277, 309 see also Lung cancer of beta particles, 276-277, 309 Reticulum cell neoplasms, 251-252 and biological system or endpoint, 29 Retinoblastoma, 32, 35, 136 and cell cycle phase, 22 chromosome aberrations in, 149-150 and compensatory cellular proliferation, gene clone, 150 22 and osteosarcoma of the orbit, 150 correction from x rays to gamma rays, 82 Retinoids, 138 and dose rate and fractionation, 28, 30-31 Rhesus monkeys, translocation rates in, 119 dose-rate effects on, 22, 31 Risk assessment dose-response relationship, 24 animal studies applied to, 43, 55 factors affecting, 26-29 confidence intervals, 54-55 and LET of radiations, 11, 18, 21, goodness-of-fit test, 54, 57 24-28, 143; internally deposited radionuclides, 38-39 see also High-LET lifetable analyses, 6, 56, 57, 171, 180 radiation; lifetime risk projections, 56-57 Low-LET radiation methodology, 49-57 limiting value of, 31 models, need for, 49 maximum at minimal doses, 26 overestimates in, 41 need for concept of, 29-31 pooling data from multiple studies, 55 for neutrons, 31, 33, 55, 103, 105-107, RBE in, 55-56 111, 113, 116, 121, 125, 142, sample sizes for, 49-50 143-144, 164-165, 191, 192, 194, uncertainty of estimates, 57 199, 250, 254, 263 underestimates in, 45 for oncogenic transformation, 143 validity of estimates, 46 problem with standard for, 26 see also Cancer risk assessment; and protracted exposure, 31, 116 Genetic risk assessment; and repair of sublethal damage, 22 Models/modeling variation in relative risk models, 199 Rochester Thymus Study, 283-286 Rectal cancer, 302-303

INDEX 419 S in humans, 66, 75, 90-92 Salivary glands, cancer of, 331-333 intragenic, 122 Sarcomas, in rats, 42 recessive lethal, 81 Selenium, 145 for seven-locus tester stock, 110 Sinuses, cancer of, 324-325 Sterility, 364-366 Sister chromatid exchanges, 35, 139, 151 Stomach cancer, 183, 278-281; Skeleton, see Bone cancer see also Digestive system cancers Skin cancer, 325-327 Strontium-90, 42, 308-310 in radiologists, 42 Suicide enzymes, 37-38 xeroderma pigmentosum and, 35, 36 Sulfhydryl compounds, 24 UV-induced, 146 Swine, leukemia in, 251 Small intestine, cancer of, 300-301 Smokers/smoking T bias in epidemiological studies from, 45 Teratogenesis, 42 and carcinogenesis, 138, 152-153 Terrestrial radiation, 19 confounding in radiation studies, 46, Testicular cancer, 315-316 270, 299 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, 145, and heart disease, 90 146, 147 and lung cancer, 45, 53, 272-275 Therapeutical irradiation, see Medical radiation exposure in tobacco, 19 uses of radiation; and specific cohorts synergistic effects of, 53 Thorium-228, 42 Somatic and fetal effects of radiation Thorotrast, 41, 247, 303-305, 324 animal studies of, 354-355 Thyroid cancer cancer in childhood from in utero expo- acute phase, 295-296 sure, 352-354 additive versus relative risk models, 285 cataracts of eye lens, 363 age and, 281, 298 epidemiological studies, 8, 352-354 age at exposure and, 285 fertility and sterility, 364-365 animal experiments, 293 growth and development, 354-362 background rates, 283, 288, 291 human studies of, 355-362 benign thyroid nodules and, 282, 290 intelligence test scores, 359-360 cohort effects in risk assessment, 284-285 life shortening, 363-364 dose-response relationships, 284-286, mental retardation, 88, 355-359 293 Spallation process, 17 ethnic origin and, 286 Spatial energy distribution, 11; from external radiation, 281, 283-286, see also Linear energy transfer 298 Specific locus test, 97, 98 histopathology, 282, 297 on female mice, 112-113 hormones and, 282, 287, 294-298 on male mice, 110-111 human studies of, 287-293 for multilocus deletions, 122 from internally deposited radionuclides, for recessive visible mutations, 108-113 287-294, 298 for spontaneous mutations, 125 latent phase, 285-286, 288, 296-297 tester stock, 109 model, 286 value of, 109-110 NCRP Specific Risk Estimates, 293 Spontaneous mutations from nuclear weapons tests, 374 for dominant disorders, 79, 103 physiology of, 294-295 and doubling dose, 72 sex and, 281, 285, 298 estimation of rates of, 75, 79, 92-94, 98, tumor growth phase, 297 99, 112, 125 Thyroid hormones, 145, 287, 294, 296 in female mice, 112 Thyrotoxicosis, 287, 288 genetic burden, 90-92

INDEX 420 Tinea capitis cohorts mutations and, 123-124 brain and central nervous system tumors in small mammals, 23 in, 311 RBE for, 26, 29 salivary gland tumors from, 331 uniform versus nonuniform x- skin cancer in, 325-326 irradiation, 276 somatic and fetal effects in, 362 Turner syndrome, 34 thyroid cancer in, 283-286, 298 Twin studies, of irregularly inherited dis- Tissue dose, capture of low-energy neu- orders, 87-89 trons and, 16-17 Total dose, nonelastic scattering and, 16 U Traits Ulcer patients, stomach cancer following complex, 120 radiotherapy, 279 irregularly inherited, 84-90 Ulcerative colitis, 302 liability, heritability of, 86-88 Ultraviolet light with quantifiable rates of induction, albino sensitivity to, 151 120-123 chromosomal aberrations from, 35 Translocations DNA damage from, 36 age and, 116 skin cancer from, 146 balanced, 82, 106, 107, 115, 121 Uncertainties in risk assessment cancer-associated, 151-152 from A-bomb survivor data, 162, 165, disorders caused by, 35, 115 183, 218 dose and, 33, 110, 111, 115-117, 121 from age-related effects, 213, 219, first-generation and equilibrium effects 223-225 of, 81-82, 83 in cause of death, 45, 165, 198-199, heritable, 115, 121-122, 123 218, 304, 316 kinetics of induction, 115 credibility interval, 220-221, 222, 226 in mammals other than mice, 118-119 in cross-over dose, 234-238 methods for estimating rates of, 68 in dose-rate effectiveness factor, 234-238 in mice, 115-116, 125 in dose-rate reduction factor, 82 oncogene activation, 21, 148 and dose-response curve shape, 220 and prenatal losses, 115 in dosimetry system, 222, 224 rates of induction, 68, 115, 117, 121, 124 in doubling dose estimates, 76 reciprocal, 23, 35, 68, 118, 121 external to parametric model, 180, Robertsonian, 83 222-223 spontaneous rates of, 115, 116, 121 in genetic risk estimates, 4, 69 in stem cell stage, 106, 107 as geometric standard deviation, 220, tumor-specific, 35 224, 226, 227 Tribondeau, L., 42 in irregularly inherited disorders, 85-86 Tuberculosis patients, see Fluoroscopy from latency, 219, 223-225 studies and lognormally distributed error, 221 Tumor promoters for low doses and dose rates, 6, 181 action of, 137, 139 in lung cancer risk estimates, 240-241, defined, 24 270 and dose-response relationships, 24, model misspecification, 165, 180, 223, 145, 146 224 and RBE of neutrons, 31 Monte Carlo analysis, 57, 168, 180 sex differences in exposure to, 153 in mental retardation risks, 358 Tumorigenesis in neutron kerma, 222 chromosome aberrations and, 35 non-model, 224 dose-rate effectiveness factor for, 23 in point estimates of lifetime risk, malignancy over time, 136-137 176-181

INDEX 421 in population effects, 218, 222, 223, X rays 225, 241 action producing biological damage, 20 procedures for addressing, 220-222 animal studies of, 42, 81-82, 293, 294, in radiation exposure data, 18, 19-20 296, 298 in risk estimates, 57 chromosome aberrations from, 81-82, from sampling variation, 6, 177-180, 84, 119-120, 121 217-218, 222 correction to gamma rays, 82-83, 218 from sex differences, 219, 224-225 diagnostic, 19, 47 sources of, 3, 6, 57, 162 discovery and early studies of, 42-43 standard errors, 222, 237-238 DNA chain breaks from, 37 statistical, 178-180 dose-response relationships, 29, 37 Underground miners, lung cancer in, 196, microdosimetric spectra, 31 239-241, 270-272 mutations in mice from, 101, 103, 104, United Nations Scientific Committee on 106-108, 110, 112, 114 the Effects of Atomic Radiation from photoelectric process, 9 (UNSCEAR), 22, 65 photon energies, 10 calculation of genetic risk estimates in, 83 RBE of, 26, 29, 30, 82 cancer risk model, 201 soft, 21 chromosome aberration risks, 83-84, spatial rate of energy loss, 11 121-122 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 35, 36, 37, 151 congenital abnormality frequencies, 92 extrapolation of animal data to humans, Y 67-68, 119 Yeast, recombinational events in, 138 lifetime cancer risk estimates, 163, 174 Yttrium-90, 42, 277 lung cancer risk values, 271 Yttrium-91, 42 measure of dominant lethals, 106-107 mutation rate estimation, 112 Uranium-234, 41 Uranium-235, 41 Uranium-238, 41 Uranium miners radionuclide effects in, 41, 272 skin cancer in, 326 Uranium workers carcinogenesis in, 138 radionuclide effects in, 41 Urinary tract cancer in A-bomb survivors, 318-319 in ankylosing spondylitis cohort, 319-320 in benign uterine bleeding cohort, 320 in cervical cancer patients, 320-321 in iodine-131 radiotherapy patients, 321 Uterine cancer, 314-315, 327-328 V Vitamins, 138 Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 92 W Water radiolysis, 12-15 Wilms' tumor, 35, 149 X

Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V Get This Book
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This book reevaluates the health risks of ionizing radiation in light of data that have become available since the 1980 report on this subject was published. The data include new, much more reliable dose estimates for the A-bomb survivors, the results of an additional 14 years of follow-up of the survivors for cancer mortality, recent results of follow-up studies of persons irradiated for medical purposes, and results of relevant experiments with laboratory animals and cultured cells. It analyzes the data in terms of risk estimates for specific organs in relation to dose and time after exposure, and compares radiation effects between Japanese and Western populations.

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