STUDIES ON COMPOSITION AND COMPONENTS OF GESTATIONAL GAIN: PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
TABLE C-1A Maternal Weight Gain in Singleton Pregnancies (by trimester and total weight gain)
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Abrams et al., 1995 |
Total Study N: 10,418 |
By ethnicity: |
|
|
|
|
Hispanic |
0.15 kg/wk |
0.54 kg/wk |
0.54 kg/wk |
|
||
White |
0.19 kg/wk |
0.58 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
||
Black |
0.21 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
|
||
Asian |
0.11 kg/wk |
0.56 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
||
Country: USA |
Other |
0.14 kg/wk |
0.56 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
|
By BMI: |
|
|
|
|
||
Low BMI |
0.15 kg/wk |
0.57 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
|
||
Ideal BMI |
0.18 kg/wk |
0.58 kg/wk |
0.53 kg/wk |
|
||
High BMI |
0.18 kg/wk |
0.51 kg/wk |
0.51 kg/wk |
|
||
Obese |
0.14 kg/wk |
0.41 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
|
||
By fetal size: |
|
|
|
|
||
SGA |
0.13 kg/wk |
0.48 kg/wk |
0.48 kg/wk |
|
||
AGA |
0.17 kg/wk |
0.56 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
||
LGA |
0.22 kg/wk |
0.62 kg/wk |
0.57 kg/wk |
|
||
Author, year: Abrams and Selvin, 1995 |
Total Study N: 2,994 |
|
2.1 kg |
7.7 kg |
6.6 kg |
16.7 kg |
Group Description: White non-obese women |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Abrams et al., 1989 |
Total Study N: 2,163 |
Preterm deliveries (n = 118) |
|
|
|
11 kg (0.33 kg/wk) |
Term deliveries (n = 2,045) |
14.5 kg (0.39 kg/wk) |
|||||
Group Description: Women at high risk for nutritional problems during pregnancy |
||||||
Country: USA |
||||||
Author, year: Amador et al., 2008 |
Total Study N: 220 |
Obese (n = 110) |
|
|
|
7.4 kg |
Non-obese (n = 110) |
9.4 kg |
|||||
Country: Mexico |
||||||
Author, year: Bianco et al., 1998* |
Total Study N: 11,926 |
|
|
|
|
Mean: |
Morbidly obese (n = 613) |
9.1 kg |
|||||
Non-obese (n = 11,313) |
14.2 kg |
|||||
Group Description: Women |
||||||
Country: USA |
||||||
Author, year: Carmichael et al., 1997 |
Total Study N: 4,218 |
|
Mean: |
Mean: |
Mean: |
|
Underweight |
1.92 kg |
0.57 kg/wk |
0.48 kg/wk |
|||
Group Description: Women with good pregnancy outcomes |
Normal weight |
2.19 kg |
0.58 kg/wk |
0.51 kg/wk |
||
Overweight |
2.16 kg |
0.51 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
|||
Country: USA |
Obese |
1.65 kg |
0.41 kg/wk |
0.47 kg/wk |
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Catalano et al., 1993 |
Total Study N: 390 |
Women with GDM (n = 78) |
|
|
|
12.6 kg |
Controls (n = 312) |
|
|
|
15.0 kg |
||
Underweight |
|
|
|
|
||
Country: USA |
GDM (n = 15) |
0.24 kg/wk |
0.35 kg/wk |
0.34 kg/wk |
12.2 kg |
|
Control (n = 92) |
0.28 kg/wk |
0.38 kg/wk |
0.39 kg/wk |
15.0 kg |
||
Average weight |
|
|
|
|
||
GDM (n = 34) |
0.29 kg/wk |
0.42 kg/wk |
0.39 kg/wk |
14.6 kg |
||
Control (n = 172) |
0.35 kg/wk |
0.40 kg/wk |
0.40 kg/wk |
15.2 kg |
||
Overweight |
|
|
|
|
||
GDM (n = 29) |
0.27 kg/wk |
0.32 kg/wk |
0.30 kg/wk |
10.5 kg |
||
Control (n = 48) |
0.28 kg/wk |
0.36 kg/wk |
0.37 kg/wk |
14.1 kg |
||
Author, year: Cedergren, 2006* |
Total Study N: 245,526 |
BMI < 20 |
|
|
|
13.5 kg |
BMI 20-24.9 |
13.8 kg |
|||||
BMI 25-29.9 |
13.2 kg |
|||||
BMI 30-34.9 |
11.1 kg |
|||||
BMI > 35 |
8.7 kg |
|||||
Country: Sweden |
||||||
Author, year: Claesson et al., 2008 |
Total Study N: 348 |
Obese (n = 155) |
|
|
|
8.7 kg |
Controls (n = 193) |
11.3 kg |
|||||
Adjusted: |
||||||
7.5 kg |
||||||
9.8 kg |
||||||
Country: Sweden |
Author, year: Gunderson et al., 2001* |
Total Study N: 985 |
Pregravid BMI: |
|
|
|
Hispanic: |
White: |
Black: |
Asian: |
Underweight (n = 266) |
12.1 kg |
12.6 kg |
13.5 kg |
12.1 kg |
|||||
Group Description: Healthy women |
Normal (n = 595) |
12.9 kg |
13.2 kg |
13.8 kg |
11.8 kg |
||||
Overweight (n = 71) |
13.5 kg |
14.7 kg |
14.3 kg |
13.4 kg |
|||||
Obese (n = 53) |
11.0 kg |
10.6 kg |
10.9 kg |
11.9 kg |
|||||
Country: USA |
Race/ethnicity: |
|
|
|
|
||||
Hispanic (n = 130) |
|||||||||
White (n = 532) |
|||||||||
Black (n = 100) |
|||||||||
Asian (n = 223) |
|||||||||
Author, year: Hediger et al., 1989 |
Total Study N: 1,790 |
Total (n = 1,790) |
7.29 kg |
|
7.46 kg |
14.75 kg |
|
|
|
Adequate gain (n = 955) |
9.12 kg |
9.26 kg |
18.38 kg |
||||||
Early inadequate (n = 304) |
1.89 kg |
8.89 kg |
10.78 kg |
||||||
Group Description: Adolescents |
|||||||||
Late inadequate (n = 387) |
8.94 kg |
3.27 kg |
12.21kg |
||||||
Country: USA (Camden, NJ) |
|||||||||
Both inadequate (n = 144) |
2.18 kg |
3.69 kg |
5.87 kg |
||||||
(early gain, 0-24 wks) |
(late gain, 24 wks-delivery) |
(0-delivery) |
|||||||
Author, year: Hickey et al., 1995 |
Total Study N: 1,015 |
Black women, pregravid BMI: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Group Description: Non-obese low-income black and white women |
Low BMI (n = 255) |
2.61 kg |
0.49 kg/wk |
0.46 kg/wk |
|||||
Normal BMI (n = 422) |
2.54 kg |
0.46 kg/wk |
0.45 kg/wk |
||||||
Country: USA |
White women, pregravid BMI: |
|
|
|
|||||
Low BMI (n = 143) |
2.93 kg |
0.52 kg/wk |
0.42 kg/wk |
||||||
Normal BMI (n = 195) |
1.81 kg |
0.52 kg/wk |
0.45 kg/wk |
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Johnston et al., 1992 |
Total Study N: 272 |
Adolescents (n = 123) |
|
|
|
15.4 kg |
Adults (n = 149) |
14.4 kg (39.6 wks gestation) |
|||||
Group Description: Middle class, upper class |
||||||
Country: USA |
||||||
Author, year: Kinnunen et al., 2007 |
Total Study N: 132 |
Intervention (n = 48) |
|
|
|
14.6 kg |
Control (n = 56) |
14.3 kg |
|||||
Group Description: Primiparas |
||||||
Country: Finland |
||||||
Author, year: Kramer et al., 1992 |
Total Study N: 9,742 |
Mean prepregnancy BMI: |
|
|
|
14.5 kg |
22.1 kg/m2 |
(0.37 kg/wk) |
|||||
Group Description: Mostly Canadian-born, Caucasians |
Time of delivery: |
|
||||
≥ 37 weeks |
14.6 kg |
|||||
< 37 weeks |
12.5 kg |
|||||
< 34 weeks |
9.9 kg |
|||||
< 32 weeks |
9.1 kg |
|||||
Author, year: Lawton et al., 1988 |
Total Study N: 334 |
Delivered SGA infant (n = 30) |
|
|
0.99 kg |
12.6 kg |
Delivered AGA infant (n = 128) |
1.95 kg (gain between 28-32 weeks) |
12.8 kg |
||||
Group Description: Predominantly white women |
||||||
Country: UK |
Author, year: Loris et al., 1985 |
Total Study N: 145 |
Pregravid weight/height: |
|
|
|
|
75%-90% ideal weight (n = 25) |
16 kg |
|||||
Group Description: Teens, aged 13-19 years Delivered at term |
91%-110% ideal weight (n = 68) |
18 kg |
||||
Country: USA |
111%-166% ideal weight (n = 28) |
17 kg |
||||
Author, year: Muscati et al., 1996* |
Total Study N: 371 |
Normal weight (90-120% of standard pregravid wt/ht) |
0-20 wks: |
21-30 wks: |
31-term: |
|
Group Description: Healthy, white, nonsmoking women |
PPWR < median |
3.8 kg |
5.3 kg |
4.1 kg |
13.2 kg |
|
PPWR ≥ median |
7.1 kg |
6.8 kg |
6.2 kg |
20.2 kg |
||
Country: Canada |
Underweight (< 90% of standard pregravid wt/ht) |
|
|
|
|
|
PPWR < median |
3.8 kg |
5.4 kg |
4.1 kg |
13.3 kg |
||
PPWR ≥ median |
7.1 kg |
6.4 kg |
6.1 kg |
19.6 kg |
||
Overweight (> 120% of standard pregravid wt/ht) |
|
|
|
|
||
PPWR < median |
1.4 kg |
4.5 kg |
3.7 kg |
9.6 kg |
||
PPWR ≥ median |
7.6 kg |
6.2 kg |
5.3 kg |
19.1 kg |
||
Author, year: Oken et al., 2007* |
Total Study N: 1,044 |
Prepregnancy BMI: |
|
|
|
|
< 19.8 (n = 124) |
15.7 kg |
|||||
19.8-26.0 (n = 622) |
16.4 kg |
|||||
26.1-29.0 (n = 134) |
15.3 kg |
|||||
> 29.0 (n = 164) |
13.1 kg |
|||||
Country: USA |
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Rees et al., 1992 |
Total Study N: 459 |
Birth weight: |
|
|
|
|
< 3,000 g (n = 88) |
|
|
0.50 kg/wk |
13.8 kg |
||
Group Description: Adolescents |
3,000-4,000 g (n = 274) |
|
|
0.58 kg/wk |
16.6 kg |
|
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Rosso, 1985 |
Total Study N: 262 |
Prepregnancy weight: |
|
|
|
|
Group Description: Mostly black (51%) and Hispanic (41%) women |
Underweight, < 89% standard weight (n = 62) |
|
|
|
12 kg |
|
Country: USA |
Normal, 90-110% standard weight (n = 137) |
|
|
|
10 kg |
|
Overweight, > 111% standard weight (n = 63) |
|
|
|
7 kg |
||
Author, year: Schieve et al., 1999* |
Total Study N: 266,172 |
|
|
|
Mean: |
Mean: |
Low BMI (n = 45,142) |
|
|
0.39 kg/wk |
15.2 kg |
||
Group Description: Low income women |
Average BMI (n = 135,390) |
|
|
0.38 kg/wk |
15.0 kg |
|
High BMI (n = 33,697) |
|
|
0.35 kg/wk |
13.8 kg |
||
Obese (n = 51,943) |
|
|
0.29 kg/wk |
11.6 kg |
||
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Scholl et al., 1988 |
Total Study N: 696 |
Prepregnant relative weight (% ideal): |
|
|
|
|
Group Description: Adolescents; Delivered at 37 weeks or more gestation |
Underweight, < 90% (n = 183) |
|
|
|
14.5 kg |
|
Country: USA |
Ideal, 90-119% (n = 397) |
|
|
|
14.6 kg |
|
Overweight, ≥ 120% (n = 116) |
|
|
|
14.7 kg |
||
Author, year: Scholl et al., 1995* |
Total Study N: 274 |
Low gain |
|
|
|
10.2 kg |
< 34 kg/wk (n = 59) |
|
|
|
|
||
Group Description: Low SES 12-29 years |
Moderate gain (n = 138) |
|
|
|
13.3 kg |
|
Country: USA |
Excessive gain |
|
|
|
20.0 kg |
|
> 0.68 kg/wk (n = 77) |
|
|
|
|
||
Author, year: Segel and McAnarney, 1994 |
Total Study N: 55 |
Rapid gain (n = 30) |
|
|
|
> 0.40 kg/wk |
|
Average gain (n = 15) |
|
|
|
0.23-0.40 kg/wk |
|
Group Description: Teens, Black |
Slow gain (n = 10) |
|
|
|
< 0.23 kg/wk |
|
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Siega-Riz et al., 1994* |
Total Study N: 8,736 |
BMI < 19.8 |
1.60 kg |
0.57 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
1.03 kg |
0.56 kg/wk |
0.54 kg/wk |
|
||
BMI 26-29 |
0.74 kg |
0.49 kg/wk |
0.51 kg/wk |
|
||
BMI > 30 |
0.78 kg |
0.43 kg/wk |
0.52 kg/wk |
|
||
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Siega-Riz et al., 1996 |
Total Study N: 9,651 |
Preterm deliveries (n = 517) |
1.4 kg |
0.51 kg/wk |
0.50 kg/wk |
|
Term deliveries (n = 7,072) |
1.2 kg |
0.53 kg/wk |
0.53 kg/wk |
|||
Group Description: 80% Hispanic |
||||||
Country: USA |
||||||
Author, year: Stevens-Simon and McAnarney, 1992* |
Total Study N: 141 |
Weight Gain: |
|
|
|
|
Slow, < 0.28 kg/wk (n = 23) |
0.16 kg/wk |
6.50 kg |
||||
Group Description: Teens, Black |
||||||
Average, 0.28-0.45 kg/wk (n = 87) |
0.32 kg/wk |
13.3 kg |
||||
Rapid, > 0.45 kg/wk (n = 31) |
0.56 kg/wk |
22.7 kg |
||||
Country: USA |
||||||
Author, year: Soltani and Fraser, 2000* |
Total Study N: 77 |
Normal weight (n = 29) |
|
|
|
11.0 kg |
Overweight (n = 23) |
11.9 kg |
|||||
Obese (n = 25) |
9.7 kg |
|||||
Country: UK |
Author, year: Takimoto, 2006* |
Total Study N: 46,659 |
|
|
|
|
9.9 kg |
Group Description: Low risk deliveries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Country: Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Tsukamoto et al., 2007 |
Total Study N: 3,071 |
BMI < 18 (n = 493) |
|
|
|
10.5 kg |
BMI 18-24 (n = 2,301) |
|
|
|
9.8 kg |
||
BMI > 24.0 (n = 277) |
|
|
|
6.6 kg |
||
Country: Japan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Villamor et al., 1998 |
Total Study N: 432 |
Maternal Height |
|
|
|
Predicted weight gain (mean): |
140-155 cm |
|
|
|
0.39 kg/wk |
||
156-160 cm |
|
|
|
0.48 kg/wk |
||
161-165 cm |
|
|
|
0.44 kg/wk |
||
166-170 cm |
|
|
|
0.47 kg/wk |
||
Country: Isreal |
171-180 cm |
|
|
|
0.69 kg/wk |
|
NOTES: First trimester, 0-13 weeks; Second trimester, 13-26 weeks; Third trimester, 27-40 weeks. PPWR = Postpartum weight retention. *Indicates that study is included in the systematic literature review conducted by Viswanathan et al., 2008. |
TABLE C-1B Maternal Weight Gain in Singleton Pregnancies (by percent of BMI and gain category)
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Weight/BMI Category |
Weight Gain (percent of n) |
Author, year: Cogswell et al., 1995 |
Total Study N: 53,541 |
|
Gained<6.8 kg: |
BMI 19.8-26 |
6% |
||
BMI > 26-29 |
11% |
||
Group Description: Low income women |
BMI > 29 |
25% |
|
Country: USA |
|
Gained 6.8-8.6 kg: |
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
6% |
||
BMI > 26-29 |
8% |
||
BMI 19.8-26 (n = 33,809) |
BMI > 29 |
10% |
|
|
|
Gained 9.1-10.9 kg: |
|
BMI > 26-29 (n = 7,661) |
BMI 19.8-26 |
11% |
|
BMI > 26-29 |
13% |
||
BMI > 29 (n = 12,071) |
BMI > 29 |
13% |
|
|
|
Gained 11.4-13.2 kg: |
|
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
14% |
|
|
BMI > 26-29 |
13% |
|
|
BMI > 29 |
13% |
|
|
|
Gained 13.6-15.4 kg: |
|
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
17% |
|
|
BMI > 26-29 |
16% |
|
|
BMI > 29 |
12% |
|
|
|
Gained 15.9-17.7 kg: |
|
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
14% |
|
|
BMI > 26-29 |
11% |
|
|
BMI > 29 |
8% |
|
|
|
Gained> 18.2 kg: |
|
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
31% |
|
|
BMI > 26-29 |
28% |
|
|
BMI > 29 |
19% |
|
Author, year: Hickey et al., 1993* |
Total Study N: 1,168 |
|
Gained within IOM recommendations: |
Black women, pregravid BMI: |
|||
Low, < 19.8 (n = 221) |
37.1% |
||
Group Description: Low income, high risk women |
Normal, 19.8-26.0 (n = 350) |
30.9% |
|
High, > 26.0-29.0 (n = 84) |
27.4% |
||
Country: USA |
White women, pregravid BMI: |
|
|
Black (n = 803) |
Low, < 19.8 (n = 118) |
37.3% |
|
White (n = 365) |
Normal, 19.8-26.0 (n = 168) |
35.7% |
|
|
High, > 26.0-29.0 (n = 29) |
20.7% |
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Weight/BMI Category |
Weight Gain (percent of n) |
Author, year: Kiel et al., 2007* |
Total Study N: 120,170 |
|
Gain of less than 0.9 kg: |
BMI 30-34.9 |
3% |
||
BMI 35-39.9 |
8% |
||
Group Description: Obese women |
BMI ≥ 40 |
15% |
|
Country: USA |
|
Gain of 0.9-6.4 kg: |
|
BMI 30-34.9 |
15% |
||
BMI 30-34.9 (n = 70,536) |
BMI 35-39.9 |
22% |
|
BMI ≥ 40 |
25% |
||
BMI 35-39.9 (n = 30,609) |
|
Gain of 6.5-11.4 kg: |
|
BMI 30-34.9 |
26% |
||
BMI ≥ 40 (n = 19,025) |
BMI 35-39.9 |
27% |
|
BMI ≥ 40 |
25% |
||
|
|
Gain of > 11.4 kg: |
|
|
BMI 30-34.9 |
56% |
|
|
BMI 35-39.9 |
43% |
|
|
BMI ≥ 40 |
35% |
|
Author, year: Nohr et al., 2007* |
Total Study N: 62,167 |
|
Gain of 0.28 kg/wk: |
BMI < 18.5 |
15.3% |
||
BMI 18.5-24.9 |
11.5% |
||
BMI 25-29.9 |
19.6% |
||
BMI 30+ |
36.1% |
||
Country: Sweden |
|
Gain of 0.28-0.68 kg/wk: |
|
BMI < 18.5 |
71.0% |
||
BMI 18.5-24.9 |
72.2% |
||
BMI 25-29.9 |
62.1% |
||
BMI 30+ |
49.6% |
||
|
Gain of > 0.68 kg/wk: |
||
BMI < 18.5 |
13.7% |
||
BMI 18.5-24.9 |
16.3% |
||
BMI 25-29.9 |
18.3% |
||
BMI 30+ |
14.2% |
||
Author, year: Schieve et al., 2000* |
Total Study N: 3,511 |
|
Gained < 0.23 kg/wk: |
Low BMI |
4% |
||
Average BMI |
5% |
||
High BMI |
23% |
||
|
Gained 0.23-0.68 kg/wk: |
||
Low BMI |
78% |
||
Country: USA |
Average BMI |
74% |
|
High BMI |
63% |
||
|
Gained > 0.68 kg/wk: |
||
Low BMI |
18% |
||
Average BMI |
21% |
||
High BMI |
14% |
Study Description |
Population Characteristics |
Weight/BMI Category |
Weight Gain (percent of n) |
Author, year: Stotland et al., 2006* |
Total Study N: 15,101 |
Low and Normal BMIs |
Gain of < 0.27 kg/wk: |
11% |
|||
Gain of 0.27-0.52 kg/wk: |
|||
68.2% |
|||
Gain of > 0.27 kg/w: |
|||
21.1% |
|||
Country: USA |
|
||
Author, year: Taffel et al., 1993 |
Total Study N: 1,707 |
|
Actual Gain < 10 kg: |
BMI < 19.8 |
13% |
||
BMI 19.8-26 |
16% |
||
Group Description: |
BMI > 26 |
38% |
|
Country: USA |
BMI < 19.8 (n = 379) |
|
Actual Gain 10-12.3 kg: |
BMI < 19.8 |
21% |
||
BMI 19.8-26 |
19% |
||
BMI 19.8-26 (n = 1,024) |
BMI > 26 |
19% |
|
BMI > 26 (n = 304) |
|
Actual Gain > 12.3 kg: |
|
BMI < 19.8 |
66% |
||
|
BMI 19.8-26 |
64% |
|
|
BMI > 26 |
42% |
|
Author, year: Wen et al., 1990* |
Total Study N: 17,149 |
Weights (kg): < 50, 50-60, 61-72, 73-84, ≥ 85 |
Gained < 0.24 kg/wk: 12% |
Group Description: Black and White indigent women |
|
Gained 0.24-0.57 kg/wk: 54% |
|
Country: USA |
|
Gained 0.58-0.74 kg/wk: 19% |
|
|
|
Gained ≥ 0.75 kg/wk: 14% |
|
*Indicates that study is included in the systematic literature review conducted by Viswanathan et al., 2008. |
TABLE C-2 Maternal Weight Gain in Twin and Triplet Pregnancies (by trimester and total weight gain)
Author (Year) |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Twins |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Brown and Schloesser, 1990 |
Total Study N: 203,768 |
Prepregnancy Weight Status: |
|
|
|
|
Twins |
|
|
|
|
||
Group Description: Twins (n = 1,984) Singletons (n = 201,784) |
Underweight |
|
|
|
17.9 kg |
|
Country: USA |
Normal weight |
|
|
|
16.9 kg |
|
Overweight |
|
|
|
17.0 kg |
||
Obese |
|
|
|
15.2 kg |
||
Very obese |
|
|
|
12.7 kg |
||
Singletons |
|
|
|
|
||
Underweight |
|
|
|
13.5 kg |
||
Normal weight |
|
|
|
13.8 kg |
||
Overweight |
|
|
|
13.9 kg |
||
Obese |
|
|
|
12.6 kg |
||
Very obese |
|
|
|
11.0 kg |
||
Author, year: Fenton et al., 1994 |
Total Study N: 100 |
|
|
|
To 34 wks |
|
Birth weight: |
|
|
|
|
||
Country: Canada |
Group Description: Normal weight women (BMI = 19-28), aged 20-35 |
> 3 kg |
|
|
15.50 kg |
|
Intermediate |
|
|
13.37 kg |
|
||
SGA |
|
|
14.66 kg |
|
Author (Year) |
Population Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Weight Gain by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
||||
Author, year: Lantz et al., 1996 |
Total Study N: 163 |
BMI Categories: |
|
|
|
|
Overall |
|
|
|
14.7 kg |
||
Country: USA |
Group Description: White women (n = 112) Black women (n = 51) |
< 19.8 |
|
|
|
17.7 kg |
19.8-26.0 |
|
|
|
15.6 kg |
||
> 26.0 |
|
|
|
14.8 kg |
||
Author, year: Luke et al., 1991 |
Total Study N: 275 |
Parity and Age: |
|
|
|
|
Primiparas |
|
|
|
|
||
Country: USA |
Group Description: White women, delivered twins (term and preterm) |
18-24 years |
|
|
|
19.4 |
25-34 years |
|
|
|
18.5 |
||
35-44 years |
|
|
|
22.8 |
||
Multiparas |
|
|
|
|
||
18-24 years |
|
|
|
22.3 |
||
25-34 years |
|
|
|
20.4 |
||
35-44 years |
|
|
|
16.8 |
||
Author, year: Luke et al., 1992 |
Total Study N: 270 |
Pregravid BMI and birth weight categories: |
|
|
|
|
|
Before 24 wks |
After 24 wks |
|
|||
All BMIs |
|
|
|
|
||
Country: USA |
< 2,500 g (n = 105) |
|
0.41 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
15.01 kg |
|
≥ 2,500 g (n = 58) |
|
0.43 kg/wk |
0.65 kg/wk |
19.28 kg |
||
Underweight BMI < 19.8 |
|
|
|
|
||
< 2,500 g (n = 26) |
|
0.39 kg/wk |
0.49 kg/wk |
14.74 kg |
||
≥ 2,500 g (n = 14) |
|
0.44 kg/wk |
0.66 kg/wk |
19.78 kg |
||
Normal weight BMI 19.8-26.0 |
|
|
|
|
||
< 2,500 g (n = 63) |
|
0.39 kg/wk |
0.51 kg/wk |
14.70 kg |
||
≥ 2,500 g (n = 36) |
|
0.43 kg/wk |
0.65 kg/wk |
19.01 kg |
||
Overweight BMI > 26.0 |
|
|
|
|
||
< 2,500 g (n = 16) |
|
0.51 kg/wk |
0.42 kg/wk |
16.65 kg |
||
≥ 2,500 g (n = 8) |
|
0.42 kg/wk |
0.68 kg/wk |
19.73 kg |
Author, year: Luke and Leurgans, 1996 |
Total Study N: 924 |
Ideal outcomea (n = 148) |
|
|
|
20.3 kg |
Non-ideal outcome (n = 776) |
|
|
|
18.6 kg |
||
Group Description: Data collected during Twins Days Festival |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Country: USA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author, year: Pederson et al., 1989 |
Total Study N: 217 |
Optimum Outcomeb |
|
|
|
Mean: |
Percent ideal body weight: |
|
|
|
|
||
Group Description: Mostly white women, all > 18 years of age |
< 90% |
|
|
|
19.1 kg |
|
90-120% |
|
|
|
21.8 kg |
||
Country: USA |
> 120% |
|
|
|
15.0 kg |
|
Less-than-optimum Outcome |
|
|
|
|
||
Percent ideal body weight: |
|
|
|
|
||
< 90% |
|
|
|
18.2 kg |
||
90-120% |
|
|
|
17.3 kg |
||
> 120% |
|
|
|
12.3 kg |
||
Author, year: Yeh and Shelton, 2007 |
Total Study N: 1,342 |
Prepregnancy BMI: |
|
|
|
|
< 19.8 (n = 127) |
|
|
|
19.1 kg |
||
19.8-26.0 (n = 649) |
|
|
|
18.1 kg |
||
26.1-29.0 (n = 185) |
|
|
|
17.2 kg |
||
Country: USA |
> 29.0 (n = 381) |
|
|
|
14.3 kg |
TABLE C-3A Summary of Adjusted and Unadjusted* Rates of Maternal Weight Gain by Trimesters, by Pregravid BMI Status for Mothers of Twins at Gestational Ages 37-42 Wk, and with Average Twin Birth weight > 2,500 g
Pregravid BMI |
Rates of Weight Gain |
|||||
2-13 wks |
14-26 wks |
27-delivery |
||||
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
|
Normal weighta (n = 409) |
0.33 ± 0.02 |
0.73 ± 0.05 |
0.77 ± 0.02 |
1.70 ± 0.04 |
0.67 ± 0.01 |
1.47 ± 0.03 |
(0.32 ± 0.32)* |
(0.71 ± 0.70)* |
(0.78 ± 0.24)* |
(1.72 ± 0.54)* |
(0.68 ± 0.27)* |
(1.49 ± 0.60)* |
|
Overweightb (n = 154) |
0.20 ± 0.04 |
0.43 ± 0.09 |
0.72 ± 0.03 |
1.58 ± 0.06 |
0.61 ± 0.02 |
1.35 ± 0.05 |
(0.20 ± 0.32)* |
(0.43 ± 0.70)* |
(0.71 ± 0.20)* |
(1.56 ± 0.43)* |
(0.61 ± 0.28)* |
(1.35 ± 0.62)* |
|
Obesec (n = 143) |
0.18 ± 0.04 |
0.39 ± 0.10 |
0.45 ± 0.03 |
1.0 ± 0.07 |
0.58 ± 0.03 |
1.28 ± 0.06 |
(0.20 ± 0.44)* |
(0.44 ± 0.97)* |
(0.44 ± 0.27)* |
(0.98 ± 0.60)* |
(0.57 ± 0.33)* |
(1.26 ± 0.73)* |
|
NOTES: Results are presented as least square means ± SEM from models controlling for diabetes and gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking during pregnancy, primiparity, and placental membranes (monochorionicity and missing chorionicity). Rates for the 1st trimester are calculated post-conception, using 2 post-menstrual weeks as the average for time of conception. Results in parentheses are the unadjusted means ± SD. aBMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. bBMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. cBMI = ≥ 30 kg/m2. SOURCE: Historical cohort of twin births delivered at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor provided by Barbara Luke, Sc.D., M.P.H., R.D., and Mary L. Hediger, Ph.D. For more details on this historical cohort, see Luke et al., 2003. |
TABLE C-3B Summary of Adjusted and Unadjusted* Cumulative Gain by Trimesters, by Pregravid BMI Status for Mothers of Twins at Gestational Ages 37-42 Wk, and with Average Twin Birth weight > 2,500 g
Pregravid BMI |
Cumulative Weight Gain |
|||||
To 13 wks |
To 26 wks |
To 37-42 wks |
||||
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
|
Normal weighta (n = 409) |
3.6 ± 0.3 |
8.0 ± 0.6 |
13.1 ± 0.3 |
28.8 ± 0.6 |
20.9 ± 0.3 |
45.9 ± 0.7 |
(3.5 ± 3.5)* |
(7.8 ± 7.7)* |
(13.2 ± 4.9)* |
(29.1 ± 10.7)* |
(21.0 ± 6.1)* |
(46.2 ± 13.4)* |
|
Overweightb (n = 154) |
2.1 ± 0.4 |
4.7 ± 1.0 |
11.3 ± 0.4 |
24.8 ± 1.0 |
18.9 ± 0.5 |
41.6 ± 1.1 |
(2.2 ± 3.5)* |
(4.8 ± 7.7)* |
(11.1 ± 5.5)* |
(24.4 ± 12.1)* |
(18.7 ± 7.0)* |
(41.1 ± 15.5)* |
|
Obesec (n = 143) |
2.0 ± 0.5 |
4.3 ± 1.1 |
8.5 ± 0.4 |
18.8 ± 1.0 |
15.7 ± 0.5 |
34.6 ± 1.2 |
(2.2 ± 4.8)* |
(4.8 ± 10.6)* |
(8.4 ± 5.9)* |
(18.6 ± 12.9)* |
(15.4 ± 7.2)* |
(34.0 ± 15.9)* |
|
NOTES: Results are presented as least square means ± SEM from models controlling for diabetes and gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking during pregnancy, primiparity, and placental membranes (monochorionicity and missing chorionicity). Total cumulative gain is also adjusted for length of gestation. Results in parentheses are the unadjusted means ± SD. a BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. b BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. c BMI = ≥ 30 kg/m2. SOURCE: Historical cohort of twin births delivered at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor provided by Barbara Luke, Sc.D., M.P.H., R.D., and Mary L. Hediger, Ph.D. For more details on this historical cohort, see Luke et al., 2003. |
TABLE C-3C Interquartile Ranges of Rates of Maternal Weight Gain by Trimesters, by Pregravid BMI Status for Mothers of Twins at Gestational Ages 37-42 Weeks, and with Average Twin Birth weight > 2,500 g
Pregravid BMI |
Rates of Weight Gain |
|||||
2-13 wks |
14-26 wks |
27-delivery |
||||
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
|
Normal weighta (n = 409) |
0.12-0.49 |
0.27-1.07 |
0.64-0.94 |
1.40-2.06 |
0.50-0.83 |
1.09-1.83 |
Overweightb (n = 154) |
0.03-0.39 |
0.06-0.85 |
0.57-0.87 |
1.25-1.91 |
0.42-0.81 |
0.92-1.79 |
Obesec (n = 143) |
0.08-0.34 |
0.18-0.76 |
0.24-0.63 |
0.54-1.39 |
0.34-0.70 |
0.75-1.55 |
NOTES: Results are presented as the 25th-75th percentiles for the rates or cumulative gain over the interval. Rates for the 1st trimester are calculated post-conception, using 2 post-menstrual weeks as the average for time of conception. a BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. b BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. c BMI = ≥ 30 kg/m2. SOURCE: Historical cohort of twin births delivered at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor provided by Barbara Luke, Sc.D., M.P.H., R.D., and Mary L. Hediger, Ph.D. For more details on this historical cohort, see Luke et al., 2003. |
TABLE C-3D Interquartile Ranges of Cumulative Gain by Trimesters, by Pregravid BMI Status for Mothers of Twins at Gestational Ages 37-42 Weeks, and with Average Twin Birth weight > 2,500 g
Pregravid BMI |
Cumulative Weight Gain |
|||||
To 13 wks |
To 26 wks |
To 37-42 wks |
||||
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg/wk |
lb/wk |
kg |
lbs |
|
Normal weighta (n = 409) |
1.4-5.4 |
3.0-11.8 |
10.0-16.4 |
22.0-36.0 |
16.8-24.5 |
37-54 |
Overweightb (n = 154) |
0.3-4.3 |
0.7-9.4 |
7.7-14.1 |
17.0-31.0 |
14.1-22.7 |
31-50 |
Obesec (n = 143) |
0.9-3.8 |
2.0-8.4 |
4.9-11.4 |
10.7-25.0 |
11.4-19.1 |
25-42 |
NOTES: Results are presented as the 25th-75th percentiles for the rates or cumulative gain over the interval. a BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. b BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. c BMI = ≥ 30 kg/m2. SOURCE: Historical cohort of twin births delivered at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor provided by Barbara Luke, Sc.D., M.P.H., R.D., and Mary L. Hediger, Ph.D. For more details on this historical cohort, see Luke et al., 2003. |
TABLE C-4 Maternal Weight Gain and Body Composition
Author (Year) |
Population/Study Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Body Composition Measurements (FFM, FM, TBW) |
Author, year: Bronstein et al., 1996 |
Total Study N: 33 |
Pregnant women (n = 16) |
FFM at 31-35 weeks: 55.5 kg FM at 31-35 weeks: 32.8 kg |
Group Description: Non-pregnant and pregnant women [BC by densitometry} |
|||
Non-pregnant women (n = 17) |
FFM at study: 50.1 kg FM at study: 29.8 kg |
||
Country: USA |
|||
Author, year: Butte et al., 2003* |
Total Study N: 63 |
|
GWG |
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
|||
Group Description: BMI Categories: |
|||
Low, BMI < 19.8 (n = 17) Normal, BMI 19.8-26 (n = 34) High, BMI > 26 (n = 12) |
TBW |
||
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
|||
Country: USA |
|||
FFM |
|||
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
|||
[BC by TBK 4 compartment method] |
|||
FM |
|||
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
|||
Net GWG |
|||
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
|||
GWG per wk |
|||
Low BMI Normal BMI High BMI |
Pregravid Weight/Body Comp |
Weight Gain/Body Composition by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
Postpartum Weight/Body Composition |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
|||
75.7 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
79.9 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 wks |
22 wks |
36 wks |
|
|
49.9 kg |
51.9 kg |
57.7 kg |
63.0 kg |
15.0 kg |
|
59.3 kg |
60.2 kg |
65.1 kg |
72.2 kg |
14.5 kg |
|
77.3 kg |
81.8 kg |
85.8 kg |
93.8 kg |
17.9 kg |
|
28.7 kg |
28.7 kg |
32.2 kg |
34.7 kg |
|
|
32.0 kg |
31.6 kg |
34.1 kg |
38.7 kg |
|
|
35.6 kg |
35.7 kg |
37.9 kg |
42.8 kg |
|
|
39.0 kg |
39.6 kg |
42.6 kg |
46.9 kg |
|
|
43.1 kg |
43.0 kg |
46.0 kg |
51.4 kg |
|
|
47.8 kg |
48.9 kg |
51.0 kg |
56.9 kg |
|
|
10.9 kg |
12.4 kg |
15.1 kg |
16.1 kg |
|
|
16.8 kg |
17.2 kg |
19.1 kg |
21.0 kg |
|
|
309 kg |
33.0 kg |
34.8 kg |
37.0 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.6 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
11.0 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
14.1 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
0.40 kg/wk |
|
|
|
|
|
0.37 kg/wk |
|
|
|
|
|
0.45 kg/wk |
|
Author (Year) |
Population/Study Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Body Composition Measurements (FFM, FM, TBW) |
Author, year: Catalano et al., 1998 |
Total Study N: 16 |
Ab GT (n = 6) Controls (n = 10) |
Pregravid measurements |
Group Description: Women with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance (Ab GT); Ab GT (n = 6), Controls (n = 10) [BC by densitometry] |
|||
FFM: 46.4 kg 46.3 kg FM: 12.8 kg 10.2 kg |
|||
Country: USA |
|||
Sum of 7 site skinfolds: 88.7 mm 74.0 mm |
|||
Author, year: Ehrenberg et al., 2003 |
Total Study N: 52 |
|
|
Lean (n = 17) Obese (n = 35) GDM/obese (n = 14) CTL/obese (n = 21) |
|||
Group Description: Women with GDM (lean, n = 5; obese, n = 14) |
|||
Country: USA |
|||
Women with normal glucose tolerance (lean, n = 12; obese, n = 21) |
|||
[Underwater weighing] |
|||
Author, year: Forsum et al., 2006 |
Total Study N: 23 |
Healthy women, parity 0-2 and planning pregnancy |
|
Body weight Total body fat FFM |
|||
Group Description: Adults |
|||
[BC of mothers by 2 compartment method (TBW)] |
|||
Country: Sweden |
Pregravid Weight/Body Comp |
Weight Gain/Body Composition by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
Postpartum Weight/Body Composition |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
|||
|
12-14 wks Weight: |
|
34-36 wks Weight: |
|
|
59.2 kg |
60.5 kg |
|
71.6 kg |
|
|
56.5 kg |
59.9 kg |
|
70.0 kg |
|
|
|
FFM: |
|
FFM: |
|
|
|
46.4 kg |
|
53.4 kg |
|
|
|
46.8 kg |
|
53.6 kg |
|
|
|
FM: |
|
FM: |
|
|
|
14.1 kg |
|
18.2 kg |
|
|
|
13.2 kg |
|
16.5 kg |
|
|
|
Sum of 7 site skinfolds: 93.5 mm 89.0 mm |
|
Sum of 7 site skinfold: 108.9 mm 109.8 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FM gain |
56.2 kg |
|
|
|
12.3 kg |
4.7 kg |
67.6 kg |
|
|
|
13.0 kg |
4.2 kg |
69.7 kg |
|
|
|
12.0 kg |
3.2 kg |
66.3 kg |
|
|
|
13.7 kg |
4.8 kg |
|
|
|
32 wks: |
|
2 wks pp: |
67.4 kg |
|
|
79.3 kg |
18.1 kg |
73.5 kg |
22.6 kg |
|
|
27.0 kg |
3.9 kg |
26.7 kg |
44.6 kg |
|
|
|
|
|
Author (Year) |
Population/Study Characteristics |
Study Criteria |
Body Composition Measurements (FFM, FM, TBW) |
Author, year: Kopp-Hoolihan et al., 1999 |
Total Study N: 9 |
|
|
|
Body weight |
||
Group Description: Healthy, non-smokers planning a pregnancy |
|
TBW |
|
|
TBW/FFM |
||
|
TBBM |
||
|
FFM |
||
Country: USA |
|
FM |
|
|
Mean wt gain |
||
|
Mean fat gain % wt as FM |
||
Author, year: Lederman et al., 1997* |
Total Study N: 196 |
BMI/Gain Categories |
|
Body water gain: |
|||
Group Description: Hispanic, White and Black women |
BMI < 19.8 |
|
|
Total (n = 21) |
6.1 L |
||
< rec (n = 6) |
6.4 L |
||
Country: USA |
Aged 18-35 years [BC by 4-compartment method] |
rec (n = 7) |
5.9 L |
> rec (n = 8) |
6.1 L |
||
BMI 19.8-26 |
|
||
Total (n = 118) |
7.0 L |
||
< rec (n = 31) |
6.2 L |
||
rec (n = 46) |
6.9 L |
||
> rec (n = 41) |
7.6 L |
||
BMI > 26-29 |
|
||
Total (n = 29) |
7.8 L |
||
< rec (n = 7) |
6.9 L |
||
rec (n = 9) |
5.7 L |
||
> rec (n = 13) |
9.7 L |
||
BMI > 29 |
|
||
Total (n = 28) |
7.3 L |
||
< rec (n = 7) |
7.8 L |
||
rec (n = 6) |
6.0 L |
||
> rec (n = 15) |
7.6 L |
||
Author, year: Lof and Forsum, 2004 |
Total Study N: 17 |
Pregnant women |
|
|
Body weight |
||
Group Description: Adults |
|
TBW |
|
|
FFM |
||
|
FM |
||
[BC by deuterium dilution underwater weighing] |
|
|
|
Country: Sweden |
|
|
Pregravid Weight/Body Comp |
Weight Gain/Body Composition by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
Postpartum Weight/Body Composition |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
|||
|
8-10 wks |
24-26 wks |
34-36 wks |
|
4-6 wks |
64.7 kg |
64.9 kg |
72.1 kg |
75.9 kg |
|
68.0 kg |
33.5 kg |
33.9 kg |
36.5 kg |
39.1 kg |
|
33.8 kg |
0.72 |
0.73 |
0.74 |
0.74 |
|
0.72 |
2525 g |
— |
— |
— |
|
2463 g |
46.3 kg |
46.7 kg |
49.7 kg |
52.8 kg |
|
46.7 kg |
20.2 kg |
20.3 kg |
24.4 kg |
24.3 kg |
|
22.0 kg |
— |
0.19 kg |
7.23 kg |
3.76 kg |
11.2 kg |
— |
— |
0.10 kg |
4.10 kg |
−0.10 kg |
4.20 kg |
— |
— |
53.00 |
57.00 |
−3.00 |
— |
— |
Fat gain: |
63.4 kg |
|
|
|
|
4.8 kg |
|
|
|
|
12.60 kg |
0.6 kg |
|
|
|
|
7.90 kg |
6.0 kg |
|
|
|
|
12.60 kg |
6.9 kg |
|
|
|
|
16.10 kg |
3.9 kg |
|
|
|
|
12.2 kg |
1.3 kg |
|
|
|
|
8.60 kg |
3.8 kg |
|
|
|
|
12.1 kg |
6.0 kg |
|
|
|
|
15.2 kg |
2.8 kg |
|
|
|
|
11.0 kg |
0.3 kg |
|
|
|
|
8.50 kg |
2.8 kg |
|
|
|
|
9.10 kg |
4.2 kg |
|
|
|
|
13.6 kg |
0.2 kg |
|
|
|
|
8.70 kg |
−5.2kg |
|
|
|
|
3.20 kg |
−0.6kg |
|
|
|
|
6.9 kg |
3.1 kg |
|
|
|
|
12.0 kg |
|
|
Week 14 |
Week 32 |
|
2 wk pp: |
66.6 kg |
|
68.4 kg |
77.3 kg |
16.7 kg |
71.5 kg |
31.5 kg |
|
32.5 kg |
38.1 kg |
|
33.6 kg |
43.9 kg |
|
44.9 kg |
51.0 kg |
|
45.7 kg |
22.7 kg |
|
23.5 kg |
26.3 kg |
|
25.8 kg |
Pregravid Weight/Body Comp |
Weight Gain/Body Composition by Trimester |
Total Weight Gain |
Postpartum Weight/Body Composition |
||
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
|||
|
12-14 wks |
|
34-36 wks |
|
|
71.4 kg |
73.2 kg |
|
84.1 kg |
|
|
78.2 kg |
79.6 kg |
|
89.5 kg |
|
|
49.4 kg |
50.1 kg |
|
55.2 kg |
|
|
51.7 kg |
52.1 kg |
|
56.8 kg |
|
|
22.0 kg |
23.1 kg |
|
28.9 kg |
|
|
26.5 kg |
27.5 kg |
|
32.7 kg |
|
|
|
|
15-16 wks |
34-35 wks |
|
|
59.7 kg |
|
61.6 kg |
68.3 kg |
|
|
|
|
46.6 kg |
50.8 kg |
|
|
|
|
15.0 kg |
17.50 kg |
|
|
61.7 kg |
|
63.9 kg |
69.6 kg |
|
|
|
|
47.8 kg |
51.2 kg |
|
|
|
|
16.1 kg |
18.3 kg |
|
|
TABLE C-5 Mean Weights and Percentiles for Placentas (singletons, twins, and triplets)
Gestational age (weeks) |
90th Percentile |
Mean Placental Weight |
10th Percentile |
Cases (n) |
||||||||
Singletons |
Twins |
Triplets |
Singletons |
Twins |
Triplets |
Singletons |
Twins |
Triplets |
Singletons |
Twins |
Triplets |
|
19 |
— |
263 |
— |
— |
212 |
— |
— |
161 |
— |
— |
2 |
— |
20 |
— |
270 |
285 |
— |
218 |
253 |
— |
166 |
226 |
— |
3 |
3 |
21 |
172 |
286 |
320 |
143 |
231 |
284 |
114 |
176 |
257 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
22 |
191 |
310 |
345 |
157 |
251 |
319 |
122 |
191 |
289 |
6 |
5 |
2 |
23 |
211 |
343 |
400 |
172 |
276 |
361 |
133 |
210 |
331 |
7 |
2 |
3 |
24 |
233 |
382 |
445 |
189 |
307 |
406 |
145 |
232 |
371 |
9 |
3 |
5 |
25 |
256 |
426 |
498 |
208 |
341 |
456 |
159 |
257 |
408 |
19 |
5 |
6 |
26 |
280 |
475 |
558 |
227 |
380 |
509 |
175 |
284 |
444 |
14 |
4 |
6 |
27 |
305 |
528 |
630 |
248 |
421 |
564 |
192 |
314 |
480 |
9 |
8 |
4 |
28 |
331 |
584 |
697 |
270 |
464 |
621 |
210 |
345 |
516 |
16 |
7 |
5 |
29 |
357 |
641 |
772 |
293 |
509 |
679 |
229 |
377 |
553 |
11 |
12 |
6 |
30 |
384 |
700 |
849 |
316 |
554 |
738 |
249 |
409 |
591 |
12 |
17 |
10 |
31 |
411 |
758 |
925 |
340 |
600 |
797 |
269 |
441 |
631 |
14 |
13 |
15 |
32 |
438 |
815 |
1,000 |
364 |
644 |
855 |
290 |
472 |
674 |
24 |
29 |
7 |
33 |
464 |
870 |
1,072 |
387 |
687 |
911 |
311 |
503 |
719 |
30 |
27 |
14 |
34 |
491 |
923 |
1,139 |
411 |
727 |
965 |
331 |
531 |
768 |
32 |
53 |
43 |
35 |
516 |
971 |
1,200 |
434 |
764 |
1,017 |
352 |
558 |
821 |
44 |
52 |
33 |
36 |
542 |
1,014 |
1,253 |
457 |
798 |
1,065 |
372 |
582 |
878 |
36 |
66 |
19 |
37 |
566 |
1,051 |
1,297 |
478 |
827 |
1,108 |
391 |
602 |
940 |
32 |
58 |
8 |
38 |
589 |
1,082 |
1,330 |
499 |
850 |
1,147 |
409 |
619 |
1,007 |
62 |
54 |
5 |
39 |
611 |
1,105 |
— |
519 |
868 |
— |
426 |
631 |
— |
103 |
38 |
— |
40 |
632 |
1,118 |
— |
537 |
879 |
— |
442 |
639 |
— |
193 |
47 |
— |
41 |
651 |
1,123 |
— |
553 |
882 |
— |
456 |
642 |
— |
8 7 |
1 2 |
— |
SOURCES: Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine by Pinar H., C. J. Sung, C. E. Oyer and D. B. Singer. Copyright 1996 by Informa Clinical Medicine—Journals. Reproduced with permission of Informa Clinical Medicine—Journals via Copyright Clearance Center; Reprinted from Pinar H., M. Stephens, D. B. Singer, T. K. Boyd, S. M. Pflueger, D. L. Gang, D. J. Roberts and C. J. Sung. 2002. Triplet placentas: reference values for weights. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 5(5): 495-498 with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. |
TABLE C-6 DNA, Glycogen, and Lipid Content in Placentas from Normal and Diabetic Human Pregnancies
Pregnancy |
Placental Weight (g) |
Placental DNA |
Placental Glycogen |
Placental Lipid Triglycerides |
|||||
(mg/g) |
(g/total placenta) |
(mg/g) |
(mg/mg DNA) |
(g/total placenta) |
(μmol/g) |
(μmol/mg DNA) |
(mmol/total placenta) |
||
Normal (n = 50) |
550 ± 28 |
2.54 ± 0.13 |
1.40 ± 0.07 |
8.4 ± 0.5 |
3.3 ± 0.3 |
4.67 ± 0.29 |
2.51 ± 0.16 |
0.98 ± 0.15 |
1.38 ± 0.10 |
Gestational diabetes (n = 23) |
664 ± 60 |
2.58 ± 0.24 |
1.71a ± 0.12 |
9.9 ± 0.8 |
3.8 ± 0.4 |
6.57a ± 0.60 |
3.32a ± 0.31 |
1.29 ± 0.20 |
2.20a ± 0.25 |
Insulin-treated diabetes (n = 12) |
615 ± 110 |
3.04 ± 0.32 |
1.87a ± 0.20 |
14.9b ± 1.9 |
4.9a ± 0.3 |
9.16b ± 0.88 |
4.56b ± 0.70 |
1.50 ± 0.16 |
2.80b ± 0.41 |
NOTE: Values in the table are means ± SE for number of patients indicated in parentheses. a Significant difference from value for normal pregnancy (p < 0.05). b Significant difference from value for normal pregnancy (p < 0.01). SOURCE: Modified from Diamant et al., 1982. This information was published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol 144, Diamant Y. Z., B. E. Metzger, N. Freinkel and E. Shafrir, Placental lipid and glycogen content in human and experimental diabetes mellitus, Pages 5-11, Copyright Elsevier (1982). |
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