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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2009. A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program: Mission, Management, and Measurement of Results. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12585.
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Suggested Citation:"References." Institute of Medicine. 2009. A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program: Mission, Management, and Measurement of Results. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12585.
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REFERENCES 173 Chandra, A., G. M. Martinez, W. D. Mosher, J. C. Abma, and J. Jones. 2005. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Statistics 23(25):1–160. Cleland, J., S. Bernstein, A. Ezeh, A. Faundes, A. Glasier, and J. Innis. 2006. Family planning: The unfinished agenda. Lancet 368(9549):1810–1827. Conde-Agudelo, A., A. Rosas-Bermudez, and A. C. Kafury-Goeta. 2006. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 295(15):1809–1823. Custer, W. S., and P. Ketsche. 2000. The changing sources of health insurance. Washington, DC: Health Insurance Association of America. Dailard, C. 1999. Title X family planning clinics confront escalating costs, increasing needs. Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 2(2):1–2, 14. Dalton, V. K., P. D. Jacobson, J. Berson-Grand, and C. S. Weisman. 2005. Threats to family planning services in Michigan: Organizational responses to economic and political chal- lenges. Womens Health Issues 15(3):117–125. Danielson, R., S. Marcy, A. Plunkett, W. Wiest, and M. R. Greenlick. 1990. Reproduc- tive health counseling for young men: What does it do? Family Planning Perspectives 22(3):115–121. Darroch, J. E. 2006. Family planning: A century of change. In Silent victories: The history and practice of public health in Twentieth-Century America, edited by J. W. Ward and C. Warren. New York: Oxford University Press. DeNavas-Walt, C., B. D. Proctor, and J. C. Smith. 2008. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2007. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-235. http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf (accessed April 9, 2009). Donabedian, A. 1968. Promoting quality through evaluating the process of patient care. Medical Care 6:181–202. Donabedian, A. 1980. Exploration in quality assessment and monitoring. Vol. 1: The defini- tion of quality and approaches to its assessment. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press. English, A., and C. A. Ford. 2007. More evidence supports the need to protect confidentiality in adolescent health care. Journal of Adolescent Health 40(3):199–200. Finer, L. B., and S. K. Henshaw. 2006. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38(2):90–96. Flores, G. 2005. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: A systematic review. Medical Care Research and Review 62(3):255–299. Flores, G., M. Abreu, and S. C. Tomany-Korman. 2005. Limited English proficiency, primary language at home, and disparities in children’s health care: How language barriers are measured matters. Public Health Reports 120:418–430. Ford, C., A. English, and G. Sigman. 2004. Confidential health care for adolescents: P ­ osition paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health 35(2):160–167. Foster, D. G., C. M. Klaisle, M. Blum, M. E. Bradsberry, C. D. Brindis, and F. H. Stewart. 2004. Expanded state-funded family planning services: Estimating pregnancies averted by the Family PACT Program in California, 1997–1998. American Journal of Public Health 94(8):1341–1346. Foster, D. G., M. A. Biggs, G. Amaral, C. Brindis, S. Navarro, M. Bradsberry, and F. Stewart. 2006. Estimates of pregnancies averted through California’s Family Planning Waiver Program in 2002. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38(3):126–131. Fronstin, P. 2008. Sources of health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured: Analysis of the March 2008 current population survey. EBRI Issue Brief Number 321 321:1–33.

174 A REVIEW OF THE HHS FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM Frost, J. J. 2008. Trends in U.S. women’s use of sexual and reproductive health care services, 1995–2002. American Journal of Public Health 98(10):1814–1817. Frost, J. J., and L. Kaeser. 1995. Adolescent use of Norplant implants: Clinic services, policies and barriers to use. Journal of Adolescent Health 16(5):367–372. Frost, J. J., N. Ranjit, K. Manzella, J. E. Darroch, and S. Audam. 2001. Family planning clinic services in the United States: Patterns and trends in the late 1990s. Family Planning Perspectives 33(3):113–122. Frost, J. J., L. Frohwirth, and A. Purcell. 2004. The availability and use of publicly funded family planning clinics: U.S. trends, 1994–2001. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproduc- tive Health 36(5):206–215. Frost, J. J., A. Sonfield, and R. B. Gold. 2006. Estimating the Impact of Expanding Medicaid Eligibility for Family Planning Services. New York: Guttmacher Institute. Frost, J. J., J. E. Darroch, and L. Remez. 2008a. Improving contraceptive use in the United States. New York: AGI. Frost, J. J., L. B. Finer, and A. Tapales. 2008b. The impact of publicly funded family planning clinic services on unintended pregnancies and government cost savings. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 19(3):778–796. Gibson, C., and K. Jung. 2006. Historical census statistics on the foreign-born population of the United States: 1850 to 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. http://www. census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf (accessed Decem- ber 10, 2008). Gold, R. B. 2001. Title X: Three decades of accomplishment. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 4(1):5–8. Gold, R. B. 2003. Nowhere but up: Rising costs for Title X clinics. Issue Brief (Alan ­ uttmacher Institute) (1):1–4. G Gold, R. B. 2004. Doing more for less: Study says state medicaid family planning expansions are cost-effective. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 7(1):1-2, 14. Gold, R. B. 2006. Rekindling efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancy: A matter of “equity and common sense.” New York: Guttmacher Institute. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/ gpr/09/3/gpr090302.html (accessed October 23, 2008). Gold, R. B. 2007. Stronger together: Medicaid, Title X brings different strengths to family planning effort. Guttmacher Policy Review 10(2):13–18. Gold, R. B. 2008. Equipping Title X for the future. Guttmacher Policy Review 11(3):19–23. Gold, R. B., and A. Sonfield. 1999. Block grants are key sources of support for family plan- ning. Washington, DC: Guttmacher Institute. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/02/4/ gr020406.html (accessed October 23, 2008). Gold, R. B., C. L. Richards, U. R. Ranji, and A. Salganicoff. 2007. Medicaid’s role in family planning. New York: AGI. Gold, R. B., A. Sonfield, C. L. Richards, and Jennifer J. Frost. 2009. Next steps for America’s family planning program: Leveraging the potential of Medicaid and Title X in an evolving health care system. New York: AGI. Gregory, K. D. 2009. Measurement of Quality in the Title X Family Planning Program. (Appen­dix K of this volume). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Guttmacher Institute. 2007. More reproductive-age women covered by Medicaid—but more are also uninsured. Guttmacher Policy Review. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/10/1/ gpr100124.html (accessed March 5, 2009). Guttmacher Institute. 2008a. State Medicaid family planning eligibility expansions. State poli- cies in brief. New York: Guttmacher Institute. Guttmacher Institute. 2008b. Women in need of contraceptive services and supplies, 2006. New York: Guttmacher Institute.

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A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program provides a broad evaluation of the Title X family planning program since its establishment in 1970. The program successfully provides family planning services to its target audience of low-income individuals, but there is room for improvement. While the program's core goals are apparent, a secondary set of changing priorities has emerged without a clear, evidence-based strategic process. Also, funding for the program has increased in actual dollars, but has not kept pace with inflation or increased costs. Several aspects of the program's structure could be improved to increase the ability of Title X to meet the needs of its target population. At the same time, the extent to which the program meets those needs cannot be assessed without a greater capacity for long-term data collection.

A Review of the HHS Family Planning Program recommends several specific steps to enhance the management and improve the quality of the program, as well as to demonstrate its direct contribution to important end results, such as reducing rates of unintended pregnancy, cervical cancer, and infertility. The book will guide the Office of Family Planning toward improving the effectiveness of the program. Other parties who will find the research and recommendations valuable include programs receiving Title X funding from the Office of Family Planning, policy makers, researchers, and professional organizations.

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