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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

Appendix B
The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s

TABLE B-1 Federally Financed and Total Academic Research and Education Expenditures in Mathematics and Statistics, 1980-1998

Year

Federally Financed Academic R&D Expenditures (U.S. $)

Total Academic R&D Expenditures (U.S. $)

% Federal

1980

61,246

78,112

78

1981

67,780

87,112

78

1982

71,829

96,419

74

1983

76,518

106,408

72

1984

92,317

123,149

75

1985

96,979

127,730

76

1986

114,359

151,561

75

1987

131,952

177,246

74

1988

149,959

198,863

75

1989

157,315

214,638

73

1990

160,910

221,752

73

1991

170,544

230,179

74

1992

183,262

247,719

74

1993

203,122

272,250

75

1994

205,346

282,046

73

1995

204,928

278,952

73

1996

208,197

288,570

72

1997

202,208

289,802

70

1998

214,289

310,710

69

NOTE: R&D, research and development.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, “Survey of R&D Expenditures at Universities and Colleges,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-2 Sources and Mechanisms of Support for Full-Time Graduate Students in Mathematics and Statistics Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, 1980-1998 (number, by year)

Source of Support

Mechanism of Support

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

NSF

Fellowships

97

61

55

81

76

85

93

104

114

126

NSF

Traineeships

6

9

10

9

1

5

1

1

1

1

NSF

RA

149

152

158

131

193

223

253

319

340

339

NSF

TA

6

3

1

NA

NA

1

2

3

NA

5

NSF

Other

4

2

4

2

9

7

8

9

8

4

NIH

Fellowships

NA

NA

1

3

2

NA

NA

NA

NA

3

NIH

Traineeships

7

3

5

6

2

2

3

3

1

3

NIH

RA

27

19

19

19

18

16

13

19

21

19

NIH

TA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NIH

Other

NA

2

NA

NA

NA

NA

3

2

3

3

HHS (except NIH)

Fellowships

5

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

HHS (except NIH)

Traineeships

4

4

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

NA

HHS (except NIH)

RA

9

6

14

13

4

2

3

6

2

8

HHS (except NIH)

TA

3

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

1

NA

NA

NA

HHS (except NIH)

Other

3

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

DOD

Fellowships

9

4

6

7

6

11

14

17

23

27

DOD

Traineeships

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

1

11

7

5

DOD

RA

101

77

80

94

109

127

146

146

183

148

DOD

Other

219

262

288

209

189

247

271

264

300

215

Other federal

Fellowships

15

18

22

26

16

23

23

21

32

95

Other federal

Traineeships

5

1

3

7

6

4

11

1

1

30

Other federal

RA

135

86

106

93

87

110

123

145

120

148

Other federal

TA

18

40

21

17

13

28

7

4

5

16

Other federal

Other

46

46

25

43

31

36

22

15

27

24

Nonfederal

Fellowships

633

597

603

577

666

738

778

718

772

751

Nonfederal

Traineeships

123

116

108

102

150

137

112

141

191

172

Nonfederal

RA

363

420

468

453

461

520

500

476

560

642

Nonfederal

TA

5,580

5,705

6,051

6,428

6,611

6,776

7,144

7,454

7,589

7,808

Nonfederal

Other

437

423

472

444

511

487

549

595

635

585

Self-support

Other

1,897

2,095

2,293

2,191

2,148

2,229

2,306

2,569

2,576

2,504

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

Source of Support

Mechanism of Support

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

NSF

Fellowships

136

139

120

114

132

130

126

95

90

NSF

Traineeships

2

2

2

5

21

19

22

21

23

NSF

RA

335

302

324

332

346

287

257

256

261

NSF

TA

16

6

9

17

17

28

25

12

4

NSF

Other

2

3

2

2

2

10

5

2

6

NIH

Fellowships

4

3

52

15

1

1

NA

1

1

NIH

Traineeships

6

10

11

9

11

10

14

13

8

NIH

RA

27

48

43

43

55

46

44

47

57

NIH

TA

1

3

1

3

NA

1

NA

1

NA

NIH

Other

1

NA

4

4

1

5

3

4

2

HHS (except NIH)

Fellowships

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

6

7

21

22

HHS (except NIH)

Traineeships

8

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

HHS (except NIH)

RA

2

4

6

6

8

18

12

9

10

HHS (except NIH)

TA

NA

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

HHS (except NIH)

Other

NA

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

NA

NA

DOD

Fellowships

52

42

38

42

42

35

30

22

18

DOD

Traineeships

7

8

3

3

6

1

4

1

.

DOD

RA

112

121

139

159

129

125

119

154

89

DOD

Other

196

205

206

195

195

161

198

186

176

Other federal

Fellowships

200

327

246

225

123

124

123

96

85

Other federal

Traineeships

29

55

79

65

31

42

20

14

23

Other federal

RA

134

169

172

196

205

183

183

159

124

Other federal

TA

25

29

11

20

33

19

24

21

38

Other federal

Other

38

26

28

19

39

36

19

17

7

Nonfederal

Fellowships

734

854

960

967

918

1,001

999

971

888

Nonfederal

Traineeships

129

132

125

176

175

150

119

130

110

Nonfederal

RA

725

712

726

700

791

792

681

764

674

Nonfederal

TA

7,829

7,728

7,717

7,546

7,584

7,245

7,078

6,665

6,524

Nonfederal

Other

632

695

676

529

545

459

513

430

546

Self-support

Other

2,483

2,632

2,978

3,138

2,816

2,476

2,339

2,032

1,965

NOTE: NA, not available; NSF, National Science Foundation; RA, Research Assistant; TA, Teaching Assistant; NIH, National Institutes of Health; HHS, Health and Human Services; DOD, Department of Defense.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-3 Mathematics Doctorate Holders Employed in Academia in the United States, 1981-1999

Year

Mathematics Doctorate Holders Employed in Academia (no. in thousands)

Academic Mathematics Doctorate Holders with Federal Support (%)

1981

12.4

21.3

1983

12.9

30.1

1985a

13.6

21.5

1987

13.8

31.1

1989

14.5

33.5

1991

15.2

34.5

1993a

15.5

18.8

1995a

14.6

22.3

1997a

15.6

20.9

1999

15.2

29.1

a Not comparable to the other years and understates the degree of federal support by virtue of asking whether work performed during the week of April 15 was supported by the government. In other years, the question pertains to work conducted over the course of a year.

SOURCE: Adapted from NSB (2004), Appendix Tables 5-26 and 5-32.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-4 Number and Percentage of Full-Time Graduate Students in Mathematics and Statistics at Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, by Gender, Race, and Citizenship, 1980-2006

Year

Total (no.)

Female (no.)

Female (%)

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (no.)

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (%)

Underrepresented Minorities (no.)

Underrepresented Minorities (%)

1980

9,543

2,209

23

NA

NA

NA

NA

1981

9,853

2,426

25

NA

NA

NA

NA

1982

10,421

2,647

25

6,626

64

345

5

1983

10,593

2,776

26

6,431

61

365

6

1984

10,812

2,802

26

6,374

59

326

5

1985

11,318

3,016

27

6,602

58

346

5

1986

11,911

3,216

27

6,865

58

393

6

1987

12,539

3,367

27

7,155

57

445

6

1988

13,014

3,523

27

7,341

56

421

6

1989

13,208

3,775

29

7,329

55

461

6

1990

13,416

3,886

29

7,630

57

501

7

1991

13,822

4,057

29

8,053

58

491

6

1992

14,248

4,271

30

8,599

60

551

6

1993

14,089

4,268

30

8,693

62

633

7

1994

13,741

4,214

31

8,458

62

607

7

1995

12,984

4,030

31

7,927

61

649

8

1996

12,562

4,005

32

7,552

60

623

8

1997

11,772

3,810

32

6,975

59

617

9

1998

11,308

3,741

33

6,730

60

586

9

1999

11,388

3,952

35

6,269

55

588

9

2000

11,382

3,907

34

6,062

53

578

10

2001

12,040

4,198

35

6,301

52

616

10

2002

13,149

4,660

35

6,958

53

646

9

2003

13,988

4,869

35

7,407

53

692

9

2004

14,357

4,922

34

7,774

54

695

9

2005

14,652

4,909

34

8,012

55

732

9

2006

14,995

5,086

34

8,271

55

785

9

NOTE: NA, not available. There is no “unknown” for citizenship and gender. Underrepresented minorities include black, non-Hispanic; American Indian or Alaska Native; and Hispanic. Race/ethnicity data include other/unknown in the denominator. Race/ethnicity is only known for U.S. citizens/permanent residents.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsf.gov.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-5 Degrees Awarded in Mathematical Sciences in the United States, 1980-2006, by Degree Level

Year

Bachelor’s

Master’s

Doctorate

1980

11,473

2,868

744

1981

11,173

2,569

728

1982

11,708

2,731

720

1983

12,662

2,856

701

1984

13,511

2,770

698

1985

15,389

2,903

688

1986

16,531

3,184

729

1987

16,515

3,327

739

1988

15,981

3,434

749

1989

15,314

3,430

859

1990

14,674

3,684

892

1991

14,784

3,632

1,038

1992

14,931

3,665

1,058

1993

14,853

3,751

1,146

1994

14,632

3,804

1,118

1995

13,851

3,932

1,190

1996

13,076

3,742

1,122

1997

12,723

3,599

1,123

1998

12,094

3,525

1,177

1999

NA

NA

1,083

2000

11,735

3,295

1,050

2001

11,455

3,280

1,010

2002

12,273

3,408

920

2003

12,882

3,706

993

2004

13,755

4,297

1,076

2005

14,840

4,598

1,205

2006

15,311

4,896

1,327

NOTE: NA, not available; detailed national data were not released by the National Center for Education Statistics for the academic year ending in 1999.

SOURCE: Adapted from NSF, Division of Science Resources Statistics (2008), Table 35.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-6 Number and Percentage of Mathematics and Statistics Doctorates in the United States, by Gender, Race, and Citizenship, 1980-2006

Year

Doctorates (no.)

Female (no.)

Female (%)

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (no.)

U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents (%)

Underrepresented Minorities (no.)

Underrepresented Minorities (%)

1980

744

95

13

583

81

30

5

1981

728

112

15

525

74

44

8

1982

720

96

13

499

72

37

7

1983

701

113

16

459

69

31

7

1984

698

115

16

444

65

49

11

1985

688

106

15

419

64

42

10

1986

729

121

17

402

59

52

13

1987

739

125

17

396

57

52

13

1988

749

121

16

386

56

38

10

1989

859

155

18

428

55

43

10

1990

892

158

18

423

50

45

11

1991

1,038

199

19

517

50

57

11

1992

1,058

205

20

508

50

53

10

1993

1,146

264

23

590

53

59

10

1994

1,118

236

21

657

59

63

10

1995

1,190

265

22

771

67

52

7

1996

1,122

231

21

648

59

45

7

1997

1,123

263

24

629

59

58

9

1998

1,177

297

25

673

60

79

12

1999

1,080

276

26

604

58

55

9

2000

1,050

259

25

574

56

58

10

2001

1,009

275

27

528

55

63

12

2002

917

265

29

443

50

64

14

2003

992

264

27

517

54

72

14

2004

1,074

304

28

509

49

83

16

2005

1,197

324

27

538

47

94

17

2006

1,320

393

30

613

48

90

15

NOTE: The percentage female is the number of females divided by the number of females plus the number of males. In some cases gender was unknown. The same is true for citizenship. Underrepresented minorities include black, non-Hispanic; American Indian or Alaska Native; and Hispanic. The percentage of underrepresented minorities is divided by total doctorates, which include some people for whom race/ethnicity is “other/unknown.”

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, “Survey of Earned Doctorates/Doctorate Records File,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcasper.nsf.gov.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-7 Number and Percentage of Doctorates in Mathematical Sciences in the United States Received by U.S. Citizens, 1980-1981 to 2007-2008

Year

Total Doctorates by U.S. Institutions

Total U.S. Citizen Doctoral Recipients

Percent

1980-1981

839

567

68

1981-1982

798

519

65

1982-1983

744

455

61

1983-1984

738

433

59

1984-1985

726

396

55

1985-1986

755

386

51

1986-1987

739

362

49

1987-1988

798

363

45

1988-1989

884

411

46

1989-1990

929

401

43

1990-1991

1,061

461

43

1991-1992

1,016

430

42

1992-1993

1,197

526

44

1993-1994

1,059

469

44

1994-1995

1,207

567

47

1995-1996

1,150

493

43

1996-1997

1,158

516

45

1997-1998a

1,216

586

48

1998-1999

1,133

554

49

1999-1900

1,119

537

48

2000-2001

1,008

494

49

2001-2002

948

NA

NA

2002-2003

1,017

489

48

2003-2004

1,041

441

42

2004-2005

1,116

433

39

2005-2006

1,245

522

42

2006-2007

1,157

500

43

2007-2008

1,235

540

44

a Prior to this year, the counts include new doctoral recipients from Group Vb (departments granting doctoral degrees in operations research/management science). The figures for 1997-1998 excluding Vb are 1,163 new doctoral recipients, of which 565 are U.S. citizens. In addition, prior to 1982-1983, the counts include new doctoral recipients from computer science departments.

SOURCE: Davis (1999), Phipps et al. (2008a).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-8 Number and Percentage of Doctorates in Mathematical Sciences in the United States, 1980-1981 to 1998-1999, by Gender

Year

Total U.S. Citizen Doctoral Recipients (no.)

Male (no.)

Female (no.)

Percent Female (%)

1980-1981

567

465

102

18

1981-1982

519

431

88

17

1982-1983

455

366

89

20

1983-1984

433

346

87

20

1984-1985

396

315

81

20

1985-1986

386

304

82

21

1986-1987

362

289

73

20

1987-1988

363

287

76

21

1988-1989

411

313

98

24

1989-1990

401

312

89

22

1990-1991

461

349

112

24

1991-1992

430

327

103

24

1992-1993

526

381

145

28

1993-1994

469

345

124

26

1994-1995

567

426

141

25

1995-1996

493

377

116

24

1996-1997

516

368

148

29

1997-1998a

586

423

163

28

1998-1999

554

367

187

34

a Prior to this year, the counts include new doctoral recipients from Group Vb (departments granting doctoral degrees in operations research/management science). The figures for 1997-1998 excluding Vb are 565 U.S.-citizen new doctoral recipients, of which 409 are male and 156 are female. In addition, prior to 1982-1983, the counts include new doctoral recipients from computer science departments.

SOURCE: Davis (1999), Phipps et al. (2008a).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×

TABLE B-9 Number of Postdoctoral Fellows in Mathematics and Statistics at Doctorate-Granting Institutions in the United States, 1980-2006

Year

Postdoctoral Fellows (no.)

1980

162

1981

113

1982

194

1983

170

1984

203

1985

226

1986

201

1987

229

1988

284

1989

224

1990

248

1991

206

1992

201

1993

224

1994

239

1995

262

1996

326

1997

307

1998

279

1999

351

2000

385

2001

353

2002

393

2003

449

2004

468

2005

496

2006

574

SOURCE: National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health, “Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in S&E,” accessed via WebCASPAR, http://webcaspar.nsr.gov.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 89
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 90
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 91
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
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Page 93
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
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Page 94
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 95
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 96
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
×
Page 97
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: The Mathematical Sciences in the 1980s and 1990s." National Research Council. 2009. Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12716.
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Page 98
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In 1998, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched a program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). These grants were designed for institutions with PhD-granting departments in the mathematical sciences, for the purpose of developing high-quality education programs, at all levels, that are vertically integrated with the research activities of these departments. To date, more than 50 departments at 40 institutions have received VIGRE awards.

As requested by NSF, the present volume reviews the goals of the VIGRE program and evaluates how well the program is designed to address those goals. The book considers past and current practices for assessing the VIGRE program; draws tentative conclusions about the program's achievements based on the data collected to date; and evaluates NSF's plans for future data-driven assessments. In addition, critical policy and programmatic changes for the program are identified, with recommendations for how to address these changes.

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