Appendix D
Literature Tables
METHODS
A review of published literature was conducted related to disability and HIV/AIDS to examine current evidence of related employment capability. Extensive search terms were used, yielding initial results of 9,295 studies published between January 1993 and October 2009. The studies were reviewed, analyzed, and categorized (see Box D-1). The most relevant studies were identified as Category 1, totaling 32 articles for more detailed review. The topics of these studies include return to work for people living with
BOX D-1 Definitions of Categories
|
HIV/AIDS, the neuropsychological symptoms of HIV infection, and effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on vocational rehabilitation.
Search Strategy
The strategy of the literature review searched four databases: Medline, EMBase, Web of Science, and PsychINFO. Together these databases access information related to medicine, nursing, health care delivery, psychiatry, sociology, and psychology. Search strategies were developed for each database using text terms and Medical Subject Headings focused on eight subject areas, including HIV/AIDS, disability, employment, quality of life, functional capacity, treatment outcomes, severity of impairment, and comorbidities. Distinct terms were identified in each subject area to yield as many unique results as possible. Strategy parameters included limiting the search to human subjects, the English language, and studies published from 2004 to 2009. This time period was chosen to focus the studies on the most recent medical and scientific literature.
Preliminary Analysis and Results
A rigorous review of titles and abstracts determined which studies met the inclusion criteria. Each study was coded according to the category system. The preliminary results include 32 Category 1 articles, which focus on study populations with HIV/AIDS and employment capability. Table D-1 provides a detailed review of all Category 1 studies. An additional 331 articles were identified as Category 2 articles, which inform broader parameters potentially affecting functional capacity of populations with HIV/AIDS. These parameters include relative quality of life (with specific measurements for health-related quality of life), comorbid conditions, gender comparisons, and assessments of treatments for HIV/AIDS, or associated conditions that may lead to disability or impairment. The remaining 8,932 studies were categorized as either Category 3 or Category 4 studies. Category 3 studies informed background research during report writing. Category 4 studies did not meet the inclusion criteria and were not included in the study.
Table D-1 starts on the following page.
TABLE D-1 Literature Review on Employment Capability and HIV
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Disability |
|
|
|
Anandan, N., B. Navaraj, B. Braveman, G. Kielhofner, and K. Forsyth. 2006. Impairments and perceived competence in persons living with HIV/AIDS. Work 27(3):255–266. |
Determines occupational functioning required for various activities and describes impairments prevalent in HIV/ AIDS population; examines impact of these impairments on individuals’ perceived occupational competence |
Observational |
N/A |
Cade, W. T., L. Peralta, and R. E. Keyser. 2004. Aerobic exercise dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus: A potential link to physical disability. Physical Therapy 84(7):655–664. |
Examines the biological factors possibly limiting the oxidative metabolic response to physical activity for people with HIV |
Review |
N/A |
Levin, M., G. Kielhofner, B. Braveman, and L. Fogg. 2007. Narrative slope as a predictor of work and other occupational participation. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 14(4):258–264. |
Determines the utility of the narrative slope in predicting vocational outcomes of individuals with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
9 months |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
35 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Physical functional disability measured by:
|
65 |
|
Narrative slope measure of employment status or other productive activity at 3- and 6-month follow-up |
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Employment |
|||
Arns, P., D. Martin, and R. Chernoff. 2004. Psychosocial needs of HIV-positive individuals seeking workforce re-entry. AIDS Care 16(3):377–386. |
Examines a population entering a vocational rehabilitation program designed for individuals with HIV, examining the population’s indicated objective and subjective needs to gain employment |
Observational |
January 1997–December 1999 |
Braveman, B., G. Kielhofner, G. Albrecht, and C. Helfrich. 2006. Occupational identity, occupational competence and occupational settings (environment): Influences on return to work in men living with HIV/AIDS. Work 27(3):267–276. |
Examines and describes the efforts of 12 men living with AIDS to reestablish a role in the workforce following the completion of a vocational rehabilitation program |
Observational |
12 months |
Braveman, B., M. Levin, G. Kielhofner, and M. Finlayson. 2006. HIV/AIDS and return to work: A literature review one-decade post-introduction of combination therapy (HAART). Work 27(3):295–303. |
Reviews literature on employment and combination antiretroviral therapy |
Review |
1995–2005 |
Burns, S. M., L. R. Young, and S. Maniss. 2006. Predictors of employment and disability among people living with HIV/AIDS. Rehabilitation Psychology 51(2):127–134. |
Explores the relationship between employment and disability as well as selected demographic, biological, and functionality variables for people living with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
N/A |
Conover, C. J., P. Arno, M. Weaver, A. Ang, and S. L. Ettner. 2006. Income and employment of people living with combined HIV/AIDS, chronic mental illness, and substance abuse disorders. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 9(2):71–86. |
Examines the labor market outcomes of individuals diagnosed with HIV, mental disorders, and substance abuse disorders |
Observational |
2000–2002 |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
235 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
152 |
|
|
|
1,138 |
|
|
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Conyers, L. M. 2004. The impact of vocational services and employment on people with HIV/AIDS. Work 23(3):205–214. |
Explores the perceptions of 25 individuals with HIV/AIDS who engage in vocational services in attempt to return to work |
Observational |
N/A |
Conyers, L. M. 2008. HIV/ AIDS and employment research: A need for an integrative approach. The Counseling Psychologist 36(1):108–117. |
Reviews three articles on HIV/AIDS and employment that recommend future directions for theory integration, HIV health outcomes, and interdisciplinary approaches |
Review |
N/A |
Escovitz, K., and K. Donegan. 2005. Providing effective employment supports for persons living with HIV: The KEEP project. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 22(2):105–114. |
The Kirk Employment Empowerment Project (KEEP), a 3-year demonstration project, identified effective employment service strategies for individuals with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
36 months |
Goldman, D. P., and Y. Bao. 2004. Effective HIV treatment and the employment of HIV(+) adults. Health Services Research 39:1691–1712. |
Examines whether combination antiretroviral therapy helps HIV-infected patients return to work, remain employed, or maintain hours of work |
Observational |
24 months |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
25 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
148 |
|
|
|
2,864 |
|
|
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Gorman, A. A., J. M. Foley, M. L. Ettenhofer, C. H. Hinkin, and W. G. van Gorp. 2009. Functional consequences of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment. Neuropsychology Review 19(2):186–203. |
Reviews the implications of HIV-associated neuropsychological disorders (HAND) |
Review |
N/A |
Hergenrather, K. C., S. D. Rhodes, and G. Clark. 2005. The employment perspectives study: Identifying factors influencing the job-seeking behavior of persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Education & Prevention 17(2):131–142. |
Explores factors influencing the job-seeking behaviors of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, using the planned behavior theory |
Observational |
N/A |
Maguire, C. P., C. J. McNally, P. J. Britton, J. L. Werth Jr., and N. J. Borges. 2008. Challenges of work: Voices of persons with HIV disease. The Counseling Psychologist 36(1):42–89. |
Provides in-depth descriptions of vocational experiences of individuals with HIV |
Observational |
N/A |
Martin, D. J., P. G. Arns, R. A. Chernoff, and M. Steckart. 2004. Working with HIV/AIDS: Who attempts workforce reentry following disability? Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 35(3):28–38. |
Compares factors influencing individuals with HIV/AIDS who attempt workforce reentry; at entry to the program, participants were unemployed and disabled |
Observational |
1997–2001, 24-month periods |
Martin, D. J., R. A. Chernoff, and M. Buitron. 2005. Tailoring a vocational rehabilitation program to the needs of people with HIV/AIDS: The Harbor–UCLA experience. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 22(2):95–103. |
Reviews three vocational rehabilitation programs to better understand the workforce-reentry process for individuals living with HIV/AIDS |
Review |
N/A |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
|
93 |
|
|
|
235 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Martin, D. J., M. J. Steckart, and P. G. Arns. 2006. Returning to work with HIV/AIDS: A qualitative study. Work 27(3):209–219. |
Studies the workforce-reentry process for individuals with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
24 months |
Rabkin, J. G., M. McElhiney, S. J. Ferrando, W. van Gorp, and S. Hsing Lin. 2004. Predictors of employment of men with HIV/AIDS: A longitudinal study. Psychosomatic Medicine 66(1):72–78. |
Identifies patterns and predictors of work status and number of hours employed in a group of men with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
30 months |
Razzano, L. A., and M. M. Hamilton. 2005. Health-related barriers to employment among people with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 22(3):179–188. |
Evaluates two issues identified in previous research on HIV/AIDS and employment: health perceptions and sources of insurance and health benefits |
Observational |
N/A |
Razzano, L. A., M. M. Hamilton, and J. K. Perloff. 2006. Work status, benefits, and financial resources among people with HIV/AIDS. Work 27(3):235–245. |
Focuses on the factors related to employment status, sources of health benefits, and entitlements among people with HIV/ AIDS; results demonstrate differences in work status, benefits, and financial support received based on gender |
Observational |
6 months |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
104 |
|
|
|
141 |
|
|
|
63 |
|
|
|
98 |
|
|
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Timmons, J. C., and S. L. Fesko. 2004. The impact, meaning, and challenges of work: Perspectives of individuals with HIV/ AIDS. Health & Social Work 29(2):137–144. |
Reveals the value and significance of employment for individuals with HIV/ AIDS, concerns related to Social Security benefits |
Observational |
N/A |
van Gorp, W. G., J. G. Rabkin, S. J. Ferrando, J. Mintz, E. Ryan, T. Borkowski, and M. McElhiney. 2007. Neuropsychiatric predictors of return to work in HIV/AIDS. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 13(1):80–89. |
Followed individuals with HIV/AIDS who initiated return to work processes to identify existing supports or barriers to employment |
Observational |
24 months |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
29 |
|
|
|
118 |
|
|
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Functional Capacity |
|||
Bernell, S. L., and J. A. Shinogle. 2005. The relationship between HAART use and employment for HIV-positive individuals: An empirical analysis and policy outlook. Health Policy 71(2):255–264. |
Analyzes the determinants of combination antiretroviral therapy use and employment status for individuals who are infected with HIV |
Observational |
1996, 2 months |
Berry, J. D., and B. Hunt. 2005. HIV/AIDS 101: A primer for vocational rehabilitation counselors. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 22(2):75–83. |
Provides an overview of medical and psychosocial, information on HIV/AIDS related to vocational rehabilitation |
Review |
N/A |
Conyers, L., and P. Datti. 2008. The unmet vocational rehabilitation needs of women with HIV/AIDS. Work 31(3):277–290. |
Discusses unique needs of women with HIV/ AIDS and their needs for vocational rehabilitation services |
Observational |
N/A |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
2,864 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
122 |
|
|
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Kielhofner, G., B. Braveman, M. Finlayson, A. Paul-Ward, L. Goldbaum, and K. Goldstein. 2004. Outcomes of a vocational program for persons with AIDS. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 58(1):64–72. |
Describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of a program of vocational services for individuals with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
N/A |
O’Brien, K. K., A. M. Bayoumi, C. Strike, N. L. Young, and A. M. Davis. 2008. Exploring disability from the perspective of adults living with HIV/AIDS: Development of a conceptual framework. Health & Quality of Life Outcomes 6(76). |
Develops a conceptual framework of disability from the perspective of adults living with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
N/A |
Paul-Ward, A., B. Braveman, G. Kielhofner, and M. Levin. 2005. Developing employment services for individuals with HIV/AIDS: Participatory action strategies at work. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 22(2):85–93. |
Details the development of employment and independent living services of a 3-year federally funded demonstration project: Enabling Self-Determination (ESD) for Persons Living with AIDS |
Observational |
12 months |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
129 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
Intensive, personalized, coordinated independent living services positively affect the lives of individuals living with HIV/AIDS:
|
Study |
Study Purpose |
Study Type |
Time Frame |
Quality of Life |
|||
Martin, D. J., P. B. Arns, P. J. Batterham, A. A. Afifi, and M. J. Steckart. 2006. Workforce reentry for people with HIV/ AIDS: Intervention effects and predictors of success. Work 27(3):221–233. |
Predicts the likelihood of return to work of individuals living with HIV/AIDS participating in a specialized program |
Observational |
24 months |
Ryu, E., S. G. West, and K. H. Sousa. 2009. Mediation and moderation: Testing relationships between symptom status, functional health, and quality of life in HIV patients. Multivariate Behavioral Research 44(2):213–232. |
Examines the relationships among symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life for individuals living with HIV/AIDS |
Observational |
1992–1994 |
Severity of Impairment |
|||
Vetter, C. J., and J. P. Donnelly. 2006. Living long-term with HIV/AIDS: Exploring impact in psychosocial and vocational domains. Work 27(3):277–286. |
Reviews literature addressing medical, psychological, and psychosocial challenges related to living with HIV/AIDS |
Review |
N/A |
Sample Size (Persons) |
Method |
Outcome Measures |
Relevant Findings |
235 |
|
|
|
956 |
|
|
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|