Index*
A
Academic careers
(see also Faculty)
educational attainment of RNs in, 25
first degree at entry into the profession and, 183-186
salary disparities, 13, 186-187
Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 325, 364
Access to care, 27
regulatory barriers, 99, 102, 106, 107, 463
technology and, 64
Accountable care organizations (ACOs), 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education, 325, 328 n.3, 340 n.11, 341 n.13, 362, 364
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, 201
Acute care
(see also Hospitals), 37
practice transformation, 29-30
Acute Care Forum on the Future of Nursing
interdisciplinary collaboration, 301
key themes, 317
safety and quality of care, 300
site visits and solutions session, 317-318
technology, 300
Admissions, inpatient
assessments by APRNs, 10, 278, 444, 473
care management programs and, 27, 377, 378, 379-380, 390, 395-396
graduation of nurses coordinated with, 264
to hospice or skilled nursing facility, 274, 278, 444, 473
palliative care models and, 425
readmissions, 27, 66, 70, 71, 379-380, 395-396, 416, 421
Advanced Practice Nursing Consensus Work Group, 327
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs)
(see also Certified registered nurse anesthetists;
Certified nurse midwives;
Clinical nurse specialists;
Consensus model for APRN regulation;
Nurse practitioners)
and access to care, 27-28, 98, 107, 108-109, 249, 463, 490
accountable care organizations, 132
chronic disease management, 86, 121, 124, 332, 418-420, 452
earnings, 43
economic value of, 486
education and training, 41-42, 43, 44, 98, 124, 144, 164, 168, 169, 194, 195, 196-197, 203, 328, 445-446, 470-471
growing use of, 98
hospital privileges and medical staff membership, 473
insurance company policies, 9, 10, 71, 117
interprofessional collaboration, 98, 131, 203, 226-227
licensure, 100, 101-103, 327-328
opposition to independent practice, 107-108, 457-460
patient satisfaction, 114
practice transformation, 10, 97, 98-103, 106, 108-109, 112, 142, 144, 145, 248
primary care, 10, 22-23, 55, 59, 88, 95, 132
production rates, 490
regulatory barriers, 5, 10, 59, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103, 108, 144, 248, 444, 446-451
reimbursement/payment policies, 9, 10, 71, 102-103, 104, 115, 446, 449, 471-472
residencies, 124
safety and quality of care, 92, 98-99, 111, 144, 490
scope of practice, 10, 23, 26, 43, 44, 55, 59, 70-71, 97-98, 101, 106, 112, 142, 248, 443, 473
specialties, 23, 26, 41-42, 88 n.2, 97-98, 327, 328, 329
visibility in surveys and coding, assessment, or benchmark schema, 469-470
workforce size, 23, 26, 327, 390
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
access to primary care, 22, 49, 54, 86, 88, 96, 108, 136, 257, 269
accountable care organizations, 131, 132, 148
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, 131
clinical training for APRNs, 124
community health centers, 131, 133
demonstration projects and pilot programs, 71, 239, 491
education funding, 491
home visitation programs, 75
insurance coverage for uninsured Americans, 1-2, 21, 49, 257, 269, 272
medical/health homes, 131, 132, 148
National Center for Workforce Analysis, 9, 256, 262
National Health Care Workforce Commission, 9, 255, 256, 262, 265
nursing-related provisions, 22, 34
reimbursement rates for nurses, 10, 278
research priorities, 274
and scope-of-practice regulations, 29, 96, 106
structural changes in health care, 85, 86, 213
workforce monitoring, 265
African Americans, 55, 56, 57, 68, 128, 129, 130, 138, 184, 199, 208, 228-229, 231, 232, 247, 429, 585, 631
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 238, 239, 392, 394
AIDS (see HIV/AIDS)
Alabama, 157, 356, 357, 358, 359
Alaska, 157
Alliance for APRN Credentialing, 341, 343 n.14, 344 n.17
Alper, Robyn, 176
Ambulatory care, 3, 23, 24, 25, 38, 43, 91, 119, 204, 205, 331, 382, 383, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393, 471, 486, 490, 537
American Academy of Family Physicians, 110-111, 134, 455 n.8, 557
American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 424
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP), 325, 336, 358, 359, 362
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Program, 325, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 361, 362, 366
American Academy of Nursing, 245
American Academy of Pediatrics, 134, 457, 458
American Assembly for Men in Nursing, 209
American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), 121, 123, 135, 170, 171-172, 182, 188, 194-195, 198 n.15, 200, 206, 224, 245, 287, 325, 343-344, 358, 359, 361, 364, 366, 496, 507, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 519, 528, 532, 533, 544, 552, 561
American of Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, 206
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 206
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), 325, 358, 359
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Certification Corporation, 325, 344 n.17
American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants, 325
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 325, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 366
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 106, 251, 286
American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation, 557
American Board of Nursing Specialties (ABNS), 325, 328 n.4, 337 n.6, 340 n.10, 358, 362, 364
Accreditation Council, 359
American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM), 325, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364
Division of Accreditation, 364
American College of Nurse Practitioners, 325, 358, 362, 364
American College of Physicians, 557
American Dental Association, 107, 110, 206
American Holistic Nurses Association, 325, 358, 364
American Immigration Council, 630
American Indians/Alaska Natives, 128, 129, 208
American Medical Association (AMA), 105, 110, 455 n.8, 457, 458 n.7
American Midwifery Certification Board, 197, 325, 358, 359
American Nurses Association (ANA), 27, 109, 171, 208, 245, 325, 329, 338, 344, 354, 358, 361, 362, 364, 366, 371
American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), 196, 325, 336, 344, 358, 359, 362, 364, 366
Magnet Recognition Program, 171, 244
American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE), 171-172, 235, 245, 358, 359, 361, 362, 364, 366, 485, 528, 531, 586
American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 325, 358, 362, 364, 366
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 133, 137, 375, 472
American Society of Anesthesiologists, 110, 457, 458
Anesthetists/anesthesiology (see Certified registered nurse anesthetists)
Arizona, 120, 157, 211, 599, 603, 614
Arkansas
practice regulations, 157
State Board of Nursing, 325, 355, 356, 357, 359
Armenia, 575
Ascension Health, 211
Asian or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 128, 129
Association of Academic Health Centers, 169, 394, 462-463, 552, 560
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), 203, 206, 287
Association of Schools of Public Health, 206
Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, 560
Associate’s degree in nursing
advantages, 489
barriers to program admission, 166
BSN graduates relative to, 505-506
education/preparation, 40, 43, 44, 165, 166, 168, 177, 232, 247, 369, 370-371, 553, 578, 579
employment settings, 25
ethnic minorities, 207, 208, 232
geographic differences, 178
and leadership positions, 247
physician opinions of, 171
practice regulations, 371
qualified applicants not accepted, 182
recommendations, 508
roles and responsibilities, 43
state preferences for investment in, 488-489, 506
statistics, 167, 171, 178, 182, 186, 372
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 12, 39, 40, 44, 130, 166, 173, 174-175, 177, 183-186, 187, 208, 281, 488-489, 506, 507
Association of Faculties of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 325, 344 n.17, 362, 364, 366
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses, 325, 358, 359, 362, 364, 365
Austin, Mary, 69
Australia, 190, 192, 573, 590, 598, 603, 607, 628
B
Baby Boom generation, 48, 125, 259, 387, 424
Baccalaureate degree (see Bachelor’s of science in nursing;
Undergraduate education)
Bachelor’s of science in nursing (BSN;
see also Undergraduate education)
accelerated, second-degree program, 44, 165, 168, 233, 369, 371, 406, 484, 507, 523
ADN graduates relative to, 505-506
ADN transition to, 7, 12, 39, 40, 44, 130, 166, 171, 173, 174-175, 177, 183-186, 187, 208, 281, 406, 487, 488, 506, 507
applications for admission, 31, 193
barriers to meeting educational needs, 166, 179-193
capacity building for, 176-178, 180-181, 196, 210-211, 482, 484, 538, 539
case studies and profiles, 60-63, 73-74, 174-176, 180-181, 184-185, 192-193, 204-205, 232-233
community college programs, 173, 174, 175-176, 177-178, 180-181, 371, 406, 482, 489, 492, 505, 519, 538, 539-540
community health curriculum, 122
data needs, 482
Diploma nursing program transition, 12, 44, 166, 171, 173, 187, 281, 370, 518, 597
economic value to institutions, 485-486
education/preparation, 40-41, 43, 44, 165, 369, 371, 512, 524, 608, 612
employment settings, 25, 171, 175
faculty, 173, 179, 182-188, 210, 211, 371, 440, 480, 484, 486, 487-488, 489
foreign requirements and programs, 489, 567, 568-569, 571, 572, 576, 579, 583, 584-585, 590, 591, 592, 595, 596, 599, 600, 608, 610, 612, 615, 617, 618, 620, 628
funding for programs, 12, 175-176, 281, 482, 484-489, 492
gender diversity, 507
geographic differences, 178
internship/residency, 122, 123-124, 148, 513, 559
leadership training, 224
licensure exam, 372
as minimum requirement to practice, 169-178, 287, 371, 409-410, 412, 435, 479, 485, 524, 553, 568-569
minorities, 130, 207, 208, 232-233, 585
nursing school capacity, 487
physician opinions of, 171
prerequisites, 524
qualified applicants not accepted, 130, 182, 193, 487, 537
and quality and outcomes of care, 169-170, 406, 485-486, 505-506, 512, 538
recommendations, 12, 13, 281-282, 412, 481, 482, 484, 508, 524, 559
roles and responsibilities, 41, 43, 67, 170
school nurses, 435
shortage-related impacts, 485, 486-489
standardizing education, 489
statistics, 166-167, 178, 186, 196, 372
titles of nurses from other countries, 577
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 12, 13, 39, 40-41, 43, 44, 123-124, 130, 170, 173-176, 177, 181, 185-186, 204-205, 208, 281, 282, 480, 484, 487, 488-489, 506-507, 518, 523, 524, 538, 597
workforce goal and plans for achieving it, 172-177, 212, 412
Becnel, Tina, 74
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 51
Benner, Patricia, 287
Bessent, Hattie, 208
Best on Board, 243
Beverly, Claudia J., 225
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation, 204
Board of Certification for Emergency Nursing, 358, 359, 364
Boston College, 88
Brazil, 577
Breakthrough to Nursing initiative, 232
Bronx Community College, 247
Brown, Gordon, 287
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 103
Bureau of Primary Health Care, 430
C
Caceres, Billy, 233
California
nurse workforce, 61, 211, 382, 383, 583, 590, 596, 599, 610, 612
nursing education, 176, 181, 265
On Lok program, 65
scope-of-practice regulation, 111, 157
California Medical Association, 111
California Society of Anesthesiologists, 111
Cameroons, 573
Campaign for Nursing’s Future, 125
Campbell, Margaret, 425
Canada, 203, 485, 553, 568, 569 n.5, 572, 574, 575, 577, 580, 582, 590, 599-603, 607, 608-609
Care in the Community Forum
site visits and solutions session, 319-320
Care management models
(see also Health coaches)
accountable care organizations, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
impact of health care reform, 376-381
information technology and, 378, 381, 382, 384-386
patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 511
payment policy and, 378, 380, 386, 389, 392
successful features of programs, 377
transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
Caribbean Community and Common Market, 628
Capps, Lois, 247
Carmona, Richard, 247
Carnegie Foundation, 121, 164-165, 287, 386, 395, 480, 484, 512, 517, 523, 536, 537, 538, 541, 542, 544, 545, 546, 551
Carondelet Health Network, 120, 211
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 120, 146-147
Center for Collaborative Intervention Research, 184
Center for the Health Professions, 199
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, 11, 131, 279, 379, 392, 462
Center to Advance Palliative Care, 424, 425
Center to Champion Nursing in America, 176, 251, 286
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 418
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 12, 27, 105, 111, 238, 246, 247, 279, 280
(see also Medicare)
Care Transitions Project, 379-380
education funding, 124, 471, 490-491
National Provider Indicator data, 262
reimbursement system, 115
and scope-of-practice restrictions, 5, 9, 111, 145
technology development incentives, 137
testing payment and service delivery models, 131
Centura Health At Home, 420-421
Certification programs, evaluation criteria and APRNs, 349-353
Certified nurse midwives, 23, 327
(see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
complexity of services, 88, 90
and cost containment, 28, 97, 443
demand for, 506
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 333, 340 n.11, 509
foreign perspective, 572
malpractice insurance, 58
as Medicaid primary care case managers, 471
opposition to independent practice, 111
public awareness of, 455
regulations, 96, 108, 248, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338
reimbursement rates/policies, 58, 104, 116
safety and quality of care, 28, 56-58, 97, 443, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41-42, 43, 96, 112, 116, 248, 331
support for expanded scope of practice, 112
workforce size and distribution, 26, 257, 381-382
Certified nursing assistants (CNAs), 38, 75, 591
Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 23, 88 n.2, 327
(see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 197, 339, 509
licensure, 101, 330, 332, 333, 336
Medicare/Medicaid regulations, 109, 111, 471
opposition to independent practice, 457, 458
practice settings, 41
public awareness of, 455
regulations, 96, 101, 108, 109, 111, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 335, 444, 448, 454
reimbursement for services, 471
safety and quality of care, 97, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41, 43, 96, 108, 109, 111, 443, 444, 448, 454, 455
specialty area, 335
workforce size, 26
CGFNS International
creation, 582 n.8
Credentials Evaluation Service, 640
Credentials Verification Service, 640
description of, 640
joint CGFNS/Excelsior College study, 587
survey/study data, 566-567, 568, 582, 583, 584, 585, 589
Validity Studies, 574
VisaScreen Program, 590, 596, 599, 603, 607-608, 612, 613, 618, 624, 631, 640
Changemaker program, 130
Chater, Shirley, 247
Chief nursing officers (CNOs), 8, 52, 69, 133, 134, 235-238, 251, 410
Children’s Health Fund, 419
Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 424
Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, 230
China, 566, 575, 578, 607, 610-612, 620, 621-622
Chow, Marilyn, 91
Christopher, Mary Ann, 236-237
Christus St. Michael Health System, 226
Chronic disease management
(see also Home health;
Hospice;
Palliative care;
Transitional care)
accountable care organizations and, 132
APRNs and, 86, 121, 124, 332, 418-420, 452
community health services, 237, 246, 272, 318, 319, 389, 418-420, 450
continuity of care, 402
coordination of care, 66, 87, 94, 97, 483, 484, 486, 556, 557
costs of, 248
education of nurses for, 170, 175, 200, 213, 395, 485, 540, 543
information technology and, 415-416, 420-421
intensive primary care, 419
medical/health homes, 133, 377-379
nurse-managed health centers, 139, 420
patient-centered care, 86
recommendations, 421
residency programs, 121, 124, 545
team approach, 97, 206, 378, 428-429, 521, 554, 557
transitional care, 276-277, 380, 389, 395-396
VA services, 91
Cigna, 93
City University of New York, 176
Clinical nurse leaders (CNLs), 44, 72, 135, 180
Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), 23, 88 n.2
and access to care, 506
certification, 196, 197, 333, 334, 339
demand for, 506
education and training, 43, 44, 196, 197, 339, 509, 518, 558
regulations, 96, 108, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 444
safety and quality of care, 443, 533
scope-of-practice, 26, 41, 43, 96, 112, 331, 443, 444
workforce size and distribution, 26, 533
Clinton Administration, 247
Clostridium difficile, 70
Coleman’s Care Transitions Model, 380
Collaboration (see Interprofessional collaboration)
Colleagues in Caring, 401
Colorado, 75, 141, 157, 359, 420, 430, 463
Columbia University, 532
Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), 12, 13-14, 203, 281, 282, 325, 328 n.3, 341 n.13, 344 n.17, 359, 362, 364, 366, 509, 510, 513
Commonwealth Fund, 251
Commonwealth Secretariat, 634
Community and public health care
(see also Care in the Community Forum; Primary care)
chronic disease management, 237, 246, 272, 318, 319, 389, 418-420, 450
competencies needed to practice, 6, 39
defined, 59
economic value of nurses, 62-63, 64
essential community providers, 473
evidence-based models, 438
foreign-educated nurses, 576
home visitation programs, 73-75, 438-439
nurses, 6, 25, 40, 28, 30, 39, 55, 59, 62-63, 64, 234-235
practice settings, 23, 24, 39, 59
principles for change, 59, 62-64
safety and quality of care, 6, 64
telehealth services, 64
VA programs, 64
workforce and infrastructure, 24, 59, 62-64, 119, 382
Community and public health settings, 3, 23, 24, 38, 64, 122, 131, 133, 257, 319, 382, 430, 490
Community Care of North Carolina, 379
Community Health Center, Inc., 124
Community college programs
ADNs, 40, 44, 166, 232, 247, 370-371, 553, 578, 579
attrition/completion rates, 212
BSNs, 173, 177-178, 180-181, 371, 482, 489, 492, 505, 519, 538, 539-540
curriculum standardization, 406, 407, 479, 539-543
Diploma programs, 44
funding for nursing education, 489, 491, 492
importance of, 538
international affiliations with, 579
internship/residency, 122
interprofessional collaboration barriers, 522
length of programs, 523
university partnerships with, 173, 174-175, 406, 479, 505, 519, 536, 538, 539-540
Community Health Accreditation Program, 12, 280
Community health centers, 133
Como Convivir Con Su Artritis (How to Live With Your Arthritis), 428-429
Compensation/reimbursement policies, 22
bundled payments, 116
CRNAs, 471
fee-for-service, 10, 92, 103, 115, 116, 278, 465
global payments, 116
Medicaid, 471
NPs, 102-103, 104, 110 n.17, 115, 116-117, 389, 431, 464, 465, 471
state variation in, 4, 102-103
Competencies
clinical performance, 14
community and public health, 6
geriatrics, 6
for leadership roles, 6, 8, 223-224, 226-227
policy related, 6
traditional, 24
Competency-based education
assessing competencies, 32, 201-202
career transition program, 204-205
continuing education, 13-14, 32, 202, 204-205
core competencies, 31, 200-201
evaluation of programs, 14
interprofessional education, 7, 13, 14, 31, 32, 203, 206
lifelong learning and continuing competence, 13-14, 31, 202-206
Congress, recommendations to, 9-10, 278
Congressional Budget Office, 92, 377
Congressional Nursing Caucus, 247
Connecticut, 157
Connecticut Hospice, 423
Consensus model for APRN regulation
accreditation of education programs, 339-340
APRN Consensus Group, 341, 343-345
APRN Joint Dialogue Group, 327, 341, 345-346, 361
certified nurse-midwife, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 338, 340 n.11
certified nurse practitioner, 328-329, 330, 332, 333-334, 335, 336, 338, 339
certified registered nurse anesthetist, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339
clinical nurse specialist, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339
communication strategies, 341
education requirements, 106, 334-335, 340-341
endorsing organizations, 325-326
evidence-based models, 428-430
foundational requirements, 338-341
goals, 106
grandfathering, 338
historical background, 342-346
implementation strategies, 338-342
invited organizations, 362-363
LACE structure and processes, 341-342
NCSBN APRN Committee, 342-343, 355-357
NCSBN APRN Roundtable Organization, 358-360
participating organizations, 364-366
process example, 367
roles and population foci, 337
roundtable organization attendance lists, 358-360
timeline for implementation, 342
underlying assumptions, 345-346
Work Group meetings, 366
Consortium for Children with Complex Medical Needs, 230
Continuity of care, 402
Convenient care clinics (see Retail/convenient care)
Cooper, Barbara Medoff, 143
Coordination of care
(see also Care management)
acute care settings, 66
chronic disease management, 66, 87, 94, 97, 483, 484, 486, 556, 557
innovations by nurses, 94
Medicare Coordinated Care Demonstration program, 66
Medicare Prescription Drug Act and, 377
nursing practice model and, 386
Staff Nurse Care Coordination model, 65-66
teamlet model, 558
Transitional Care Model, 66, 70-71, 276-277, 380, 557
Cost of nursing education, 168-169, 370-371
Council for Higher Education Accreditation, 328 n.3, 334, 337, 341
Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs, 325, 328 n.3, 340 n.11, 341 n.13, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 362, 364, 366
Council on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists, 359
Council on Recertification of Nurse Anesthetists, 359
Coyne, Patrick, 425
Critical care nurses, 39, 146, 425, 584, 587, 631
Curran, Connie, 243
Curriculum
community health, 122
dedicated education units, 190, 192-193, 211, 410, 412, 513, 544
health policy, 412, 560, 559-562
international models, 567, 569-570
interprofessional/transdisciplinary, 410, 555, 558, 559
for leadership development, 8, 11, 14, 241-244, 494-504
science and research as part of, 411, 412
standardization, 406, 407, 479, 489, 539-543, 569-570
technology-infused, 410, 411-412
D
Daines, Richard, 23
Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 380
Data for workforce planning
HRSA registered nurse sample survey, 15
infrastructure, 9, 14-15, 255, 256, 262, 265, 283
key message, 4, 8, 29, 33-34, 255
priorities, 9
recommendations, 14-15, 393-394, 283
standards, 15
Delaware, 157
Department of Defense, 392
Department of Education, 13, 281, 328 n.3, 334, 337, 341 n.13, 470, 491, 492
Department of Health and Human Services, 71, 131, 171, 247, 280, 392, 491
Department of Justice Antitrust Division, 10, 279
Department of Labor, 13, 14, 15, 282, 283, 284, 486, 582 n.8
Department of Veterans Affairs
analysis of workforce needs, 256
community care, 64, 91, 132-135
nursing practice transformation, 72, 91-92, 132-135
quality of care, 170
Dermatology Nurses Association, 325, 364
Dermatology Nursing Certification Board, 325
Detroit Receiving Hospital, 425
DeVry, 405
Diabetes, 47, 51, 65, 67, 68, 70, 92 n.6, 94, 112, 114, 134, 139, 184, 249, 376, 418, 420, 432
Diagnosis-related groups, 247
Diploma nursing programs
advantage, 370
data needs, 508
demographic characteristics, 178, 370
education/preparation time, 43, 44, 165, 369, 523, 572, 599, 615
employment settings, 25
faculty, 187
foreign-educated nurses in U.S., 583, 584-585, 608, 621
foreign programs, 571, 572, 573-574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579-580, 590-591, 596, 597, 599-600, 604, 608, 610, 614-615, 618, 619, 620, 628
freestanding schools of nursing, 523
funding, 12, 124, 176, 280, 491, 520
hospital-based, 124, 166, 369, 491, 518, 522, 615
licensure exam, 372, 573-574, 608
practice regulations, 574, 580
proportion of nurses, 503
recommendations, 12, 280, 281, 508
RNs, 23, 25, 39, 40, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 186, 370, 372, 518, 576, 584-585, 620
roles and responsibilities, 43
statistics, 167, 178, 186, 187, 208, 370, 372, 491, 518, 608, 620, 621
and transition to higher degree programs, 12, 44, 166, 171, 173, 187, 281, 370, 518, 597
Diversity of population, 48
Doctoral degrees in nursing
accelerated programs, 265, 322, 405, 482, 484, 488, 489
and access to care, 195
barriers to meeting educational needs, 199, 518-519
costs, 168
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), 7, 42, 43, 44, 168, 183, 188, 194-195, 196, 197, 411, 412, 480, 508-510, 511, 519-520, 532, 559
Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD), 7, 42, 43, 44, 130, 168, 183, 188, 194, 195, 196, 198, 265, 403, 411, 480, 484, 487-488, 489, 517-521, 532, 561-562
earnings, 43, 172, 186-187, 282, 529
education/preparation time, 41, 43, 44, 187, 194-195, 196, 197, 199, 509-510, 532, 599
employment settings, 25, 42, 185, 194
enrollments, 532
faculty, 13, 164, 170, 179, 183, 185, 188, 194, 195, 197, 265, 276, 282, 480, 484, 487-488, 489, 519, 520-521, 529
foreign-educated nurses, 568, 608, 621, 628
funding for programs, 13, 282, 481, 484, 520
health policy curricula, 560, 561-562
internships, 183
interprofessional collaboration, 555
pathways/transition to, 7, 13, 44, 282, 480, 482, 484, 488, 489, 507, 509-510, 518
prerequisites, 409
and quality and outcomes of care, 195
racial/ethnic diversity, 207, 208, 233, 276, 281
recommendations, 13, 281-282, 411, 412, 481, 482, 484, 511, 519-520, 559, 562
researchers, 164, 194, 195, 197-198, 276, 412, 517-518, 532
roles and responsibilities, 7, 43, 195, 196, 197
specialist preparation, 480, 508-509
shortage-related impacts, 197-198
workforce size and distribution, 178, 186, 194, 195, 517-518
Dole, Robert, 246
Dominican Republic, 575
Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, 224
Drexel University, 138-139, 320
Duke Translational Nursing Institute, 532-533
Dumas, Rhetaugh, 247
Dworkin, Darren, 147
E
Eastern, Central and Southern African College of Nursing, 628
Economic value of nurses
accounting practices and, 445
community and public health nurses, 62-63, 64, 75
seamless, coordinated care, 65
Edge Runner program, 245
Education and training
(see also Competency-based education;
Curriculum;
Education Forum on the Future of Nursing;
Graduate nursing education;
Undergraduate nursing education;
International education models)
accreditation criteria, 470
Carondolet Health Network, 211
chronic disease management, 170, 175, 200, 213, 395, 485, 540, 543
consortium programs, 7
diversity issues, 7, 12, 207-209
employment settings by, 23, 25
entrepreneurial professional development, 11
federal funding, 10, 13, 484, 490-491, 492
incentives for continuing, 12, 31, 173, 187, 212, 304, 305, 438, 440, 482, 484, 489, 492, 520, 524
interdisciplinary, 406
interprofessional care, 6, 7, 13, 14, 31, 32, 165, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206, 270, 276, 281, 282, 390, 396, 479, 480, 481, 482, 496, 508, 513, 517, 521-523, 539, 540-541, 545, 551, 552, 553-556, 558, 561, 563
interstate collaborations, 406-407
key message, 4, 6, 29, 30-32, 34, 163
for leadership roles and opportunities, 8, 12, 14
partnerships for, 401-407, 412, 527-529, 537, 579
recommendations, 10, 12-14, 407, 411-412, 484, 508, 511, 513-514, 528-529, 559
and safety and quality of care, 568
service delivery models, 527-529
technology applications, 7, 12
transformational partnerships, 404-408
Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy, 210-211
Education Forum on the Future of Nursing
forum questions and discussions, 304-305
site visits and solutions session, 321-322
Egypt, 579
Electronic health records (EHRs), 94, 124, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 381, 384, 385, 386, 402, 415, 419, 438, 472, 513, 558
Emergency room visits, 28, 54, 55, 69, 227, 237, 248, 378, 379, 425, 430
Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform, 380, 462
Environmental health, 39, 62, 63, 64
Eritrea, 579
Ethiopia, 577
European Higher Education Area, 569 n.1
European Union, 569, 572-573, 627-628
Evans, Lois, 229
Expenditures for health care, 2, 22, 131, 145, 169, 248, 483, 490
F
Faculty
(see also Academic careers)
aging of, 7, 31, 127, 179, 182-188, 486
appointment and promotion criteria, 529-530
capacity-building initiatives, 13, 31, 265, 282, 484, 488
certification, 529
continuing professional development, 14
education pathways, 43, 44, 179, 183, 185, 188, 194, 265, 412, 484, 487-488, 489
foreign shortages, 572
impacts of BSN shortages on, 486, 487-488
loan forgiveness incentives, 488
need for, 164
salaries, 13, 282, 488, 518, 529
shortages of, 7, 31, 170, 173, 179, 181, 182-188, 189, 193, 212, 265, 276, 288, 404, 411, 438, 486, 487, 488, 489, 507, 508, 516, 517, 529, 537, 544, 572
Family Health and Birth Center (FHBC), 28, 54, 56-58, 229
Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, 5, 10, 105, 279, 472
Federal government
and practice-related reforms, 103-105
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 5, 10-11, 105, 145, 279, 470
Federally qualified health centers, 124, 138-139, 430, 472
Federation of State Medical Boards, 459
Ferrell, Betty, 424
Flinter, Margaret, 124
Florida, 64, 157, 177, 180-181, 228, 229, 382, 383, 492, 583, 590, 596, 603, 614
Florida International University
Foreign-educated nurses in U.S. workforce
(see also International models of nursing;
International nurse migrations;
specific countries)
acclimation/acculturation, 584, 588-589
aging of workforce, 602-603, 607
baccalaureate education, 489, 567, 568-569, 571, 572, 576, 579, 583, 584-585, 590, 591, 592, 595, 596, 599, 600, 608, 610, 612, 615, 617, 618, 620, 628
education issues and challenges, 568-573, 585-586
educational investment in, 567, 568, 585-586
employment settings and patterns, 583-584, 585, 594
English language proficiency, 569 n.1, 584, 586, 587
job satisfaction, 584
medication/pharmacology knowledge, 587
monitoring and tracking system, 567-568, 570
NCLEX examination statistics, 575
racial/ethnic differences, 585
recruitment of, 598
safe practice, 589
technology proficiency, 587
transition to U.S. practice, 586-587
variation in health care system and, 587
workforce size and distribution, 583-586
Forums on the Future of Nursing
care in the community, 302-303, 318-320
Fragmentation of health care system
proposals to address, 116
and realizing value of nurses, 115
Free Trade Accords of the Americas, 627-628
Freidson, Eliot, 97 n.1, 452 n.1, 455
Freire, Paulo, 418
Fresno City College, 579
Front-line nurses, leadership roles, 234
G
Geisinger Health System, 91, 92-93, 95, 131, 380
Gender diversity, 127-128, 209
General Agreement of Trade in Services, 626
General Undifferentiated Medical Practice (GUMP), 453
George Foundation, 265
George Washington University, 197, 240-241, 288, 358, 364
Georgetown University, 247
Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care for Elders (GRACE), 378-379
Geriatrics, 6, 41, 66, 97, 168, 190, 197, 226-227, 233, 256, 332, 387, 478, 540-541, 555, 558
Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association, 325
Goldmark Report, 286
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, 242, 265
Government Accountability Office, 14, 15, 54, 257, 283, 284
Governance Institute, 236
Graduate nursing education
(see also Master’s degree;
Doctoral degrees)
competencies, 31
and employment settings, 25
funding, 13, 470-471, 484, 489, 490-491
recommendations for, 13
Great Society Program, 490
Gulf Coast Health Services Steering Committee, 183, 264-265
H
Hall-Long, Bethany, 246
Hampton-Penn Center to Reduce Health Disparities, 429
Hansen-Turton, Tine, 249
Harambee Nursing Center, 128-129, 130
Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, 225
Harvard University, 247
Health, defined, 37
Health care
defined, 37
spending, 50
Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act (see Affordable Care Act)
Health care delivery reforms
(see also Practice transformation;
Principles for change)
anticompetitive behavior monitoring, 470
care management models, 11, 376-381
care versus cure debate, 446
challenges, 47-48, 49, 386-396
comparative effectiveness research, 484, 485
competencies of nurses, 6, 24-25
and demand for nurses, 376-386
dimensions of the problem, 444-460
diversity of nursing practice and, 444-445
diversity of population and, 48
economic factors, 50, 62, 63-64, 445
educational pathways to licensure and, 445-446, 470-471
federal role in reforms, 5, 103-105, 466-472
health disparities and, 48
impediments to change, 451-460
incentives for states, 469-470
innovator role of nurses, 66, 67, 72, 87
Institute of Medicine reports, 461
interprofessional collaboration, 49
legislative inertia and scope of practice fatigue, 456-457
linguistically and culturally relevant, 48, 49, 54
national priorities, 468
nurse-specific contextual factors, 444-446
Pew Commission report, 461
policies and process in workforce skill mix changes, 393
primary care capacity building, 381-382, 383, 463
public awareness, 455-456, 468
and quality of care, 49
RAND Corporation study, 463-466
recommendations, 391, 393-394, 395
reimbursement policies, 4, 9, 10, 71, 102-103, 115, 378, 380, 386, 389, 392, 446, 449
“safe and effective abilities” focus, 459-460
technology support for, 382, 384-386
Health Care Financing Administration, 110, 247
Health care system
defined, 38
foreign-educated nurses’ adjustment to variation in, 587
fragmentation, 5, 21, 65, 86, 95-96, 114-116, 270, 377, 414, 497, 553, 556
nurses’ role in transforming, 2-4
Health Care Truth and Transparency Act of 2010, 111
Health coaches, 30, 51, 66, 67, 73-75, 76, 94, 95, 132, 380, 405, 465, 558
Health disparities, 48, 55, 128, 136, 138-139, 239, 289
Health information technology
accountable care organizations and, 381, 391
and chronic disease management, 415-416, 420-421
design and implementation by nurses, 11, 94, 143-144, 146-147, 280
education-related, 7, 190, 203, 206, 211, 290, 410, 513
electronic health records, 94, 124, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 381, 384, 385, 386, 402, 415, 419, 438, 472, 513, 558
interoperable digital networks, 137, 385, 389, 417
national infrastructure, 143, 376
outcome measuring, 141
patient-centered medical homes and, 378
practice transformation, 30, 93, 94, 137, 140, 142-143, 376, 384, 391
proficiency of foreign-educated nurses, 587
and quality, efficiency, and outcomes of care, 140-142, 386, 391
regulatory barriers, 451
remote patient monitoring, 137, 140, 385
telehealth services, 64, 136-137, 227, 236, 237, 276, 385-386, 402, 420-421, 451, 631
workforce roles and skill mix, 385, 391, 395
Health Information Technology Policy Committee, 472
Health policy
(see also specific policies)
compensation/reimbursement, 4, 102-103, 559-580
nurses’ role in making, 246-250, 424, 441, 560
recommendations, 562
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 12, 13, 14-15, 198, 239, 247, 257, 258, 262, 280, 281, 282, 283-284, 365, 367, 393-394, 396, 418, 420, 470, 491, 492, 513, 517
Health Students Taking Action Together (HealthSTAT), 229-230
Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Bank, 109
Healthy Neighborhoods, 63
Healthy People 2010, 61
Healthy People Curriculum Task Force, 560
Hewitt Associates, 462
Hill, Martha, 429
Hispanics/Latinos, 60-61, 128, 129, 208, 231, 232, 264, 370, 420, 428-429, 585, 620, 631
HIV/AIDS, 64, 231, 247, 429, 555, 614, 616, 622
Hollinger, Paula, 247
Home health care services, 10, 38, 40, 41, 55, 62, 64, 114, 227, 230, 274, 278, 382, 416, 428, 447, 472-473
Home health nurses, 24, 25, 39, 41, 55, 93, 94, 119
Home visitation programs, 73-75, 382
Hospice and palliative care, 10, 37, 87, 93, 100, 204, 236, 274, 278, 423-427, 430, 446, 447, 472-473
Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association, 325, 362, 424
Hospital Employee Education and Training (HEET) program, 211-212
Hospitals
(see also Admissions)
educational attainment of RNs in, 25
performance measures, 27
Howard University, 586
I
Idaho, 158, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359
Illinois, 105, 158, 359, 470, 583, 590, 612
Immigration Policy Center, 630
India, 566, 568, 569, 574, 575, 579, 582, 590, 596-598, 599, 603, 607, 608-609, 616, 623, 630
Informaticians, 30
Information technology (see Health information technology)
Initiative on the Future of Nursing, 2
Innovative Care Models website, 95
Inouye, Daniel, 247
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), 52, 53, 67, 72, 231, 495, 496, 512, 561
Insurance company policies
(see also Compensation)
and nursing practice transformation, 116-117
and patient-centered care, 51
Insurance coverage
(see also Compensation/reimbursement)
ACA and, 1-2, 21, 49, 257, 269, 272
and access to care, 49
Integrated Nurse Leadership Program, 242
Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative (INQRI), 65-66, 90, 239
Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, 378-379
International Council of Nurses (ICN), 570, 571, 576-577, 578, 580, 597, 619, 620, 632, 634
International models of nursing
(see also Foreign-educated nurses)
accreditation, 591-592, 597, 600
alternate education pathways, 579-580
community/military service, 579
coordination and policy-making body, 570-571
curriculum harmonization, 489, 569-570
education models, 590-591, 596-597, 599-600, 603-604, 610, 612-613, 614-615, 618-619
faculty, 572
gender-related restrictions, 579
global health curriculum, 567, 570
international and regional trade agreements and
international coordinating and policy-making body, 568, 570-575
licensure, 571, 573-575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 582 n.1, 583, 584, 589, 590, 592-593, 594, 595, 596, 600, 601, 605, 607, 608, 609, 611, 613, 615, 618, 619, 620-621, 622, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 640
midwifery, 572, 573, 576, 577, 580, 592, 596, 597, 604-605, 608, 609, 612, 613, 615, 621, 622, 637, 628
partnerships with U.S. colleges, 579
physician-to-RN programs, 580-581, 594-595
professional nursing programs, 578-579
registration, 570, 573, 575-576, 578, 579, 580, 600, 601, 604-605, 607, 608, 610, 613, 615, 617, 622-623, 625, 627-628, 640
regulation, 570-571, 573, 592-593, 597, 600-601, 604-605, 610, 613, 615, 619
scope of practice, 592-593, 597, 601-602, 605-606, 611, 613, 615-616, 619-620
second-level nurses, 576, 577-578
Tuning Project, 569
vocational nursing programs, 578
International nurse migrations
(see also Foreign-educated nurses)
educating for export, 617
educational agreements and, 629-630
ethical and moral challenges, 632-634
Free Trade Accords of the Americas and, 627-628
General Agreement of Trade in Services and, 626
globalization of nursing, 565, 566, 571, 581-583
health and tourism model, 617
immigration reforms and, 606
international partnerships, 617
issues and challenges, 567, 594-595, 598, 602-603, 606-607, 611-612, 614, 616-618, 620
monitoring and tracking, 570
(see also CGFNS International)
mutual recognition agreements and, 617-619
NAFTA and, 581, 599, 623-624, 625
national policies, 566
regional cooperation, 617
return to home countries, 568, 617
supply and demand, 594, 597-598, 602, 606, 611, 613-614, 616, 620, 630-631
Trilateral Initiative for North American Nursing and, 625-626
U.S. policy, 582
workforce planning issues, 631-632
and workforce shortages, 259, 630-631
International Society of Psychiatric Nurses, 325
Interprofessional collaboration
chronic disease management, 97, 206, 378, 428-429, 521, 554, 557
community-based health teams, 132
data collection needs, 270, 283
education, 6, 7, 13, 14, 31, 32, 165, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206, 270, 276, 281, 282, 390, 396, 479, 480, 481, 482, 496, 508, 513, 517, 521-523, 530-531, 539, 540-541, 545, 551, 552, 553-556, 558, 561, 563
importance in transforming health care delivery, 87, 131, 388
in leadership, 225, 226-227, 229, 239, 244, 480
licensure exam component, 481
NPs, 92-93, 97, 133, 134-135, 429, 508, 521
quality improvement projects, 479
recommendations, 417, 523, 530-531
research priorities, 275
and retention of nurses, 72
and safety and quality of care, 49, 72, 223, 261
simulation training, 190, 203, 206, 211, 290, 410, 513
and turnover of nurses, 120
vision for health care, 22
Interprofessional Education Collaborative, 201, 206
Ireland, 571, 573, 582, 598, 603, 604
J
Jamaica, 575, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 621, 622, 623
Jemmott, Loretta Sweet, 429
Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, 52
Johns Hopkins University, 90, 184, 185, 290, 429-430
Johnson & Johnson, 125, 209, 242
Johnson, Eddie Bernice, 247
Johnson, Jean, 197
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 5, 12, 26-27, 117, 120, 141, 203, 280, 470, 544
Jordan, 579
Josie King Foundation, 52
K
Kaine, Timothy, 246
Kaiser Family Foundation, 251
Kaiser Permanente, 91, 93-95, 131, 316, 380
Kansas, 135, 158, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359
Kaplan, 405
Kazakhstan, 580
Kentucky, 105, 128, 158, 355, 356, 358, 359, 365, 425, 470
Korea, 566, 573, 578, 582, 590, 629
Krumm, Sharon, 184
L
La Universidad Autonomade, 629
Larry Combest Community Health and Wellness Center, 418-419
Leadership by nurses
case studies, 226-227, 248-249
chief nursing officers, 235-238
collaborative environment, 3, 7-8, 11, 13, 29, 32-33, 224, 225
competencies for, 8, 223-224, 226-227
education/preparation, 8, 11, 14, 241-244, 494-504
entrepreneur network, 229
front-line nurses, 234
information technology development, 11
key message, 4, 7, 29, 32-33, 34, 221
knowing how to gain knowledge, 501-502
management skills, 502
mentorship, 8, 14, 222, 228, 234, 241, 243, 244-245, 251
nurse researchers, 11, 238-239
partnerships outside nursing, 8, 13, 14, 250-251
perceptions of opinion leaders, 223-224, 239, 240
in policy making, 8, 14, 23, 32-33, 246-250
professional organizations, 14, 239-241
profiles of leaders, 230-233, 236-237
public health, 440
recommendations, 11, 14, 279-280, 282-283, 503
social context for, 8, 228-241
Leadership University, 230
LEAP (Linking Education and Practice for Excellence in Public Health Nursing), 122, 439-440
Lebanon, 577
Lehman College, 581
Licensed practical nurses/licensed vocational nurses (LPNs/LVNs)
aging of workforce, 127
earnings, 43
education and training, 39, 43, 44, 166, 168, 208, 372
foreign-educated nurses, 576, 577, 578, 579, 591-592, 595, 608, 612, 618, 640
interprofessional team, 414-415
licensure, 39
racial/ethnic diversity, 208
roles and responsibilities, 23, 38-39, 43, 72, 76, 94, 107, 166
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 39, 44, 166, 174-175
Licensure
CGFNS Qualifying Exam, 574, 618
examination and certification, 100, 165 n.1, 167, 574, 575
foreign programs and requirements, 571, 573-575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 582 n.1, 583, 584, 589, 590, 592-593, 594, 595, 596, 600, 601, 607, 608, 609, 610, 613, 615, 618, 620-621, 622, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 640
state variation in, 100-103, 574
trends in new licenses, 260
Living Independently for Elders (LIFE), 66, 68-69, 319
Long-term care, 3, 23, 37, 38-39, 43, 54, 59, 86, 100, 107, 164, 166, 177, 190, 204, 251, 288, 289, 303, 318, 371, 372, 387, 407, 444, 446, 585
Lorion, Cindy, 193
Louisiana, 73, 75, 134, 158, 444, 454
Loyola University, 359
Lubic, Ruth Watson, 56-58, 229
M
Magnet Recognition Program, 171, 244
Male nurses, 25, 127, 209, 233, 370, 507, 572, 579, 614
(see also Gender diversity)
Malone, Beverly, 247
Massachusetts, 105, 116-117, 146, 159, 204, 356, 358, 375, 381, 439, 463, 465-466, 470, 486, 508
Master’s of science in nursing (MSN)
ADN graduates relative to, 506
APRNs, 23, 41-42, 196-197, 334, 337, 340, 445, 480, 507, 506
bypassing, 488
costs, 168
earnings, 25, 43, 172, 186-187, 265
education/preparation, 41-42, 43, 509, 511, 533, 555, 558, 559, 560, 561, 568, 584, 621
employment settings, 25, 42, 265, 533
faculty, 43, 179, 183, 185, 188, 194, 265, 412, 487-488, 489
fellowships, 247
foreign-educated nurses, 568, 584, 621
funding for programs, 13, 282, 481, 484, 490
health policy curricula, 560, 561, 562
interprofessional curricula, 555, 558, 559
pathways/transition to, 7, 13, 44, 170, 174-175, 177, 181, 185, 187, 208, 282, 287, 487, 488, 489, 506-507, 509, 518, 523
and quality and outcomes of care, 486, 533, 559
racial/ethnic minorities, 207, 208
recommendations, 403, 480, 481, 484, 511, 559, 562, 563
researchers/scientists, 488, 517
roles and responsibilities, 7, 41-42, 43, 135, 180, 194, 533
statistics, 186, 194-196, 207, 208, 487, 506-507
workforce demand for, 487
McCarthy, Carolyn, 247
McClellan, Mark, 115
Meals-on-Wheels, 95
Medicaid
(see also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
coverage of APRN services, 10, 71, 271, 471
Primary Care Case Managers, 471
Medical/health homes, 9, 30, 94, 95, 102, 103, 114, 117, 132-133, 134-135, 148, 248, 255, 277, 375, 377-379, 381, 389, 430, 449, 458, 464, 472, 486, 511, 559
Medical–sugical nurses, 30, 62
Medicare
(see also Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
Coordinated Care Demonstration program, 66
coverage of APRN services, 9, 104, 471-472
fee-for-service program, 92
Hospital Conditions of Participation, 473
Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), 65, 116, 201, 246-247
Physician Group Practice demonstration program, 380
Physician Hospital Organization program, 380
Quality Improvement Organizations, 379
Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement Modernization Act of 2003, 377
Meningococcal meningitis, 61
Mental and behavioral health, 37
Mentoring, 8, 14, 26, 41, 122, 129, 130, 157, 183, 198, 208, 222, 228, 234, 241, 243, 244-245, 251, 277, 283, 331, 369, 410, 513, 526
Methods and information sources
acute care–related questions, 300-301
community care–related questions, 302-303
education-related questions, 304-305
RWJF Nursing Research Network, 287-288
Mexico, 568, 573, 578, 579, 581, 618-620, 621-622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 629
Michigan, 61, 159, 181, 204, 205, 425, 434-435, 599, 610, 624
Michigan State University, 204-205
Middle East, 572, 579, 590, 596
Midwives/midwifery
(see also Certified nurse midwives)
case study of patient-centered care, 56-58
foreign programs, 572, 573, 576, 577, 580, 592, 596, 597, 604-605, 608, 609, 612, 613, 615, 621, 622, 637, 628
Migrant health clinics, 28
Migrant Health Services, Inc., 420
Military Nurse Detailee fellowship program, 247
Millennium Development Goals, 566
Minnesota, 159, 359, 420, 424, 439-440, 624
Minority Fellowship Program, 208-209
Mississippi, 144, 159, 356, 357, 358, 359
Missouri, 159
Mitchell, Alison, 108
Mobile Healthcare Project, 237, 419-420
Monterey Peninsula College, 209
Mount Hood Community College, 174, 175
Mullan, Fitzhugh, 462
Mutual Recognition Agreement of the Registration Bodies for Registered Nurses in Canada, 628
N
National Academy of State Health Policy, 463
National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity, 470
National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice, 171, 485
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 321, 421
National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, 325, 344 n.1, 358, 359, 361, 362, 365, 366
National Association of Community Health Centers, 133, 382, 463
National Association of Neonatal Nurses, 325, 362, 365
National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health Council on Accreditation, 328 n.1, 341 n.1, 344 n.1, 362, 365, 366
National Association of Orthopedic Nurses, 326, 365
National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 326, 358, 359, 362, 365
National Association of School Nurses (NASN), 60-61, 362
National Board for Certification of Hospice and Palliative Nurses, 326, 358, 362
National Board on Certification & Recertification of Nurse Anesthetists, 197, 326
National Center for Health Statistics, 469
National Center for Workforce Analysis, 9, 256, 262
National Certification Corporation, 326, 344 n.1, 358, 359, 362, 365, 366
National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nursing Associations, 208, 245
National Commission for Certifying Agencies, 328 n.1, 337 n.1, 340 n.1
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), 102, 117, 132, 139, 472
National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care, 424
National Council Licensure Examinations (NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN), 166 n.1, 167-168, 372, 523, 553, 574, 575, 596, 618
National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN), 405-406
APRN Committee, 342-343, 345, 355-357, 361
APRN definition, 329
APRN Roundtable Organization, 350-360
competency assessment, 201, 202
and Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, 324, 325, 326, 327, 341, 342-343, 344 n.1, 345, 361, 362, 365, 366, 445
criteria for APRN certification programs, 340, 349-353
licensing exam, 17, 167-168, 372, 574, 596
Model Nursing Practice Act and Model
Nursing Administrative Rules, 10, 278
transition-to-practice model, 121, 513, 544
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators, 27
National Gerontological Nursing Association, 326, 363
National Health Care Workforce Commission (NHWC), 9, 14, 255, 256, 262, 265, 283
National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 423, 424
National Institute of Mental Health, 247
National Institute of Nursing Research, 239, 429, 492, 520
National Institutes of Health, 239, 276, 392
National League for Nursing (NLN), 171-172, 179, 182, 188, 189-190, 198 n.1, 203, 224, 245, 326, 363, 365
National League for Nursing Accrediting
Commission (NLNAC), 12, 13-14, 224, 281, 282, 326, 328 n.1, 341 n.1, 358, 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 513
National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, 326, 343-344, 359, 361, 363, 365, 366, 509
National Quality Forum, 27, 392, 470, 557
National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN), 26, 30, 128, 178, 195 n.1, 369, 382, 487, 583, 584-586, 631
National Student Nurses Association, 230, 232, 233, 234
National Voluntary Consensus Standards for Nursing-Sensitive Care, 27
Naylor, Mary D., 66, 70-71, 90, 275-276, 277, 380, 557
Nebraska, 159
New Jersey, 159, 166, 236-237, 265, 370, 419-420, 583
New Mexico, 159, 176, 603, 610, 618
New York, 62-63, 64, 75, 122, 143, 160, 176, 581, 583, 590, 596, 599, 603, 610, 614, 640
New York University, 233
New Zealand, 571, 598, 603, 628
Nigeria, 575, 579, 582, 612, 613, 614, 616, 621, 622
Nightingale, Florence, 87, 369, 401, 483
North American Free Trade Agreement, 581, 599, 623-624, 625
North Carolina, 105, 122, 160, 176, 355, 356, 358, 379, 506
North Dakota, 160, 355, 371, 420, 505
Northwest Colorado Visiting Nurse Association, 430
Northwest Health Foundation, 204
Nurse–Family Partnership (NFP), 28, 73-75, 438-439
Nurse Licensure Compact, 628
Nurse-managed health centers, 28, 64, 102, 117, 131, 133, 136, 138-139, 189, 249, 290, 382, 418-419, 420, 429-430, 471-472, 473
Nurse practitioners (NPs;
see also Advanced practice registered nurses)
and access to care, 106-107, 108-109, 375-376, 382, 430, 463
case studies and profiles, 60-61, 68-69, 108-109, 134-135, 226-227
certification/certified, 197, 328-329, 330, 332, 333-334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 508
complexity of services, 90
consumer designation as provider, 465
coordinating care, 66, 67, 68-69, 92-93, 378-379
and cost containment, 430, 464, 465, 508, 511
cost of education, 169
demand for, 381-382, 384, 508, 510
demographic characteristics, 127
education and training, 43, 44, 98, 124, 130, 169, 196, 197, 342, 367, 403, 406, 480, 482, 506, 508, 509, 510, 511, 516
interprofessional collaboration, 92-93, 97, 133, 134-135, 429, 508, 521
leadership roles, 92, 117, 134-135, 429
licensure, 338
Medicare/Medicaid regulations, 103, 104, 115, 471, 472-473
nurse-managed health centers, 102, 117
opposition to independent practice, 110-111, 113, 457
palliative care consultants, 425
in patient-centered medical homes, 102, 117, 134-135
primary care, 55, 59, 88, 91-93, 97, 98, 102, 108-109, 116-117, 134-135, 257, 287, 332, 336, 367, 375-376, 378-379, 381, 402, 419, 429, 430, 431, 433-434, 435, 471-382, 463, 465, 472-473, 482, 506, 508, 510, 511, 533
recommendations, 430, 431, 435, 480, 482, 508, 511
regulations, 5, 61, 96, 98-103, 116-117, 157-161, 328-329, 332, 333-334, 336, 338, 389, 419, 462, 463, 465, 472-473, 511
reimbursement rates/policies, 102, 104, 110 n.1, 115, 116-117, 389, 431, 464, 465, 471
researchers, 92
residency, 124
in retail-based health clinics, 112
safety and quality of care, 97, 428, 429, 510, 533
at school-based health centers, 59, 60-61, 130, 433-434, 435
scope-of-practice, 5, 26, 41, 43, 55, 96, 98-103, 116-117, 332, 430, 443, 449, 465, 472-473, 511
specialties, 41, 98, 197, 335, 336, 367, 508
support for expanded scope of practice, 112-114, 287, 457, 458, 462, 463, 464, 552
Veterans Administration, 91-92, 133
workforce size and distribution, 26, 88, 89, 91, 106-107, 257, 381, 466, 508, 533
Nurse Practitioners in Women’s Health, 326, 328 n.1, 341 n.1, 344 n.1, 358, 362, 363, 365, 366
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care, 240-241
Nursing assistants (NAs), 38, 43, 107, 146, 271, 591, 595
Nursing care providers
practice settings, 38
workforce projections, 258-259
Nursing Education Loan Repayment Program, 529
Nursing Educational Xchange, 406
Nursing home/extended care facilities, 23, 24, 25, 119, 425
Nursing practice
(see also Practice transformation)
Nursing Quality Research Initiative, 239
Nursing specialties, ANA criteria for recognition of, 354
(see also individual specialties)
O
Obama administration, 75, 91, 109, 247, 375, 382-383
O’Brien, Ruth A., 75
Occupational/employee health nurses, 24, 28, 39, 119
Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 5, 10, 105, 145, 279, 472
Office of Technology Assessment, 97, 427
Oklahoma, 160
O’Neil, Edward, 199
Oncology nurses, 40, 184, 185, 333, 335, 339
Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation, 326, 358, 359, 363, 365, 366
100,000 Lives Campaign, 67, 495-496
Oregon
education innovations, 173, 174-176, 190, 200, 406, 488, 505, 519, 537, 539-540
scope-of-practice regulations, 160
State Board of Nursing, 357
Oregon Consortium for Nursing Education, 173, 174-176, 200, 505, 537, 539-540
Oregon Health & Science University, 174-176
Orthopedic Nurses Certification Board, 326
Overton Brooks VA Medical Center, 134
Overton-McCoy, Amyleigh, 226-227
P
Palliative care (see Hospice and palliative care)
Palliative Care Center of the Bluegrass, 425
Palliative Care Leadership Centers, 425
Pappas, Mary, 60
Partners Investing in Nursing’s Future, 204
Partnerships outside nursing, 250-251
Patient-centered care
case studies, 51, 52-53, 56-58
core nursing practice, 39
information technology and, 51, 54
models of, 11, 51, 52-53, 56-58
nurses and, 4, 6, 8, 26, 27-28, 29, 30, 54, 56-58
principles for change, 50, 51-54
Proclamation for Change, 30
and quality of care, 51
responsibility for achieving, 15
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 449, 511
Patient examination and treatment, 101
Patient preferences, 51
Patient satisfaction, 53, 57, 93, 95, 98, 112, 113, 114, 203, 227, 231, 238, 425, 433, 465, 521, 554, 557
Patient self-management, 51, 378, 428-429
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (see Affordable Care Act)
Pauly, Mark, 239
Pediatric Nursing Certification Board, 326, 344 n.17, 358, 359, 363, 365, 366
Pelosi, Nancy, 247
Pennsylvania, 66, 160, 166-167, 370, 382, 383, 463, 610, 612
Chamber of Commerce, 250
Geisinger Health System, 91, 92-93, 95, 131, 380
Rx for PA, 112, 247, 248-249, 250
State Board of Nursing, 365
Perioperative/operating room nurses, 40, 631
Pew Health Professions Commissions, 551
Taskforce on Health Care Workforce Regulation, 461, 465
Philippines/Filipinos, 566, 568, 571, 573, 574, 575, 579, 581, 582, 585, 590-595, 596, 599, 603, 607, 608-609, 623
PhotoVoice, 231
Physical therapists, 110
Physician assistants (PAs), 9, 67, 88, 89, 90, 98, 104, 111, 112, 169, 248, 257, 259, 273, 381, 382, 462, 463, 464, 465, 508, 552, 560
Physician services, definition of, 472
Physicians
aging of workforce, 125
definition of, 472
Medicare reimbursement policies, 104
RN programs for foreign physicians, 580-581
supply of, 125-126, 257, 594-595
Physicians Foundation, 552
Policy (see Health policy)
Practice transformation
(see also Health care delivery reforms)
and access to primary care, 29, 88-90
accountable care organizations, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
APRNs, 86, 88, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98-103, 106, 107, 108-109
barriers to, 4-5, 25-26, 95-131
care management models, 11, 376-381
case studies, 108-109, 134-135, 138-139, 146-147
community health centers, 133
demographic challenges, 5, 124-131
Department of Veterans Affairs, 91-92
examination and certification, 100
examples of redesigned roles, 91-95
fragmented health care system and, 5, 114-116
Geisinger Health System, 92-93
insurance company policies and, 116-117
medical/health homes, 132-133, 134-135
non-APRN nurses, 107
nurse-managed health centers, 133, 136, 138-139
opposition of professionals to, 4, 107, 110-114, 457-460
patient-centered medical homes, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 511
patient examination and treatment, 5, 101
patient satisfaction, 53, 57, 93, 95, 98, 112, 113, 114, 203, 227, 231, 238, 425, 433, 465, 521, 554, 557
prescriptive authority, 5, 101-102
racial and ethnic diversity, 4, 128-130
recommendations, 9-11, 278-280, 484
referrals and orders, 5, 100-101
regulatory barriers, 4, 5, 29, 96-107
research priority, 274
residency (transition-to-practice) programs, 5-6, 11-12, 120-124
and safety and quality of care, 3, 22, 24-25, 90, 92, 97
technology and, 30, 93, 94, 136-137, 140-144
transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 379-380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
turnover rates and, 5, 117-120
Prenatal care, 28
(see also Certified nurse midwives)
Prescription for Pennsylvania, 112, 247, 248-249, 250
Prescriptive authority, 101-102
Prevention and health promotion, 37
(see also Community and public health)
ACA and, 22, 49, 54, 86, 88, 96, 108, 136, 257, 269
access to, 49, 55, 88-90, 99, 102, 108-109, 136
ACO model, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
capacity building, 381-382, 508-511
culturally relevant care, 54, 61
functions and hallmarks of, 54
and health disparities, 55
impacts of health care reform, 375-376, 381-382
information technology and, 51, 54
intensive, for chronic disease management, 419
medical/health home model, 9, 30, 94, 95, 102, 103, 114, 117, 132-133, 134-135, 148, 248, 255, 277, 375, 377-379, 381, 389, 430, 449, 458, 464, 472, 486, 511, 559
nurses and, 27-28, 30, 55, 59, 60-61, 88-90, 108-109, 382, 486
patient centered, 51, 54, 94, 117, 132, 134-135, 248, 377-379, 381, 449, 511
principles for change, 54-55, 59
reimbursement rates, 10
school-based health centers, 28, 40, 60-61, 64, 235, 246, 432-436, 561
settings for, 55
shortages of providers, 7, 54, 55, 88
workforce, 59, 61, 88, 108, 116, 194, 248, 256, 257-258, 262, 369, 382, 383, 389, 390, 463, 464, 490, 507, 508
Principles for change
community and public health care, 59, 62-64
interprofessional collaboration, 72, 76
patient-centered care, 51-54, 56-58
primary care services, 54-55, 59
role reconceptionalization for professionals, 66-67, 72
seamless, coordinated care, 65-66
Professional organizations, leadership roles, 239-241
Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 65, 66, 69, 558
Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, 192, 193
Psychiatric/mental health nurses, 40, 41, 97-98, 333, 576, 577, 580, 591, 593, 596-597, 599, 610, 621, 630
Public health
(see also Community and public health care)
infectious disease prevention and control, 439
infrastructure and workforce, 59, 62-64
leadership development, 440
movement, 37
nurses/nursing issues, 59, 62-63, 437-438
political influence of nurses, 441
spending, 50
workforce and infrastructure, 59
Public Health Management Corporation, 249
Public Policy Institute, 251
Q
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project, 496, 531
Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force, 392
Quality of care (see Safety and quality of care)
R
Racial and ethnic diversity, 122, 128-130, 207-209
Recommendations
available evidence and, 272-273
for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 279
collaborative improvement efforts, 279
considerations informing, 270-277
costs associated with, 273-274
data collection and analysis infrastructure, 14-15, 283-284
for Department of Justice Antitrust Division, 10, 279
education of nurses, 12-14, 281-282
faculty recruitment and retention, 13
for Federal Trade Commission, 10, 279
leadership opportunities for nurses, 11, 12, 14, 279-280, 282-283
for Office of Personnel Management, 279
residency programs, 280
scope and focus of report and, 271-272
scope of practice, 9-11, 278-280
for state legislatures, 10, 278
technology development, 11
workforce capacity building, 13, 281-282
Raise the Voice campaign, 245 n.13
Raphael, Carol, 122
Registered nurses (RNs;
see also Advanced practice registered nurses;
degree programs and specialties)
aging of, 125-127, 204-205, 369, 370, 387
career transition program, 204-205
education, 23, 25, 39, 40-42, 43, 44, 166, 186, 370, 491, 571-572
employment settings, 23, 24, 25, 30, 119, 386
gender diversity, 370
physician-to-RN programs for foreign doctors, 580-581
primary care, 55, 94, 382, 383
racial/ethnic diversity, 128, 129, 370
scope of practice, 39, 43, 94, 107
workforce size, 59, 61, 258, 369, 382, 383, 387
Regulation of scope of practice
(see also Consensus model for APRN regulation;
Health care service delivery reforms;
Practice transformation)
barriers to practice transformation, 4, 29, 96-107, 444, 446-451
continuing competence, 570-571
costs of dysfunctional system, 450-451
economic costs of, 451
examination and certification of patients, 100, 447, 473
examination and treatment of patients, 101, 448
Federation of State Medical Boards guidelines, 459
historical context, 96-98, 451-452
impediments to removal of restrictive provisions, 451-460
and innovation in care delivery, 450
medical practice acts and, 96-97, 451-453, 458-459
Medicare, 444
monitoring for anticompetitive effects, 5, 10-11, 105, 145, 279, 470
non-APRN nurses, 107
nurse practitioners, 5, 98-103, 157-161
prescriptive authority, 101-102, 448-449
opposition to change, 107, 110-114, 457-460
recommendations for legislatures, 10, 278
referrals and orders, 100, 448
state variation, 5, 98-103, 157-161, 444, 446-450, 453-454
and workforce shortages, 450
Rehabilitation nurses, 40
Reimbursement (see Compensation/reimbursement policies)
Rendell, Edward, 112, 248-249, 250
Rescue agents, 141
Researcher/scientist nurses
competencies, 6
education, 164, 194, 195, 197-198, 276, 412, 517-521, 532
nursing education research, 198
nursing science research, 23, 198-199
Research priorities
care management models, 11, 391-396
comparative effectiveness research, 484, 485
education, 276
interagency innovations research collaborative, 392
residencies, 274
scope of practice, 274
teamwork, 275
value of reforms, 275
Residencies and internships (transition-to-practice) programs
accreditation standards, 121
barriers to practice transformation, 5-6, 31, 120-124
chronic disease management, 121, 124, 545
cost, 121
dedicated education units, 190, 192-193, 211, 410, 412, 513, 544
Joint Commission recommendation, 5-6, 120-121
need for, 513
outside acute care, 6, 121-123, 545
recommendations, 5-6, 11-12, 120-124
regulatory model, 121
in rural and critical access areas, 12
salary during, 124
Resistance of professionals to change, 107, 110-114
Retail/convenient care clinics, 3, 23, 28, 59, 93, 102, 112, 113, 249, 402, 428, 430, 463, 464, 465, 470, 471, 490
Return to Care, 416
Rhode Island, 260, 356, 357, 358, 360
Ridge, Tom, 250
Riverside Medical Center, 94
Riverside Proactive Health Management Program (RiPHM)™, 94
Robert J. Dole VA Medical Center, 135
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Colleagues in Caring, 401
Executive Nurse Fellows Program, 225, 243, 401-402
Health Policy Fellows Program, 243-244, 247
Investigator Awards Program, 243-244
Nursing Alliance for Quality Care, 240-241
Nursing for Life initiative, 204
Nursing Quality Research Initiative, 239
Nursing Research Network, 88, 112, 168, 171, 187-188, 259, 261, 272, 285, 286, 287-288, 289
Transforming Care at the Bedside initiative, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
vision for health care, 22
Rockefeller Foundation, 286
S
Safety and quality of care
ACOs and, 9, 30, 95, 131, 132, 148, 255-256, 277, 375-376, 380-381, 389-390, 391, 396, 559
CNMs, 28
continuous improvements in, 49, 67, 94
coordination of services and, 65
educational attainment and, 169-170, 406, 485-486, 505-506, 512, 538, 568
innovations in, 90
Inpatient Quality Indicators, 238
interprofessional collaboration and, 49, 72
leadership of nurses in, 238
medical errors, 52
Medicare’s fee-for-service, 93
National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators, 27
NPs, 92, 97, 428, 429, 510, 533
patient-centered care and, 51, 52-53, 57, 120, 231, 416, 561
performance measures, 26-27, 142, 194, 431, 470
physician type and length of preparation and, 111
practice transformation and, 3, 24-25, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92-93, 94, 95, 97, 111, 112, 113
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Salaries, 25, 43, 171, 172, 186-187, 188, 265, 486
Sampson, Deborah, 88
Sanofi Pasteur, 61
Saunders, Cicely, 423
Schenectady County Public Health Services, 62
School nurses and school-based health centers, 28, 40, 60-61, 64, 235, 246, 432-436, 561
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 111
Scope of Practice Partnership, 110, 458 n.17
Selecky, Mary, 235
Sermo.com, 112
Service Employees International Union, 211
Shinseki, Eric, 134
Sigma Theta Tau International, 634
Simulation Innovation Resource Center, 189-190
Singapore, 573, 598, 607, 626-627
Skilled nursing facilities/care, 10, 101, 204, 274, 278, 448, 473
Smith, Dorothy, 229
Smith Hughes Act, 372
Social Security Administration, 247
Society of Hospital Medicine, 557
Southern Adventist University, 185
Specialties (see Nursing specialties;
individual specialties)
St. Kitts International School of Nursing, 405, 585, 629
St. Louis Community College, 232
St. Petersburg College (U.S.), 180
St. Petersburg University (Russia), 581
St. Vincent’s Nurse-Managed Health Center, 419
Staff Nurse Care Coordination model, 65-66
Stanford Self-Management Model, 428-429
Stange, Kevin, 88
State practice regulations (see Regulation of scope of practice;
individual states)
State University of New York (SUNY), 581
States
(see also individual states)
workforce data collection, 14-15
Statewide Nursing Consortiums Curriculums, 406
Steele, Glenn, 92
Strumpf, Neville, 229
Student nurses and leadership, 229-234
(see also specific countries)
Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce, 207
Sullivan-Marx, Eileen M., 68, 69
SUTTP Alliance (Stepping Up to the Plate for Managing Transitions in Care), 557
T
Tavenner, Marilyn, 246
Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, 379
Teamwork (see Interprofessional collaboration)
Technology (see Health information technology)
Telehealth services, 64, 136-137, 227, 236, 237, 276, 402, 420-421, 451, 631
TelEmergency, 144
Texas, 161, 226, 256, 262, 264-265, 355, 356, 358, 360, 365, 583, 590, 596, 599, 612, 618
Texas Nurse Practitioners, 108
Texas Nurses Association, 365
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 418
Texas Woman’s University, 265, 321
Thailand, 573
Third-party payers, 10
TIGER (Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform) Initiative, 143
Torres, Colette S., 135
Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement, 628
Transformacion Para Salud Program, 418-419
Transforming Care at the Bedside, 52-53, 120, 231, 416, 561
Transition to practice (see Residencies)
Transitional care, 24, 27, 37, 66, 67, 70-71, 86, 94, 121, 124, 132, 148, 199, 276-277, 375, 378, 380, 381, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395-396, 541, 545, 557, 559
Transitional Care Model (TCM), 66, 70-71, 276-277, 380, 557
Tri-Council for Nursing, 171-172
Trilateral Initiative for North American Nursing, 625-626
Tuning Project, 569
Turnover rates, 5, 6, 27, 53, 86, 96, 117-120, 121, 123, 223, 235, 237, 270, 288
U
Ukraine, 568, 575, 577, 580, 629
Uncles, Lisa Betina, 58
Undergraduate nursing education
(see also Associate’s degree;
Bachelor’s of science;
Community college programs;
Diploma nursing programs;
Faculty)
application trends, 31
barriers to meeting needs, 31, 179-193, 486-489
case studies, 174-176, 180-181, 192-193
clinical placement opportunities, 31-32, 189-190
goals and implementation plan for, 7, 172-177
licensed practical nurses, 7
international differences, 579
off shore schools, 405, 585-586
and outcomes of patients, 169-178
overview of current education, 165-169
partnerships, 405
pathways, 7, 12, 165-166, 369-373
rationale for all-BSN workforce, 168-179
recommendations, 12-13, 524-525
standardization of curriculum, 406, 407, 479, 539-540, 569-570
transition to higher degree programs, 7, 30, 32, 505-507
United Arab Emirates, 574
United Kingdom, 203, 566, 568, 569 n.5, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 579-580, 582, 590, 594, 596, 603-607, 613, 630
Universities, community college partnerships with, 173, 174-175, 479, 505, 519, 536, 538, 539-540
University of Hawaii, 406
University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC), 121, 123, 513, 544
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 224, 225
University of California, San Francisco, 199, 406
University of Colorado, Denver, 75
University of Florida, 229, 528
University of Houston, 264
University of Kansas School of Nursing, 27
University of Louisville, 128, 130
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 237, 419-420
University of Michigan, 88
University of Mississippi, 144
University of Missouri, St. Louis, 232
University of Pennsylvania
Center for Biobehavioral Research, 143
New-Courtland Center for Transitions and Health, 71
School of Nursing, 69, 143, 319
University of Phoenix, 405
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 51, 52-53
University of Portland, 190, 192-193
University of South Florida, 180, 181
University of Texas, 265, 321, 419
University of Virginia, 185
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 231
U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force, 171
U.S. Nurse Licensure Examinations, 165 n.2, 167, 574
U.S. Public Health Service, 171
Utah, 161, 355, 356, 357, 358, 363, 365, 378, 433
V
(see also Economic value)
Board of Nursing, 356, 357, 359, 360, 433
Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy, 183, 210-211
Veterans Health Administration, 392
Vietnam, 572
Virginia Commonwealth University, 425
Visiting Nurse Association of Central Jersey, 236-237
Visiting Nurse Service of New York, 64, 122, 143
Voices of Meningitis Campaign, 61
W
Wakefield, Mary, 247
Wald, Florence, 423
Wald, Lillian, 64
Warner, Joanne, 192
Washington state, 96, 161, 181, 235, 452
Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges, 211
Washington State Hospital Association, 211
Wehrwein, Terrie, 204
WellPoint, 93
West Virginia, 161
Western Governors University, 200, 405
Wharton Fellows Program in Management for Nurse Executives, 242
Wilensky, Gail, 115
Wiley, Elizabeth, 462
Wisconsin Center for Nursing, 122
Workforce
(see also Foreign-educated nurses)
aging, 4, 25, 59, 125-127, 259, 486
assessing demand, 263
capacity building, 9, 12, 25, 386-396
demand for nurses, 376-386, 486, 568
faculty shortages, 7, 31, 170, 173, 179, 181, 182-188, 189, 193, 212, 265, 276, 288, 404, 411, 438, 486, 487, 488, 489, 507, 508, 516, 517, 529, 537, 544, 572
foreign-educated nurses, 259, 566, 583-586
gaps in data, 8-9, 33-34, 259-263, 583
gender diversity, 4, 7, 12, 25, 127-128, 209
geographic distribution, 12, 583-586
Gulf Coast Health Services Steering Committee initiatives, 264-265
health care reform and, 375-386
infrastructure for data collection, 14-15, 29, 262
key message, 4, 8, 29, 33-34, 255
leadership shortages, 401, 437
nursing projections, 15, 258-259
physician shortages, 102, 107, 108, 490, 508
planning and policymaking, 29, 388-389, 390-391, 484, 491-492, 567, 583
primary care, 59, 61, 88, 108, 116, 194, 248, 256, 257-258, 262, 369, 382, 383, 389, 390, 463, 464, 490, 507, 508
racial and ethnic diversity, 4, 7, 12, 25, 128-130, 207-209
recession-related layoffs and attrition, 59, 259
research coordination on, 15, 391-392
researcher/scientist nurses, 517-521
shortages of nurses, 7, 25, 107, 118-119, 166, 171, 175, 176, 177, 195, 199, 209, 211, 235, 256, 258, 259, 264, 290, 370, 372, 387, 388, 390, 401, 404, 405, 437, 438, 484, 485, 507, 508, 516, 567
skill mixes, 9, 15, 283, 284, 376, 382, 384, 385, 389, 391, 392-393, 394-395, 537, 567, 568, 570, 571, 589
turnover rates, 5, 6, 27, 53, 86, 96, 117-120, 121, 123, 223, 235, 237, 270, 288
Workplace wellness programs, 382
World Health Assembly, 572, 634
World Health Organization (WHO)
Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, 634
definition of health workers, 566 n.2
Task Force on Global Standards in Nursing and Midwifery Education, 572
Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 326, 363, 363, 365
Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Certification Board, 326, 359, 365, 366
Wyoming, 161