A
Access to care
and birth outcomes, 67
clinician consultation rates, 112, 115
continuity of care, 115-116, 132
cost-related barriers, 4, 106-107, 112, 113, 114, 132
critical care, 116
decommodification, 113
facilities (beds), 106, 116-117, 133
geographic factors, 115, 120-121
insurance coverage, 3, 4, 12, 36, 41, 91, 96, 106, 107, 109-110, 112, 117, 119, 120, 131, 132, 134, 165, 207, 209, 222, 269, 274, 277, 285, 289, 371
long-term care, 116-117
medical care, 112-117
physician/clinician shortages, 106, 110, 116, 132, 135
primary care, 4, 106, 110, 115-116, 132, 207, 274, 277, 352, 361, 374
public health services, 4, 111
timeliness of care, 117
Adolescence
chronic diseases, 71
developmental accomplishments, 70
drug and alcohol abuse, 58, 151
environmental considerations, 198, 233
infectious diseases, 47, 61
health disadvantage, 232
HIV infection, 61, 70, 153
homicides, 75-76, 87
injuries, 2, 56, 71, 75-78, 87
life-course perspective, 5, 70, 99, 102, 138-139
mental illness, 71, 74-75
mortality rates, 60, 70-71, 255
obesity/overweight, 58, 61, 70, 71, 236
pregnancy, 2, 61, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73-74, 87, 89, 102, 134, 152, 153, 159, 187, 236, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, 288, 371
probability of dying between ages 15 and 50, 44-45
sexual practices, 2, 4, 5, 71, 74, 87, 134, 152, 153, 154, 169, 187, 224, 233, 236, 273, 274, 277, 288
sexually transmitted infections, 2, 71, 74, 87, 134, 154, 169, 187, 236, 273, 277, 288
social policies for, 233
suicide, 61, 78
tobacco use, 58, 99, 138-139, 236
transportation-related injuries, 2, 69, 75, 76, 87, 150
U.S. health disadvantage, 70-71
violent behavior, 2, 75, 77, 78, 156
Adults (see Age 50; Maturity (age 50+); Middle adulthood (ages 35-49); Young adulthood (ages 20-34))
Age 50
cardiovascular risk, 3, 88
health outcomes, 80-82
life expectancy at, 12, 36-37, 41, 82, 84, 87
survival to, 41-46, 47
Air pollution, 133, 194, 199-200, 204
Alcohol (see Drug and alcohol use)
American Community Survey, 242
Anxiety disorders, 74, 86, 190
Arthritis, 3, 31, 38, 84, 88
Asthma, 5, 28, 36, 69, 72, 84, 88, 124, 125, 133, 205, 233, 250, 276
Australia, 11, 95 n.1, 115, 118, 123-124, 129, 135, 151, 156 n.18, 172, 182-183, 194, 195 n.5, 227, 229, 234 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Austria, 95 n.1, 118, 145, 148, 216, 219, 221 (see also Peer country comparisons)
B
Behavioral factors (see also specific behaviors)
cardiovascular disease, 16-17, 58, 138, 144, 146, 147, 150, 159
life-course perspective, 102
social-ecological framework, 97-99, 104
television, advertising, and other media influences, 97
and U.S. health disparity, 5
Behavioral Risk Factor and Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, 150 n.13, 156 n.18, 242, 259-260, 261, 265
Belgium, 26 n.2, 145, 180, 183-184, 216, 221 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Bipolar disorder, 31, 38, 85, 86
Birth outcomes, adverse
data sources, 250
drug and alcohol use and, 149
health objectives, 276
infant mortality rates, 2, 9, 40, 58, 60, 61, 65-66, 67-68, 69, 73, 87, 89, 110, 134, 140, 186, 190, 208, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, 232-233, 250, 254, 268, 273, 275, 276, 289
life-course perspective, 89, 186, 232-233
low birth weight, 2, 30, 60 n.6, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69 n.8, 73, 87, 89, 134, 140, 186, 205, 213-214, 217, 232-233, 273, 276, 290 n.6
maternal characteristics and, 69, 73, 89, 140
medical care and, 110
peer country comparisons, 65-66, 67-69, 134, 190, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, 273
political and social regimes and, 213-214, 215, 216, 217
poverty and, 67
premature births, 30, 66, 276
prevention, 208
research needs, 268, 289
stillbirths, 61, 63, 65-66
tobacco use and, 140
trends, 216
Blacks (see also Racial and ethnic minorities)
birth outcomes, 68-69
life expectancy, 40-41
Blood pressure, 3, 37, 62-63, 64, 78, 83, 89, 93, 109 n.3, 122, 132, 139, 350, 351 (see also Hypertension)
Born in Bradford, UK, 264
Brazil, 34, 65 n.7, 194, 234
Breast cancer, 31, 130
Breastfeeding, 60, 67, 144 n.4, 145-146, 281, 363
British Cohort Study, 264
Brookings Institution, 183
Built environment, 5, 194-195, 205, 207, 222, 232, 253
C
Canada, 11, 21, 36, 40, 65 n.7, 74, 84, 95, 115, 116, 122, 123-124, 127, 151, 152, 177, 183, 184, 194 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Cancer (see also specific cancers)
behavioral factors, 138, 139, 140, 141-142, 144, 147, 149, 152, 209, 221, 250 n.2
epigenetic effects, 170
incidence, 34
life-course perspective, 101
mortality rates, 14, 28, 34, 38, 89
premature death, 50
prevalence, 84, 85, 88
prevention, 107 n.1, 352, 372
registry systems, 130 n.21
screening tests, 88, 107 n.1, 108, 109, 118-119, 124, 130, 132, 135
survival rates, 124, 132
Cardiovascular disease
ages 35-49 years, 47, 58, 83
ages 51-64 years, 84-85, 88
ages 65+ years, 84
behavioral factors, 16-17, 58, 138, 144, 146, 147, 150, 159
case-fatality rates, 122-123
environmental factors, 203-204
ischemic heart disease, 3, 26, 31, 34, 38, 88, 125
life-course perspective, 16-17, 58, 99, 101
medical care and, 109, 110, 122, 125, 133-134, 350
mental illness and, 85
mortality trends, 3, 14, 26, 28, 31, 34, 38, 47, 50, 58, 82
national health objectives, 276
obesity and, 58, 71, 146, 159
peer country comparison, 3, 26, 59, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 134, 272
physical inactivity and, 84-85, 147
prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 89
sex differences, 83
years lost to disability, 59
years of life lost before age 50, 52, 53, 54, 55
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 111, 255, 260, 261, 270, 284
Cervical cancer, 34, 118, 119, 130 n.21, 152
Charge to panel and study approach, 14-17
Childhood (see also Adolescence; Early childhood)
chronic illnesses, 69, 72-73
HIV, 2, 87
immunizations, 118
infectious diseases, 46-47
injuries, 69, 75
mortality rates, 60, 69, 70
obesity and overweight, 3, 58, 61, 70, 71-72, 89, 149, 159, 225-226, 232, 233, 284, 290, 353, 354
Children (ages 1-19)
health status, 9, 60-65
in poverty, 4, 5-6, 26 n.2, 67, 101, 172, 174, 185, 186, 188, 189-190, 233, 274, 285, 290
protective factors, 70
Chile, 26 n.3, 112, 172, 176 n.15
China, 65 n.7, 180, 243
Chlamydia, 74, 87, 152, 277, 371
Cholesterol, serum, 3, 62, 63, 64, 78, 84, 122, 350
Chronic illness (see also Noncommunicable diseases; specific diseases)
achieving treatment targets, 119, 122
case fatality rates, 122-124
environmental factors, 133
prevalence, 9, 84-85
quality of care, 119, 122-126
years lost to disability, 80
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 28, 276
Cigarette smoking (see Tobacco use)
Colon cancer, 119
Colorectal cancer, 34, 144
Commonwealth Fund
Commission on a High Performance System, 106, 119, 126, 137
national scorecard, 137
surveys, 112, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128-129, 131, 135, 136, 251
Congenital anomalies, 29, 31, 32, 38
Coronary artery disease, 99, 109, 140
Croatia, 180
Current Population Survey, 242
Czech Republic, 115 n.10, 151, 172, 176, 180, 214
D
Danish National British Cohort, 264
Data collection and sources (see also specific surveys)
access to existing data sets, 258-259
age groups, 253-255
aging-related secondary analyses in the behavioral and social sciences, 243-247, 248
challenges and opportunities, 136, 139, 255-262
cross-national surveillance, 260-261
demographic and socioeconomic data, 252
determinants of health, 251-255
expanding current surveys, 5, 6, 7, 259-260
health outcomes, 250-251
health systems, 108, 137, 251-252
international collaboration/harmonization, 5, 6, 7, 137, 248, 255-258
international sources, 242-249
limitations of current data, 59-60, 118, 132, 137
logistical challenges, 261
mental illness, 251
methodological challenges, 5, 6, 137, 139, 261-262
mining currently available data, 265-266
needs, 6-7, 249-262
personal behaviors, 139, 252
physical environment, 253
physical illness, 250
recommendations, 5-6, 7, 249, 262, 267
social environment, 253
vital statistics, 250
Denmark, 31, 35 n.8, 37, 84, 123, 141-142, 180 n.21, 183, 184, 213 n.8 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Dental health, 61, 64, 72-73, 109
Depression, 74, 85, 86, 102 n.8, 133, 134, 147, 233, 251, 374
Determinants of health, 96-97
Diabetes
by age group, 61, 62, 64, 72, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84-85, 233
biological embedding, 101
childhood, 72, 233, 290
comorbidities, 83, 121, 136, 159
diet and, 144, 148, 159
early life behaviors and risk factors, 89, 92, 101
environmental factors, 203-204
epigenetic effects, 170
hospitalization rates, 124, 126, 135
incidence, 123
life-course perspective, 101, 102, 103, 136, 159, 169, 225
medical care, 92, 110, 120, 122, 124, 130, 133, 134, 135, 277
mental illness and, 85
mortality rates, 28, 32, 38, 123, 138, 276
obesity and, 36, 58, 71, 72, 84, 92, 144, 195
physical environmental factors, 195-196, 203-204
policies for children and families, 225
premature death, 50
prevalence, 3, 36, 72, 78, 80, 82, 84-85, 87, 88, 275, 276, 290
quality of care, 122
research recommendations, 288
by sex, 61, 62, 82
testing, 133
Dietary behaviors
and birth outcomes, 67
data collection and sources, 139, 144, 252, 253, 262
and diabetes, 144, 148, 159
environment and, 5, 97, 195, 198, 203-204, 222
and health, 144
and mortality rates, 96-97
National Prevention Council recommendations, 362-364
and obesity, 144, 146, 159, 203
prevalence of unhealthy practices, 4, 144-146
protective factors, 144
social factors, 162, 163-164
trends, 144-145
and U.S. health disadvantage, 146
Digestive diseases, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53
Disability, 3, 80, 85, 87, 88, 101, 134, 236, 248, 257, 274, 275, 288
Drownings, 28, 38, 51, 69, 149, 154, 158, 252
Drug and alcohol use
adolescents, 58, 149
alcohol abuse, 4
drug abuse, 4
environmental factors, 5, 195, 196-197, 204-205
and health, 52, 149-150
life-course perspective, 58, 101, 102
maternal, 67
mental and behavioral disorders, 51, 85
mortality rate, 2, 88, 96-97, 204-205
premature deaths, 51, 52, 53
prevalence, 4, 150-151
National Prevention Council recommendations, 358-361
transportation-related accidents, 4, 5, 133, 151, 154, 226-227
and U.S. health disadvantage, 58, 151
years of life affected, 85
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, 264
Dutch Generation R Study, 264
E
Early childhood (see also Childhood)
education, 9, 176
health outcomes, 61, 69-70
injuries, 69
mortality rates, 68, 69, 87
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS), 265
Early Development Inventory, 253
Eating behaviors and disorders, 74, 145, 159, 223, 281, 353, 354, 362-364
Economic considerations (see also Income or wealth; Poverty)
costs of illness and premature death, 89-90
and U.S. health disadvantage, 3
Education
achievement on cognitive tests, 71, 179-182
attainment, 175
early childhood, 9, 176
college completion, 177-179
and health status, 6, 16, 67, 69, 71, 97, 165-166
life-course perspective, 5, 70, 102
and life expectancy, 40-41
maternal, 67, 69, 70, 71
and mortality rates, 69
peer country comparisons, 4, 6
policies, 8, 9, 19
secondary school completion, 176-177
social-ecological perspective, 97, 104
years of schooling, 175
Emerging economies
mortality rates, 26 n.4
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 266
Employment/unemployment, 71
buffering health effects, 189, 199, 223, 280, 354
education and, 165, 262
factors affecting health, 166, 198-199
and health insurance coverage, 5
and injury, 226
life-course perspective and, 5, 58, 70, 78, 86
mental health and, 86
and mortality, 189
prevalence, 182-183, 187, 188, 222
protection and benefits, 199, 211, 213, 217, 223, 236, 354
social factors affecting, 97-98, 162, 164, 165, 166, 188, 235, 279
and U.S. health disadvantage, 162, 236
workplace environment, 198-199
Endocrine disorders, 29, 31, 32, 38, 86
England, 3, 12-13, 21, 39, 69, 72, 84, 89, 147 n.9, 148, 153 n.16, 187, 213 n.8, 261 (see also Peer country comparisons; United Kingdom)
English Longitudinal Study on Ageing (ELSA), 147 n.9, 242, 244, 248, 253, 261
Environmental factors
and behaviors affecting health, 97
biological embedding, 101
in cardiovascular disease, 203-204
in diabetes, 203-204
in drug-related deaths, 204-205
and health, 133, 193-199
in HIV risk, 204-205
in homicides, 204-205
in injuries, 204
in obesity, 134, 195-196, 203-204, 233
National health objectives, 279
National Prevention Council recommendations, 347-349
other considerations, 198-199
peer country comparisons, 199-202
physical environment, 194-196, 199-200
social environment, 196-197, 200-201
spatial distribution of, 197-198, 201-202
synergisms in, 204
and U.S. health disadvantage, 203-205
in violence, 204-205
Epigenetic effects, 101-102, 170, 270
Erasmus University, 256
Estonia, 34, 59, 115 n.10, 156 n.19, 172, 180
Étude Longitudinale Français Depuis L’Enfance, 264
European Investment Bank, 256
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 256
European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 150
Eurothine project, 256-257
F
Falls, 29, 51, 147, 149, 154, 158, 252, 282, 367
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, 281
Finland, 26, 31, 32, 72, 95 n.1, 118, 123, 155, 156 n.19, 175 n.14, 176-177, 180 n.21, 181, 183, 213 n.8, 227 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Fire-related injuries, 28, 38, 51, 69, 154, 210, 252
Firearms, 4, 5, 33, 34, 75, 78 n.18, 133, 134, 154, 156-157, 158, 159, 205, 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, 233, 252, 269, 274, 279
Framingham Heart Study, 264
France, 38, 55, 74, 84, 115, 118, 141-142, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152-153, 182-183, 184, 187, 194, 200, 219, 221, 227, 229, 235, 264 (see also Peer country comparisons)
G
Genitourinary diseases, 29, 31, 32, 38, 50, 153
Germany, 75, 145, 148, 150, 183-184, 189, 200, 203, 210, 216, 219, 221, 227
Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, 50, 59
Gonorrhea, 74, 87, 152, 277
Growing Up in Australia, 264
Growing Up in Scotland, 264
Guns (see Firearms)
H
Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 147 n.9, 242, 244, 248, 253, 261
Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey, 148, 153, 260, 266
Health care (see also Access to care; Quality of care; specific diseases and conditions)
acute, episodic model, 108
barriers to, 109-110
decommodification, 113
environmental factors, 97
expenditures, 4, 89, 110-111, 112, 122, 189
long-term care, 116-117, 132
and mortality rates, 109, 110
overutilization, 110
policies, 108
preventive, 107, 109
screening, 3, 34 n.7, 88, 107 n.1, 108, 109, 118-119, 124, 129, 132, 134, 135, 350, 352, 358, 361, 369, 371, 374
Health disadvantage of United States (see also Peer country comparisons)
behavior and, 4, 96 (see Behavioral factors; individual health behaviors)
cost of inaction, 9
defined, 11 n.1, 57
domains, 134
dynamic and synergistic interactions, 91-93, 105
environmental factors, 193-199
global trends and, 289-291
health system deficiencies and, 4, 13-14, 96, 132-137
life-course perspective, 9, 58, 59-60, 61-64, 69-70
measuring, 58, 59
physical inactivity and, 148-149
poverty and, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, 186, 188, 207, 275
racial/ethnic minority health status and, 1, 12-13, 43, 68-69, 71, 161, 162, 167-168, 170, 185 n.26, 193, 261
recommendations for elimination, 354-356
self-rated, 37, 89
social-ecological influences, 98-99, 104
structure of report, 18-19
topics beyond scope, 17-18
within-country disparities, 35, 41, 59, 99
Health insurance coverage, 3, 4, 12, 36, 41, 91, 96, 106, 107, 109-110, 112, 117, 119, 120, 131, 132, 134, 165, 207, 209, 222, 269, 274, 277, 285, 289, 371
Health systems (see also Public health systems and policies)
centralized, 108
defined, 107-109
effectiveness, 109-110
fragmentation, 4, 13, 107, 111, 127, 132, 137, 209, 222, 231, 261, 274
peer country comparisons, 108, 110-131, 135
strengths of U.S. system, 132
and U.S. health disadvantage, 4, 13-14, 96, 132-137
Healthy People 2020, 98, 275, 276-279
Heart disease, 3, 50 (see also Cardiovascular disease)
High-income countries (see also Peer country comparisons; individual countries)
defined, 26 n.2
HIV/AIDS, 2, 31, 34, 54, 55, 61, 70, 74, 87, 101, 110, 134, 152, 153, 159, 169, 187, 205, 269, 276, 288, 353, 370, 371, 373
Homelessness, 183-184
Homicides
by age group, 2, 9, 69, 75-76, 80, 87
alcohol and drug use and, 52, 53, 149-150, 151, 233
environmental factors, 204-205
firearms-related, 33, 34, 75, 157, 158 n.22, 205, 252, 269
life-course perspective, 100, 102-103, 169, 187, 200
medical care and, 106, 110, 119
mental illness and, 85-86
national health objectives, 275, 276, 287
premature death, 50, 52, 54, 55, 87, 133, 134
rates, 2, 33-34
research recommendations, 288
sex and, 50-51
Hong Kong, 180, 214, 220
Hospitals/hospitalizations
ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, 124, 125, 126, 133, 135
beds, 116
discharge planning, 132
and mortality rates, 132
readmission rates, 124, 132
Household composition, 167, 184
Human Mortality Database, 26 n.2, 35 n.8
Human papilloma virus, 101, 152
Hungary, 172, 176, 178 n.19, 214
Hypertension, 31, 36, 37, 38, 82, 84-85, 93, 101, 119-120, 122, 144, 168, 276, 351
I
Immigrants, 3, 12, 168, 186, 187, 197
Incarceration, 184
Income or wealth (see also Poverty)
education and, 165, 167, 169-170, 187
and health, 17, 37, 84, 89, 161, 162, 163-165, 189, 190, 261, 268, 269, 290
household, 3, 107, 167, 171, 185, 210
household composition and, 167
inequality, 4, 162, 164, 165, 171, 172, 175, 185, 190, 207, 208, 210, 215, 218, 222, 290
insurance premiums, 107
life-course perspective, 101, 102
and medical care, 112, 133, 137, 164, 165
and mortality, 163
peer country comparisons, 3, 171-172, 175, 185, 207, 208
poverty level, 171-172, 173, 189-190
public and social policies and, 210, 213, 215, 217, 218, 234, 235
race/ethnicity and, 167
research needs, 268, 269
residential segregation by, 195-196, 201-202, 204-205, 222
and social mobility, 169-170
and social status, 166
surveys, 252, 259
transfers, 188-189, 190, 195-196, 234, 235
and unhealthy behaviors, 160, 163-164
Individual health behaviors (see also Behavioral factors; Dietary behaviors; Drug and alcohol use; Physical inactivity; Tobacco use; specific behaviors)
Infancy (see also Birth outcomes, adverse)
infectious diseases, 46-47
injuries, 69
mortality rates, 2, 9, 40, 58, 60, 61, 65-66, 67-68, 69, 73, 87, 89, 110, 134, 140, 186, 190, 208, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, 232-233, 250, 254, 268, 273, 275, 276, 289
Infectious diseases (see also specific diseases)
life-course perspective, 101
mortality rates, 26, 27, 30-31, 32, 34, 38
and years of life lost before age 50, 46-47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55
Injuries (see also specific causes)
age and, 32, 69, 75-79, 80
environmental factors, 204
firearms-related, 4, 5, 33, 34, 75, 78 n.18, 133, 134, 154, 156-157, 158, 159, 205, 207, 210, 221, 222, 225, 233, 252, 269, 274, 279
and health care, 110
intentional, 29-30, 33-34, 38, 50-51, 52, 53, 55-56, 58, 69, 75, 77, 78, 87
mortality rates, 29-30, 32-34, 38, 56, 58, 69, 75, 80, 87
National Prevention Council recommendations, 366-368
obesity and, 147
premature deaths, 50-51, 52, 53, 55-56, 87
unintentional, 29, 32, 51, 52, 53, 55-56, 58, 69, 75, 76, 78-79, 80, 87
years of life lost before age 50, 87
Injurious behaviors (see also specific behaviors)
and health, 154
prevalence of unhealthy practices, 154-158
and U.S. health disadvantage, 158
Integrated Health Interview Series, 249
International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 252 n.4
Ireland, 125, 180, 184, 216, 234, 235 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Ischemic heart disease, 3, 26, 31, 34, 38, 88, 125
Ischemic stroke, 123, 132, 133-134, 135
Italy, 12, 36, 84, 145, 148, 150, 151, 175 n.14, 182-184, 194, 216, 219, 221 (see also Peer country comparisons)
J
Japan, 2, 3, 11, 12, 21, 31, 35, 36-37, 39, 40, 55, 69, 84, 88, 115, 123, 141-142, 150, 172, 180, 181, 182-183, 184, 220 (see also Peer country comparisons)
K
Kazakhstan, 180
Korea, 26 n.2, 172, 175, 176-177, 178 n.19, 180, 181, 194, 214, 216, 220, 234, 244
L
Latvia, 180
Lead exposures, 107 n.1, 194
Liechtenstein, 180
Life-course perspective
adolescent health, 5, 70, 99, 102
adverse experiences and stimuli, 5, 101, 102
biological embedding, 101
biological exposures, 101
birth outcomes, 89, 186, 232-233
cardiovascular disease, 16-17, 58, 99, 101, 103
causal pathways, 5, 9, 101-103
child development trajectory, 9, 69-70, 100, 101, 102
defined, 96
developmental plasticity, 100, 101
diabetes, 101, 102, 103, 136, 159, 169, 225
drug and alcohol abuse, 58, 101, 102
education, 5, 70, 102
employment, 5, 58, 70, 78, 86
epigenetic effects, 101-102, 170, 270
health, 58, 59-60, 61-64, 69-70, 99-104
income, 101, 102
mental illness, 89, 102
methodological approaches, 103-104
obesity/overweight, 71, 89, 101, 102, 103, 159, 225-226, 232
period effects, 103
poverty, 99, 101, 162, 164-165, 170, 262, 285, 290
on public policies, 99
sexual practices, 102
social factors, 169-170
tobacco use, 58, 99, 102, 103, 138-139
violence, 102
Life expectancy
at age 50, 12, 36-37, 41, 82, 84, 87
at age 65+, 39
at ages 80-95, 39
at birth, 12, 37, 39, 42, 43, 54-56, 87
and economic growth, 90
health systems and, 135
obesity and, 41, 146, 290 n.6
peer country comparisons, 2, 12, 35-41, 42, 43, 56, 87
political model and, 213-214
premature death and, 3, 52, 54-56
public health policies and, 109
race/ethnicity and, 40-41
self-reported health and, 37
by sex, 2, 3, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 55-56, 88
trends, 1, 35
socioeconomic status and, 41
within-country disparities, 35, 40-41
Lipid disorders, 36, 37, 89, 107 n.1, 109 n.3, 119-120, 132, 139, 144, 350
London School of Economics and Political Science, 256
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 256
Low birth weight, 2, 30, 60 n.6, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69 n.8, 73, 87, 89, 134, 140, 186, 205, 213-214, 217, 232-233, 273, 276, 290 n.6
Lung cancer, 31, 38, 141, 142 n.2, 221
Lung disease, chronic, 3, 28, 84, 85, 87, 88, 102 n.8, 134, 140, 170, 221, 236, 274, 275, 276, 288
Luxembourg Income Study, 215, 245, 258-259
M
Marital and family status, 67
Maternal and Child Health Life Course Research Network, 253
Maternal conditions
behavioral factors, 67
and birth outcomes, 67, 71
education, 67, 71
health status, 66, 71, 80
life-course perspective, 89
mortality rates, 30, 38, 47, 62, 80
premature deaths, 53
Maturity (age 50+)
cardiovascular risk, 83
health outcomes, 82-85
mortality trends, 12
Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network, 103, 237
Mental illness (see also specific conditions)
life-course perspective, 89, 102
medication use, 75
National Prevention Council recommendations, 372-374
and physical health risk, 85, 86
prevalence, 86, 88
screening for, 134, 374
and self-reported health, 37
U.S. disadvantage, 85-86
Mexico, 26 n.2-4, 32, 36, 59 n.2, 65 n.7, 112, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, 234
Middle adulthood (ages 35-49)
diabetes, 62
health status, 62-63, 80
infectious diseases, 47
injuries, 80
obesity, 80
Migration (see Immigrants)
Millennium Cohort Studies, 264
Morbidity (see also Chronic illness; Infectious diseases; Noncommunicable diseases; specific diseases)
prevalence rates, 34, 36-37
Mortality rates (see also specific diseases and conditions)
age and, 34, 42-46, 48, 49, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 80 (see also specific life stage groups)
below-average (U.S. health advantage), 38
by cause, 26-35, 38, 57-58, 59
data source, 25
defined, 25
medical care and, 109, 110
premature death, 12, 34, 56
race/ethnicity and, 40-41, 43, 56, 69
by sex, 32, 34, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 56, 71, 87
socioeconomic status and, 69
trends, 67
Motor vehicle crashes (see Transportation-related injuries)
Musculoskeletal diseases, 29, 31, 38
Myocardial infarction, 84, 122, 123, 124, 132, 133-134, 139, 250, 350
N
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), 242
National Center for Health Statistics, 7, 249, 257, 260, 261
National Child Development Study, 264
National Children’s Study, 264, 270-271
National Death Index, 265
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 59, 82, 83, 242, 259-260, 265
National Health Interview Survey, 141, 242, 249
National health objectives
behavioral changes, 278-279
environmental factors, 279
Healthy People 2020, 98, 275, 276-279
public health and medical care systems, 277-278
life expectancy and health, 276-277
recommendation, 275
social factors, 279
Surgeon General’s National Prevention Council recommendations, 275, 279-282
National Institute on Aging, 242, 248
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 1, 7, 8, 14, 242, 248, 249, 255, 262, 263, 267, 270, 271, 285 n.2, 286
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 260, 268
National Longitudinal Surveys, 264
National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS), 266
National Prevention Council recommendations
active living, 364-366
community environments, 347-349
eating healthy, 362-364
empowered people, 352-354
health disparity elimination, 354-356
injury- and violence-free living, 366-368
mental and emotional well-being, 372-374
preventive services, 349-352
reproductive and sexual health, 369-372
substance abuse prevention, 358-361
tobacco-free living, 356-358
National security considerations, 89
National Study of Health and Development, 264
National Survey of Family Growth, 153, 268 n.10
National Trauma Data Bank, 120
Native Americans, 41
Neonatal mortality, 61, 63
Netherlands, 75, 84, 118, 129, 135, 141-142, 145, 148, 175 n.14, 180 n.21, 184, 194, 235 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Neuropsychiatric diseases/conditions, 28, 31, 32, 38, 52, 53, 85 (see also Mental illness)
New Zealand, 11, 115 n.7, 123-124, 129, 147, 151, 172, 175 n.14, 180, 202, 216, 234, 264 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Noncommunicable diseases (see also Chronic illness; individual diseases)
mortality rates, 26, 27, 28-29, 38
and years of life lost before age 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
Norway, 72, 95 n.1, 112, 123, 129, 148, 155, 175 n.14, 183, 187 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort, 264
Nutritional deficiencies, 30, 31, 38, 50, 52, 53, 101
O
Obesity and overweight
age and, 78, 79-80, 82, 84
causality, 5, 19, 139
childhood, 3, 58, 61, 70, 71-72, 89, 149, 159, 225-226, 232, 233, 284, 290, 353, 354
diabetes and, 36, 58, 71, 72, 84, 89, 92, 144, 195
dietary behaviors and, 144, 146, 203
education and, 71, 102
environmental factors, 134, 195-196, 203-204, 233
epigenetic effects, 170
health promotion, 118, 134
health threat, 3, 13, 16-17, 71, 121, 147
and injury, 147
life-course perspective, 71, 89, 101, 102, 103, 159, 225-226, 232
and life expectancy, 41, 146, 290 n.6
and mortality trends, 14
national security and economic considerations, 89
period effects, 103
physical activity levels and, 139, 147, 149, 159, 203
policy implications, 225, 236, 275, 276, 284, 287
prevalence, 3, 36, 37, 41, 70, 71, 78, 79-80, 82, 84, 89, 290
prevention, 225, 276, 284, 353, 354
race/ethnicity and, 71
research needs, 269, 288
sex differences, 71, 79-80
social factors, 196
OECD (see also Peer country comparisons; individual countries)
data collection and harmonization, 26, 59, 256
member countries, 26 n.3, 65
Programme for International Student Assessment, 180, 181, 182
recommendations for, 7
Older adults (age 65+), 39, 118
Ontogeny, 100
Oral and dental health/conditions, 29, 38, 72-73, 352
Oral contraceptives, 134, 152, 153, 160, 278
Organ transplants, 124-126
P
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 246, 264
Particulate matter, 194, 200
Peer country comparisons (see also individual countries)
adolescent pregnancy, 2, 73, 87
birth outcomes, adverse, 65-66, 67-69, 134, 190, 213-214, 215, 216, 217, 273
cancer, 89
cardiovascular disease, 3, 26, 59, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 134, 272
communicable diseases, 27, 30-31, 34, 74
criteria for designation as, 26 n.2
defined, 1-2
dietary behaviors, 145-146
drug and alcohol abuse, 2, 88, 150-151
environmental factors, 199-202
health indicators by age group, range, and rank, 61-64
health systems, 5-6, 108, 110-131, 135-137
HIV/AIDS, 2, 34 n.5, 87
injuries, 29-30, 76-78, 154-158
life expectancy, 2, 12, 35-41, 42, 43, 56, 87
lung disease, 3, 88
methodologies, 49-50
morbidity, 36-37
mortality rates, 12, 26-35, 38, 39, 42-43, 48, 49, 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67-68, 70-71, 80
noncommunicable diseases, 27, 28-29, 72-73, 81, 83, 89
obesity/overweight, 3, 13, 36, 41, 72, 79-80, 89
physical inactivity, 147-148
policies and social values, 211-219
poverty, 4, 171-172, 173-174, 185, 190, 207-208, 222, 274
premature deaths, 50, 51, 54, 55
ranking methods, 136
sexual practices, high-risk, 152-153
sexually transmitted diseases, 2, 87
social factors, 170-185
social programs, 234-236
suicide, 89
survival to age 50, 42-46, 47, 56
tobacco use, 141-143
transportation-related accidents, 33, 155-156
violence, 156-158
within-U.S. disparities, 35, 40-41, 59, 99
“years behind” concept, 44-45
Perinatal conditions, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 63, 65-66
mortality rates, 30-31, 32, 38
Period effects, 103
Physical environment, health impacts, 5, 194-196, 199-200
Physical inactivity
data collection/measurement, 139
environmental factors, 5, 195
and health, 84-85, 139, 147
and mortality rates, 96-97
and obesity, 139, 147, 149, 159, 203
prevalence, 147-148
recommendations for active living, 364-366
and U.S. health disadvantage, 148-149
Poisoning, 29, 38, 51, 107 n.1, 149, 151, 154, 158, 252
Poland, 115 n.7, 147-148, 172, 176, 178 n.19, 180, 188
Policies affecting health
Anglo-Saxon/liberal model, 211-213, 214, 216
birth control, 210, 221, 224
for children and families, 9, 217-218, 225-233, 234
corporatist model, 216
drug and alcohol control, 210
education-related, 8, 9, 19, 210, 234-235
exploring innovative options, 286-289
firearms availability, 210, 221, 225
food industry/dietary, 210, 225
health care, 209, 222, 234
implications for U.S. health disadvantage, 6, 236-238
income-related, 210, 213, 215, 217, 218, 234, 235
physical environment, 210
political models and, 211-219
product safety, 210
recommendations relating to, 7-8, 9, 275, 283, 286
role of, 209-210
social democratic model, 213, 215, 216, 218-219, 221, 220-221
social-ecological framework, 97-98, 104
social services, 4, 93, 163, 185 n.26, 188-190, 210, 220, 231, 234, 235, 236
societal values and, 208-209, 219-225
spending on social programs, 215-217, 233-236
tobacco control, 140, 209-210, 225
transportation safety, 210, 226-231, 284
Portugal, 31, 34 n.5, 60, 174, 175 n.14, 188, 201, 214 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Poverty
absolute rates, 171-172
and birth outcomes, 67
child, 4, 5-6, 26 n.2, 67, 101, 172, 174, 185, 186, 188, 189-190, 233, 274, 285, 290
disposable income rates, 189-190
emerging economies, 26 n.2
and health, 37, 67, 162, 164-165, 169, 186, 188, 207, 275
and health insurance coverage, 6
Healthy People 2020 objectives, 279
life-course perspective, 99, 101, 162, 164-165, 170, 262, 285, 290
older adults, 186
peer country comparisons, 4, 171-172, 173-174, 185, 190, 207-208, 222, 274
public policies and social values, 6, 171, 188, 189, 207-208, 215, 222, 233, 236
racial and ethnic minorities, 6, 12
rates, 4, 171, 185, 285, 290
research needs, 262, 265, 269, 270
safety net programs, 4, 93, 163, 185 n.26, 188-190, 210, 220, 231, 236
social factors interacting with, 167, 169, 170, 188, 200-201, 269, 285
trends, 171, 172, 190
Pregnancy
adolescent, 2, 61, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73-74, 87, 89, 102, 134, 152, 153, 159, 187, 236, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, 288, 371
unintended, 102, 151, 152, 263, 278, 352, 354, 373
Premature birth, 30, 66, 276
Premature death
causes, 48-54, 55, 109-110
and life expectancy at birth, 3, 54-56
sex differences, 3, 50-51, 52, 53
Preventive services, National Prevention Council recommendations, 349-352
Primary care, 4, 106, 110, 115-116, 128, 129, 132-133, 136, 207, 251, 274, 277, 352, 361, 374
Probability of living to age 50, 46, 47
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), 179
Prostate cancer, 119
Public awareness, 283-286
Public Health Accreditation Board, 251
Public health system and policies
access to services, 4, 111, 251
accomplishments and benefits, 109, 140, 215, 227-228, 233, 236, 273
defined, 107, 108 n.2
essential services, 117 n.12
expenditures/budget, 111, 189, 234, 251, 283
fragmentation, 132, 222, 231, 261, 274
funding, 234
Healthy People 2020 objectives, 277-278
and life expectancy, 109, 273
quality of services, 117-118, 251, 252, 254-255
social values and, 219, 223, 224, 286
strengthening, 6, 8, 9, 236, 348, 349, 354
Public policies (see Policies affecting health)
Q
Quality of care
acute/trauma care, 119, 120-121, 132, 133
amenable mortality rates and, 125-126
case-fatality rates, 122-124, 135
case study, 120-121
chronic illness care, 119, 122-126, 132
Commonwealth Fund survey findings, 128-129
coordination of care, 107-108, 110, 111, 112, 119, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 251, 280, 352
delivery practices, 110, 127, 130-131
health promotion, 118
immunizations, 118
information technology and, 129, 130, 132-133
medical errors, 110, 117-118, 126-127, 128, 130, 131, 149, 151, 262
miscommunications, 129, 130, 133
organ transplant outcomes, 124-125
patient/physician satisfaction, 4, 112, 127-128, 131
primary care, 128, 129, 132-133, 136, 251
proxies measures, 117-118, 124-126
public health services, 117-118
screening tests, 118-119
R
Racial and ethnic minorities
birth outcomes, 68-69
economic costs of health inequalities and premature death, 90
education, 188
environmental factors, 193, 207
health disparities, 1, 12-13, 43, 68-69, 71, 161, 162, 167-168, 170, 185 n.26, 193, 261
health insurance coverage, 12
social inequalities, 6, 12, 163, 168, 186, 188
Recommendations (see also National Prevention Council recommendations)
analytic review of policies, 8, 9, 286
data collection and research, 5-6, 7-8, 249, 262, 267
media and outreach campaign, 7-8, 283
national health objectives, 7, 8, 275
Reproductive and sexual health (see also Pregnancy; Sexual practices)
National Prevention Council recommendations, 369-372
Research agenda (see also Data collection and sources)
analytic methods development, 5, 6, 7, 262-266
challenges/impediments, 270-272
funding, 6-7, 270
innovative policy options, 286-289
longitudinal research, 7, 263-265
new lines of inquiry, 267-270
Residential segregation, 195-196, 197, 201-202, 204-205, 222
Respiratory diseases, 28, 30, 31, 32, 38, 47, 50, 164 n.2, 194, 199
Rio Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, 257-258
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Commission to Build a Healthier America, 16, 98
Russian Federation, 32, 34 n.5, 65 n.7, 74 n.12, 180
S
Safety net programs, 4, 93, 163, 185 n.26, 188-190, 210, 220, 231, 236
Schizophrenia, 31, 38, 85, 86
Scotland, 148, 151, 264
Self-rated health, 37, 89
Sex differences
cardiovascular risks, 83
health indicators, 61-63
obesity, 71, 79-80
premature death, 50-51, 52, 53
Sexual practices
adolescents, 2, 4, 5, 71, 74, 87, 134, 153, 154, 169, 187, 224, 233, 236, 273, 274, 277, 288
condom and contraceptive use, 5, 134, 149, 152-153, 160, 271, 278, 286, 370
data collection and sources, 252, 253
drug and alcohol abuse and, 149
environment and, 5, 97, 160, 169, 224
and health, 152
life-course perspective, 102
prevalence of high-risk practices, 4, 152-153
social values and, 224
and U.S. health disadvantage, 153-154
Sexually transmitted infections, 2, 31, 71, 74, 87, 134, 151, 152, 154, 159, 169, 187, 236, 273, 275, 277, 282, 288
Singapore, 180, 214, 220
Skin cancer, 31, 352
Skin diseases, 29, 38
Slovak Republic, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 216, 234
Slovenia, 26 n.4, 33, 115 n.10, 172, 176, 180, 214
Smoking (see Tobacco use)
Social capital, 191, 196, 197, 200-201, 253, 265
Social cohesion, 165, 167-168, 196, 197, 200-201, 210, 215
Social-ecological perspective, 96, 97-99, 104
Social factors, adverse (see also specific factors)
biological embedding, 101
and birth outcomes, 67
environmental, 196-197, 200-201
and health, 1, 3, 5, 67, 88, 101, 163-170, 196-197, 200-201
and life expectancy, 41
prevalence, 170-185
and U.S. health disadvantage, 3, 88, 185-190
Social mobility, 5-6, 162, 169-170, 183, 185, 190, 207-208, 210, 220, 222, 233, 236, 269, 279, 285, 290
Social participation, 196, 200-201, 253
Social status, 166
Social support, 162, 197, 201
Societal values
federalism, 224-225
free enterprise, 223
individual freedom, 223
religion, 224
and policies affecting health, 219-225
self-reliance, 223-224
South Africa, 34, 65 n.7
Spain, 78, 84, 145-146, 151, 153 n.16, 175, 188, 219 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Stillbirths, 61, 63, 65-66
Stress, 5, 86, 92, 99, 101, 102, 140 n.1, 160, 164, 168-169, 190, 197, 198, 205, 210, 232, 250 n.2, 251
Stroke
behavioral factors, 138, 140, 144, 147, 149
mortality rate, 3, 34, 123, 132, 135, 208 n.1, 250
prevalence, 36, 82, 84-85, 88
quality of care, 132, 133-134
Suicide, 3, 34, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61 n.6, 64, 78, 80, 85, 89, 102, 133, 157, 205, 250
Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), 59, 82, 83, 147 n.9, 242, 247, 248, 253, 261
Survival to age 50, 41-46, 47
Sweden, 39, 47, 72, 74, 95 n.1, 112, 116, 130 n.21, 135, 140, 147, 150, 152, 156 n.18, 182-183, 184, 187, 189-190, 200, 213, 215, 227, 264 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Switzerland, 31, 33, 35, 83, 135, 157 n.21, 173, 187, 234, 235 (see also Peer country comparisons)
Syphilis, 74, 87, 152, 369, 371
T
Taiwan, 181, 214, 220, 246
Terry, Luther, 140
Tobacco use
adolescents, 58, 70, 99, 138-139, 236
cessation/control interventions, 88, 103, 107 n.1, 118, 134, 160, 233, 236, 283
and chronic disease, 82, 88, 109 n.3, 159
control policies, 103, 109, 140, 209-210, 221, 225, 236
data collection, 266
environment and, 160, 198, 204 n.15, 233
and health disadvantage, 3, 4, 5, 16, 58, 141-143, 274, 275
life-course perspective, 58, 99, 102, 103, 138-139, 290
and life expectancy, 3, 41, 142, 143
maternal, 67, 159
mental illness and, 85
and mortality trends, 14, 88, 96-97, 109 n.3, 141-143, 221
National Prevention Council recommendations, 281, 356-358
period effects, 103
prevalence, 3, 118, 140-141, 160, 163, 290
race/ethnicity and, 141
sex differences, 140-141, 142-143
social-ecological influences, 98-99, 104
social factors, 162, 209, 221, 223, 225
socioeconomic status and, 160, 163, 166
stress and, 168
surveys, 139
trends, 5, 140-141, 221, 290
Transportation-related injuries
adolescents and young adults, 69, 75, 76, 80
behavioral factors, 133, 151, 154, 226
environmental factors, 5, 121, 133, 195, 200, 204, 226, 230
excess years of life lost, 51, 52, 53, 54, 154
health system impacts, 109, 117 n.11, 121, 133, 134, 226
life-course perspective, 102-103
medical care, 110, 118, 119, 120-121
mortality rates, 2, 29, 32-33, 69, 75-76, 80, 87, 106, 110, 118, 119, 154
peer country comparisons, 33
political factors and public attitudes, 230-231
premature deaths, 51, 52, 53, 55
prevention, 109, 117 n.11, 118, 154, 284
public policies and, 226-231, 284
seatbelts and child safety seats, 4, 5, 109, 155, 158, 207, 210, 226, 227, 228, 252, 274, 278
speeding and speed control, 5, 227-230
substance abuse and, 4, 5, 51, 133, 151, 154, 156 n.18, 226-227
Transportation Research Board, 237, 260, 288
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 180
Tuberculosis, 31, 47, 111 n.5, 372
Turkey, 26 n.3, 112, 172, 178 n.18, 188
U
Ukraine, 86
UNCAM (French National Union of Health Insurance Funds), 256
UNICEF, 59
United Kingdom, 3, 11, 16, 21, 40, 72, 74, 88, 118, 124-125, 129, 130 n.21, 150, 151, 152-153, 156 n.18, 175 n.14, 182-184, 194, 200, 213, 219, 227, 229, 235, 264 (see also Peer country comparisons)
U.S. Department of Education, 179 n.20, 180, 242
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 7, 242, 249, 255, 285 n.2
U.S. Department of State, 270
V
Violence-related injuries (see also Homicides)
access to care, 120-121
children, 2, 69, 75
environmental factors, 5, 204-205
mental illness and 85-86
mortality rates, 2, 33-34, 58, 69, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 120-121
National Prevention Council recommendations, 366-368
sex differences, 77, 78
young adults, 2, 80
W
Warwick University, 183
Washington Group on Disability Statistics, 257
Whitehall Studies, 264
Workforce productivity and competitiveness, 89
Workplace environment, 198-199
World Alliance for Risk Factor Surveillance, 257
World Bank, 256
World Gallup Poll, 201, 222
World Health Organization (WHO), 15, 26, 59, 64, 86, 117 n.12, 136, 146, 255, 256, 259
Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 98, 103-104, 237
Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 86 n.20
definition of birth weight, 63
Global Status Report on Alcohol, 150
Global Status Report on Road Safety, 155
International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology, 86 n.20
recommendations for, 7, 249
Rio Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, 257
World Health Report 2000, 137
World Mortality Database, 35 n.9, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59
World Values Survey, 222
Y
Years of life lost
before age 50 years, 2, 46-48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 78, 87
birth through age 4, 67
cardiovascular disease, 52, 53, 54, 55
HIV and AIDS, 2, 87
injuries, 87
suicide, 78
Young adulthood (ages 20-34)
diabetes, 61
health status, 61-62, 78-80
injuries, 56, 78-79, 87
mortality rates, 70, 87
overweight and obesity, 78
Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), 153, 260
