A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Young Drivers (2007)

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VII-1 SECTION VII Key References Alm, H., and Nilsson, L. (1995). The effects of a mobile telephone task on driver behavior in a car following situation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(5): 707-715. American Automobile Association (2006). Teen Crashes—Everyone Is at Risk. Washington, DC. Bass, J. L., Chistoffel, K. K., Widome, M., Boyle, W., Scheidt, P., Stanwick, R., and Roberts, K. (1993). Childhood injury prevention counseling in primary care settings: A critical review of the literature. Pediatrics 92(4): 544-550. Beck, K. H., Raleigh, R., and Shattuck, L. (2001). Parental predictors of teen driving risk. American Journal of Health Behavior 25(1): 10-20. Begg, D. J., Langley, J. D., Reeder, A. I., and Chalmers, D. J. (1995). The New Zealand graduated driver licensing system: Teenagers’ attitudes towards and experiences with this car driver licensing system. Injury Prevention 1(3): 177-181. Boase, P., and Tasca, L. (1998). Graduated Licensing System Evaluation: Interim Report. Safety Policy Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Toronto, Ontario. Cammisa, M. X., Williams, A. F., and Leaf, W. A. (1999). Vehicles driven by teenagers in four states. Journal of Safety Research 30(1): 25-30. Centers for Disease Control (2006). WISQARS Fatal Injuries: Mortality Reports. http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate.html. Chaudhary, N. K., Ferguson, S. A., and Herbel, S. B. (2004). Tennessee’s novice driver safety project: A program to increase parental involvement. Traffic Injury Prevention 5(4): 356-361. Chen, L.-H., Baker, S. P., Braver, E. R., and Li, G. (2000). Carrying passengers as a risk factor for crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association 283(12): 1578-1582. Chen, L.-H., Braver, E. R., Baker, S. P., and Li, G. (2001). Potential benefits of restrictions on the transport of teenage passengers by 16 and 17 year old drivers. Injury Prevention 7(2): 129-134. Christie, R. (2001). The Effectiveness of Driver Training as a Road Safety Measure: A Review of the Literature. Report 01(03). Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV). Committee on School Transportation Safety (2002). TRB Special Report 269: The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment. Transportation Research Board. Available at: http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=673. Consiglio, W., Driscoll, P., Witte, M., and Berg, W. P. (2003). Effect of cellular telephone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time in a braking response. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(4): 495-500.

Cooper, D., Atkins, F., and Gillen, D. (2005). Measuring the impact of passenger restrictions on new teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 37(1): 19-23. Cummings, P., Wells, J. D., Rivara, R. P. (2003). Estimating safety belt effectiveness using matched-pair cohort methods. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(1): 143-149. Danner, F. W. (2002). High school start times and teen auto accidents. SLEEP 25(Abstract Supplement): A86-87, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Dexter, D., Bijwadia, J., Schilling, D., and Applebaugh, G. (2003). Sleep, sleepiness and school start times: A preliminary investigation. Wisconsin Medical Journal 102(1): 44-46. Du Mouchel, W., Williams, A. F., and Zador, P. L. (1987). Raising the alcohol purchase age: Its effects on fatal motor vehicle crashes in twenty-six states. Journal of Legal Studies 16(1): 249-266. Etzioni, A. (1972). Human beings are not very easy to change after all. Saturday Review (June 3): 211-214. Falletti, M. G., Maruff, P., Collie, A., Darby, D. G., and McStephen, M. (2003). Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 hours of sustained wakefulness and a BAC of .05 percent. Journal of Sleep Research 12(4): 265-274. Farrow, J. A. (1987). Young driver risk taking: A description of dangerous driving situations among 16- to 19-year-old drivers. International Journal of Addictions 22(12): 1255-1267. Fell, J. C., Baker, T. K., McKnight, A. S., Brainard, K., Langston, E., Rider, R., Levy, D., and Grube, J. (2005). Increasing Teen Safety Belt Use: A Program and Literature Review. Report DOT- 809-899. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/NewDriver/TeenBeltUse/index.htm. Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (1996). Parents’ views of driver licensing practices in the United States. Journal of Safety Research 27(2): 73-81. Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (2001). Awareness of Zero Tolerance Laws in Three States. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Ferguson, S. A., Williams, A. F., Leaf, W. A., Preusser, D. A., and Farmer, C. M. (2001). Views of parents of teenagers about graduated licensing after experience with the laws. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2(3): 221-227. Fisher, D. L., Laurie, N. E., Glaser, R., Connerney, K., Pollatsek, A., Duffy, S. A., and Brock, J. (2002). Use of a fixed-base driving simulator to evaluate the effects of experience and PC- based risk awareness training on drivers’ decisions. Human Factors 44(2): 287-302. Fisher, D. L., Pollatsek, A. P., and Pradhan, A. (2006). Can novice drivers be trained to scan for information that will reduce their likelihood of a crash? Injury Prevention, 12 (Supplement I), i25-i29. Foss, R. D. (2001). The North Carolina Graduated Driver Licensing System: Urban-Rural Differences. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. Foss, R. D., Feaganes, J. R., and Rodgman, E. A. (2001). Initial effects of graduated driver licensing on 16-year-old driver crashes in North Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 286(13): 1588-1592. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-2

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Foss, R. D., Goodwin, A. H., Rodgman, E. A., and Feaganes, J. R. (2002). Development and Evaluation of the North Carolina Graduated Driver Licensing System. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. Giedd, J. (2004). Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1021: 77-85. Glassbrenner, Donna (2005). Traffic Safety Facts, Research Note: Driver Cell Phone Use in 2004— Overall Results. Report DOT HS 809 847. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/RNotes/2005/809847.pdf. Goodwin, A. H., and Foss, R. D. (2004). Graduated driver licensing restrictions: Awareness, compliance, and enforcement in North Carolina. Journal of Safety Research 35(4): 367-374. Goodwin, A. H., Waller, M. W., Foss, R. D., and Margolis, L. H. (2006). Parental supervision of teen drivers in a graduated licensing system. Traffic Injury Prevention 7(3): 224-231. Goodwin, A. H., Wells, J. K., Foss, R. D., and Williams, A. F. (2006). Encouraging compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions. Journal of Safety Research 37(4): 343-351. Gregersen, N. P. (1997). Evaluation of 16-Years Age Limit for Driver Training: First Report. VTI Report 418A. VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Institute), Linköping, Sweden. Gregerson, N. P., Berg, H.-Y., Engstrom, I., Nolen, S., Nyberg, A., and Rimmo, P.-A. (2000). Sixteen years age limit for learner drivers in Sweden—An evaluation of safety effects. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(1): 25-35. Hartos, J. L., Eitel, P., Haynie, D. L., and Simons-Morton, B. G. (2000). Can I take the car? Relations among parenting practices and adolescent problem-driving practices. Journal of Adolescent Research 15(3): 352-367. Hartos, J. L., Eitel, P., and Simons-Morton, B. G. (2002). Parenting practices and adolescent risky driving: A three-month prospective study. Health Education & Behavior 29(2): 194-206. Hartos, J. L., Simons-Morton, B. G., Beck, K. H., and Leaf, W. A. (2005). Parent-imposed limits on high-risk adolescent driving: Are they stricter with graduated driver licensing? Accident Analysis and Prevention 37(3): 557-562. Hedlund, J., Shults, R. A., and Compton, R. (2003). What we know, what we don’t know and what we need to know about graduated driver licensing. Journal of Safety Research 34(1): 107-115. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) (1998). Sixteen-year-old drivers’ death rates rising at an alarming rate. Status Report 33(6): 1-2. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and Traffic Injury Research Foundation (2002). Graduated Licensing: A Blueprint for North America. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Jenni, O. G., Achermann, P., and Carskadon, M. A. (2005). Homeostatic sleep regulation in adolescents. Sleep 28(11): 1446-1454. Kindelberger, J., and Eigen, A. M. (2003). Traffic Safety Facts Research Note: Younger Drivers and Sport Utility Vehicles. Report DOT HS 809 636. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809-636.PDF. VII-3

Klauer, S. G., Dingus, T. A., Neale, V. L., Sudweeks, J., and Ramsey, D. J. (2006). The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data. Report DOT HS 810 594. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-13/810594/images/810594.pdf. Lacey, J. H., Jones, R. K., and Smith, R. G. (1999). Evaluation of Checkpoint Tennessee: Tennessee’s Statewide Sobriety Checkpoint Program. Report DTNH22-94-C-05064. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Lacey, J. H., Jones, R. K., and Wiliszowski, C. H. (2000). Zero Tolerance Laws for Youth: Four States’ Experience. Report DOT-HS-809-053. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Lonero, L., and Clinton, K. M. (2006). Evaluating driver education programs: Management Overview. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Available at: http://www.aaafoundation.org/ pdf/EvaluatingDriverEducationProgramsMgtOverview.pdf. Masten, S. V., and Hagge, R. (2004) Evaluation of California’s graduated driver licensing program. Journal of Safety Research 35(5): 523-535. Mayhew, D. R., Donelson, A. C., Beirness, D. J., and Simpson, H. M. (1986). Youth, alcohol and relative risk of crash involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18(4): 273-287. Mayhew, D. R., and Simpson, H. M. (1996). Effectiveness and role of driver education and training in a graduated licensing system. Journal of Public Health Policy 19(1): 51-67. Mayhew, D. R., and Simpson, H. M. (2002). The safety value of driver education and training. Injury Prevention 8(Supplement 2): ii3-ii7. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., Desmond, K., and Williams, A. F. (2003). Specific and long- term effects of Nova Scotia’s graduated licensing program. Traffic Injury Prevention 4(2): 91-97. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (1998). Graduated licensing in Nova Scotia: A survey of teenagers and parents. Journal of Traffic Medicine 26(1-2): 37-44. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (1999). Graduated licensing in Ontario: A survey of parents. Journal of Traffic Medicine 27(3-4): 71-80. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., and Pak, A. (2003). Changes in collision rates among novice drivers during the first months of driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(5): 683-691. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., Singhal, D., and Desmond, D. (2006). Reducing the Crash Risk for Young Drivers. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Available at: http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/ReducingTeenCrashes.pdf. Mayhew, D. R., Simpson, H. M., Williams, A. F., and Ferguson, S. A. (1998). Effectiveness and role of driver education and training in a graduated licensing system. Journal of Public Health Policy 19(1): 51-67. McCartt, A. T., and Geary, L. L. (2004). Longer term effects of New York State’s law on drivers’ handheld cell phone use. Injury Prevention 10(1): 11-15. McCartt, A. T., Hellinga, L. A., and Geary, L. L. (2006). Effects of Washington, D.C. law on drivers’ hand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 7(1): 1-5. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-4

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES McCartt, A. T., Leaf, W. A., Farmer, C. M., Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (2001). Effects of Florida’s graduated licensing program on the behaviors and attitudes of teenagers. Journal of Safety Research 32(2): 119-131. McCartt, A. T., and Northrup, V. S. (2004). Factors related to safety belt use among fatally injured teenage drivers. Journal of Safety Research 35(1): 29-38. McCartt, A. T., Shabanova, V. I., and Leaf, W. A. (2003). Driving experience, crashes and traffic citations of teenage beginning drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(3): 311-320. McEvoy, S. P., Stevenson, M. R., McCartt, A. T., Woodward, M., Haworth, C., Palamara, P., and Cercarelli, R. (2005). Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: A case-crossover study. British Medical Journal 331(7514): 428-432. McGehee, D. V., Raby, M., Carney, C., Lee, J. D., and Reyes, M. L. (2007). Extending parental mentoring using an event-triggered video intervention in rural teen drivers. Journal of Safety Research 38(2): 215-27. McKnight, A. J., Hyle, P., and Albrecht, L. (1983). Youth License Control Demonstration Project. Report HS-806-616. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. McKnight, A.J., and McKnight, A.S. (2003). Young novice drivers: Careless or clueless. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, p. 921-925. McKnight, A.J., Peck, R.C., and Foss, R.D. (2002). Graduated driver licensing: What works? Injury Prevention, 8:32ii-38ii. Millman, R. P., Working Group on Sleepiness in Adolescents/Young Adults, and AAP Committee on Adolescence (2005). Excessive sleepiness in adolescents and young adults: Causes, consequences, and treatment strategies. Pediatrics 115(6): 1774-1786. National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control. (1989). Injury Prevention: Meeting the Challenge. Oxford University Press. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2002). Fatality analysis reporting system, 1995-2001. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www- fars.nhtsa.dot.gov. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2003). Traffic Safety Facts: 2003 Data: Occupant Protection. Report DOT-HS-809-765. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSF2003/809765.pdf. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2004). Traffic Safety Facts: 2003 Data: Young Drivers. Report DOT-HS-889-774. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd- 30/NCSA/TSF2003/809774.pdf. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2005). Traffic Safety Facts: 2004 Data: Young Drivers. Report DOT-HS-809-918. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd- 30/NCSA/TSF2004/809918.pdf. National Sleep Foundation (2000). Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns: Research Report and Resource Guide. Available at: http://www.sleepfoundation.org. VII-5

Pack, A. I., Pack, A. M., Rodgman, E., Cucchiara, A., Dinges, D. F., and Schwab, C. W. (1995). Characteristics of crashes attributed to the driver having fallen asleep. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(6): 769-775. Peck, R. C. (2006). Novice driver training effectiveness evaluation. Transportation Research Circular E-C101: Driver Education: The Road Ahead. Transportation Research Board. Preusser, D. F. (1988). Delaying teenage licensure. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 4(S3-4): 283-295. Preusser, D. F., Ferguson, S. A., and Williams, A. F. (1998). The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30(2): 217-222. Preusser, D. F., Williams, A. F., and Lund, A. K. (1987). The effect of New York’s seat belt use law on teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19(2): 73-80. Redelmeier, D. A., and Tibshirani, R. J. (1997). Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. The New England Journal of Medicine 336(7): 453-458. Reinfurt, D. W. (2004). Documenting the sustainability of a mature Click It or Ticket program: The North Carolina experience. Journal of Safety Research 35(2): 181-188. Royal, D. (2003). National Survey of Distracted and Drowsy Driving Attitudes and Behaviors: 2002. Report DOT HS 809 566. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/drowsy_driving1/survey-distractive03/ Technical_Page1.htm. Sagberg, F., and Gregersen, N. P. (2005). Effects of lowering the age limit for driver training. In: Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application, Geoffrey Underwood (editor), Elsevier Science, 171-178. Senserrick, T., and Haworth, N. (2005). Review of literature regarding national and international young driver training, licensing and regulatory systems. Report No. 239, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/ reports/muarc239.html. Shope, J. T. (2007). Graduated driver licensing: Review of evaluation results since 2002. Journal of Safety Research 38(2): 165-175. Shope, J. T., Molnar, L. J., Elliott, M. R., and Waller, P. F. (2001). Graduated driver licensing in Michigan. Journal of the American Medical Association 286(13): 1593-1598. Simons-Morton, B. (2002). Proceedings of an expert conference on young drivers: Reducing young driver crash risk. Injury Prevention 8(Supplement II): ii1-ii2. Simons-Morton, B. G., and Hartos, J. L. (2003). How well do parents manage young driver crash risks? Journal of Safety Research 34(1): 91-97. Simons-Morton, B. G., Hartos, J. L., and Leaf, W. A. (2002). Promoting parental management of teen driving. Injury Prevention 8(Supplement II): ii24-ii38. Simons-Morton, B. G., Hartos, J. L., Leaf, W. A., and Preusser, D. F. (2005). Persistence of effects of the Checkpoints Program on parental restrictions of teen driving privileges. American Journal of Public Health 95(3): 447-452. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-6

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Simons-Morton, B.G., Lerner, N., and Singer, J. (2005). The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37(6), 973-982. Stone, L. M., and Runyan, C. A. (2005). High school off-campus lunch policies and adolescent motor vehicle crash risk. Journal of Adolescent Health 36(1): 5-8. Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., and Johnston, W. A. (2003). Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 9: 23-32. Stutz, D. (2007). Graduated driver licensing in Iowa. Presentation at the National Safety Council Symposium on Novice Teen Driving: GDL and Beyond, Tucson, AZ, February 2007. Transportation Research Board (2002). TRB Special Report 269: The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment. Available at: http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=673. Transportation Research Board (2006). Transportation Research Circular E-C101: Driver Education: The Road Ahead. National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ulmer, R. G., Ferguson, S. A., Williams, A. F., and Preusser, D. F. (2001). Teenage crash reduction associated with delayed licensure in Connecticut. Journal of Safety Research 32(1): 31-41. Vernick, J. S., Li, G., Ogaitis, S., MacKenzie, E. J., Baker, S. P. and Gielen, A. C. (1999). Effects of high school driver education on motor vehicle crashes, violations, and licensure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 16(1): 40-46. Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. (2006). Virginia Driver’s Manual: Rules of the Road. Available at: www.dmv.state.va.us/webdoc/pdf/manual/manual.pdf. Voas, R. B., Tippetts, A. S., and Fell, J. C. (2002). Assessing the effectiveness of minimum legal drinking age and zero tolerance laws in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(4): 579-587. Waller, P. F. (2003). The genesis of GDL. Journal of Safety Research 34(1): 17–23. Waller, P. F., Olk, M. L., and Shope, J. T. (2000). Parental views of and experience with Michigan’s graduated licensing program. Journal of Safety Research 31(1): 9-15. Williams, A. F. (2003). Teenage drivers: Patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research 34(1): 5-15. Williams, A. F., and Ferguson, S. A. (2004). Driver education renaissance? Injury Prevention 10(1), 4-7. Williams, A. F., Ferguson, S. A., Leaf, W. A., and Preusser, D. F. (1998). Views of parents and teenagers about graduated licensing systems. Journal of Safety Research 29(1): 1-7. Williams, A. F., Ferguson, S. A., and Wells, J. K. (2003). The 16-Year-Old Driver Crash Problem in the United States in 2003. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA. Williams, A. F., Leaf, W. A., Simons-Morton, B. G., and Hartos, J. L. (2006). Vehicles driven by teenagers in their first year of licensure. Traffic Injury Prevention 7(1): 23-30. Williams, A. F., McCartt, A. T., and Geary, L. (2003). Seatbelt use by high school students. Injury Prevention 9(1): 25-28. VII-7

Williams, A. F., Nelson, L. A., and Leaf, W. A. (2002). Responses of teenagers and their parents to California’s graduated licensing system. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34(6): 835-842. Williams, A. F., and Preusser, D. F. (1997). Night driving restrictions for youthful drivers: A literature review and commentary. Journal of Public Health Policy 18(3): 334-345. Williams, A. F., Preusser, D. F., Ferguson, S. A., and Ulmer, R. G. (1997). Analysis of the fatal crash involvements of 15-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research 28(3): 49-54. Williams, A. F., and Wells, J. K. (2004). The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use. Journal of Safety Research 35(2): 175-180. Williams, A. F., Zador, P. L., Harris, S. S., and Karpf, R. S. (1983). The effect of raising the legal minimum drinking age on involvement in fatal crashes. Journal of Legal Studies 12(1): 169-179. Williamson, A. M., and Feyer, A. (2000). Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57(10): 649-655. Wolfson, A. R., and Carskadon, M. A. (1998). Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Development 69(4): 875-887. Wolfson, A. R., and Carskadon, M. A. (2003). Understanding adolescents’ sleep patterns and school performance: A critical appraisal. Sleep Medicine Review 7(6): 491-506. Womack, K. N., Trout, N. H., and Davies, B. J. (1997). Characteristics and Conditions of Teenage Safety Belt Use. Report DOT HS-808-676. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Yannis, G., and Golias., J., and Papadimitriou, E. (2005). Driver age and vehicle engine size effects on fault and severity in young motorcyclists accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention 37(2): 327-333. Zador, P. L., Krawchuk, S. A., and Voas, R. B. (2000). Alcohol-related relative risk of driver fatalities and driver involvement in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and gender: An update using 1996 data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61(3): 387-395. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-8